X射线能谱仪的发展及对矿物学的影响

在伦琴发现X射线的早些年代里,不同能量的X射线是根据它们的穿透物质的能力来区分的。布拉格利用晶体衍射把不同波长的X射线区分开。莫塞莱利用此种方法得到了许多X射线谱,此种方法至今仍用于X射线的测量及研究。无论使用何种方法对X射线进行测量,都需要一个合适的X射线探测器。最早的探测器为盖格计数管,后改用正比计数器及闭烁计数器。七十年代初期,固体探测器经过短时间的发展和完善,目前已广泛用于X射线测量。X射线能谱仪可应用于矿物学的研究。     

基于Global Mapper的测绘图形数据转换

Global Mapper支持多种格式的光栅、高程、矢量数据的读取与输出,并内置多种坐标投影方式。尝试挖掘其支持多种数据格式、多种投影模式的功能,快速实现测绘图形数据的转换。通过设置当前工作空间的坐标投影模式,然后打开任何其支持的、含有坐标投影信息的数据,所有数据均自动转换成当前的投影模式,最后将文件输出（另存为）为所需的格式,即可快速完成数据转换。转换的内容主要包括不同格式的DTM(Digital Terrain Model,数字地面模型)数据转换、相同格式但不同坐标投影之间的相互转换,以及卫星影像配准等     

扩展康普顿散射校正法X射线荧光测定地质样品中17个微量元素

本文通过对Reynolds(1963,1967)方法的简化和改进开发了一个可测定地质样品中多种微量元素的快速而有效的方法,对样品中的铁含量进行了吸收校正从而克服了样品质量吸收系数变化不一致性的影响。通过大量标样的计算机回归分析得到了一组校正方程,将X射线强度直接转换为含量。对大部分被分析元素的分析误差为10—30％。     

便携式X射线荧光分析仪的研制与应用

采用Si-PIN高分辨率探测器，研制了2408道X射线荧光分析仪，其体积小、重量轻、携带方便。能量分辨率为203eV/Mn Kα；稳定性为5％（8h）；配备了专门的、操作简便的软件系统。在地质和矿物样品中分析中进行了应用，与封闭正比计数器X射线荧光分析仪相比，检出限降低了一个数量级。     

AUTOCAD软件在地质绘图中的应用二例

AUTOCAD及MAPGIS作为煤田地质勘探专业普及程度较高的的主打软件,可非常方便地制作地形图、煤层储量图、钻孔柱状图等常规地质报告图件。使用AUTOCAD的图像控件菜单可提高制图效率,为此,介绍了从建立模板文件、幻灯片文件、到配置AUTOCAD系统文件的步骤及详细内容。为保证MAPGIS文件有效利用现有AUTOCAD制图软件生成的大量数据,详细介绍了AUTOCAD文件格式转换MAPGIS文件格式的方法、步骤及转换过程中需要注意的事项。     

X射线荧光技术在锑矿上的应用

应用轻便X射线荧光仪和X射线荧光测井仪,在我国某锑矿上进行了试验.对锑矿粉末样品、锑的化探样品、原始产状锑矿X射线取样、块状岩心及充满泥浆的锑矿钻孔进行了分析测量,并与化学分析比较,结果十分一致.特别是在消除基体效应方面取得了良好的效果. 放射性同位素X射线荧光技术在地质勘探工作中应用的特点是:仪器轻便,射线防护简单,操作容易,便于现场使用,测量速度快,对样品中元素含量能进行定量或半定量测定.在普查找矿阶段,可用来对某些地质远景地段进行及时检查,从而加速岩体评价.在化探工作中,可对中等强度以上的化探分散晕异常地段和水系底部沉积物的淘洗重矿物进行半定量或定量测量,     

充分利用MAPGIS的分析功能提高作图效率

本文通过三个例子：①子图高宽的确定及统一的赋值；②注释内容和参数的转换；③根据地层注记统改区填充色。说明了充分利用ＭＡＰＧＩＳ分析功能可提高作图效率，同时强调了明码文件和文本编辑器在对注释内容的操作中所起的重要作用。     

用透射电子显微镜收集晶体三维衍射信息

一、引言 尽管X射线衍射是测定晶体结构最有效的方法。但当某些高度分散的物质,得不到足够大的单晶时,用X射线衍射方法测定其晶体结构就有一定困难。此时,可利用电子衍射的优越性弥补X射线的不足。一个非常小的薄晶体,只要线性大小为几千埃,在电子显微镜下,就能给出很好的电子衍射花样。一张单晶电子衍射花样只代表一个倒易点阵平面。为了收     

原位微区X射线荧光光谱分析装置与技术研究进展

原位微区X射线荧光(Micro-XRF)光谱分析技术是X射线光谱学领域一重要分支。近年来X射线毛细管光学透镜聚焦技术不断进步,以实验室X光源为基础的原位微区X射线光谱分析装置与应用技术快速发展,已成功应用于多领域样品的原位、多维、动态和非破坏性微区分析。文章介绍了近年来X射线毛细管光学透镜技术发展和原位微区X射线光谱分析装置研制进展,对近年来micro-XRF光谱分析技术在大气气溶胶颗粒物分析与来源识别、考古样品产地和真伪鉴别、古气候古环境重建研究中沉积纹层样品元素分析,以及刑侦科学中指纹样品的鉴定等应用领域进行了系统介绍,阐述了micro-XRF光谱分析技术性能的影响因素(空间分辨率和强度增益)。micro-XRF光谱分析技术不仅可以获取样品表面的信息,还能够获取样品内部的信息,成为目前国际上一门迅速发展的竞争技术。我国在毛细管透镜制造技术与性能研究,以及micro-XRF应用领域取得了重要进展。由于X射线焦斑尺寸对能量的依赖性以及样品基质对X射线的吸收效应,在微区定量分析中易引入较大误差,利用X射线毛细管透镜获取更小光斑尺寸与高稳定性的X射线光束,提高micro-XRF分析技术的空间高分辨率性能和对基体效应进行校正实验将是今后一个重要的研究目标和分析研究难点。     

Smart 3D基于PCF二次开发报表的实现

PCF是Isogen生成的中间过程文件,文档内容几乎涵盖单线图图面上的所有信息,用户通过简单的Isogen定制,可以随意输出Smart 3D模型中的数据。二次开发报表功能就是通过解析PCF文档内容,实现了一次性输出单线图目录、管道综合材料表、油漆保温材料表等成品文件。     

The terrestrial fauna of the Late Triassic Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry fissures,South Wales,UK and a new species of Clevosaurus (Lepidosauria: Rhynchocephalia)

Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry in South Wales yielded a rich cache of fossils in the early 1950s, including articulated specimens of new species (the small sauropodomorph dinosaur Pantydraco caducus and the crocodylomorph Terrestrisuchus gracilis), but no substantial study of the wider fauna of the Pant-y-ffynnon fissure systems has been published. Here, our overview of existing specimens, a few described but mostly undescribed, as well as freshly processed material, provides a comprehensive picture of the Pant-y-ffynnon palaeo-island of the Late Triassic. This was an island with a relatively impoverished fauna dominated by small clevosaurs (rhynchocephalians), including a new species, Clevosaurus cambrica, described here from a partially articulated specimen and isolated bones. The new species has a dental morphology that is intermediate between the Late Triassic Clevosaurus hudsoni, from Cromhall Quarry to the east, and the younger C. convallis from Pant Quarry to the west, suggesting adaptive radiation of clevosaurs in the palaeo-archipelago. The larger reptiles on the palaeo-island do not exceed 1.5?m in length, including a small carnivorous crocodylomorph, Terrestrisuchus, and a possible example of insular dwarfism in the basal dinosaur Pantydraco.     

The effect of water on accessory phase solubility in subaluminous and peralkaline granitic melts

The solubilities of columbite, tantalite, wolframite, rutile, zircon and hafnon were determined as a function of the water contents in peralkaline and subaluminous granite melts. All experiments were conducted at 1035 °C and 2 kbar and the water contents of the melts ranged from nominally dry to approximately 6 wt.% H₂O. Accessory phase solubilities are not affected by the water content of the peralkaline melt. By contrast, solubilities are affected by the water content of the subaluminous melt, where the solubilities of all the accessory phases examined increase with the water content of the melt, up to 2 wt.% H₂O. At higher water contents, solubilities are nearly constant. It can be concluded that water is not an important control of accessory phase solubility, although the water content will affect diffusivities of components in the melt, thus whether or not accessory phases will be present as restite material. The solubility behaviour in the subaluminous and peralkaline melts supports previous spectroscopic studies, which have observed differences in the coordination of high field strength elements in dry vs. wet subaluminous granitic glasses, but not for peralkaline granitic glasses. Lastly, the fact that wolframite solubility increases with increasing water content in the subaluminous melt suggests that tungsten dissolved as a hexavalent species.     

Quaternary stresses revealed by calcite twinning inversion: insights from observations in the Savonnières underground quarry (eastern France)

Calcite samples were extracted both from the rock matrix and the superficial coating of a karstified fault plane of an underground quarry, located in the eastern border of the Paris basin. The karstification is dated as Quaternary. Analysis of mechanical calcite twinning reveals that only the calcite matrix has also undergone a compression trending WNW that can be attributed to the Mio-Pliocene alpine collision. Both coating and matrix have undergone a strike-slip regime with σ₁ roughly trending north–south, that could correspond to the regional present-day state of stress, a strike-slip compression rather trending NNW, modified by local phenomena. To cite this article: M. Rocher et al., C. R. Geoscience 335 (2003).     

HYDROGEOLOGY

正20141756 Chen Ruige(Mathematical College,China University of Geosciences,Beijing100083,China);Zhou Xun Numerical Simulation of Groundwater Level Fluctuation in a Coastal Confined Aquifer with Sloping Initial Groundwater Level Induced by the Tide(Geological Bulletin of China,ISSN1671-2552,CN11-4648/P,32(7),2013,p.1099-1104,6 illus.,16 refs.) Key words:confined water,groundwater level     

METAMORPHIC PETROLOGY

正20141408 Cai Jia(Institute of Geology,Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences,Beijing100037,China);Liu Fulai Petrogenesis and Metamorphic P-T Conditions of Garnet-Spinel-Biotitebearing Paragneiss in Danangou Area,Daqingshan-Wulashan Metamorphic Complex Belt(Acta Petrologica Sinica,ISSN1000-0569,CN11-1922/P,29(7),     

SERIALS

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GEOPHYSICAL EXPLORATION

正20142386An Guoying(China Aero Geophysical Survey and Remote Sensing Center for Land and Resources,Beijing 100083,China)Application of Satellite Remote Sensing in Regional Hydrogeological Investigation:Taking Cenozoic Strata in Wenquan Sheet(1∶250 000)of Karakoram Range as an Example(Geosci-     

QUATERNARY GEOLOGY & GEOMORPHOLOGY

正20141016An Chengbang(Key Laboratory of Western China’s Environmental Systems,Ministry of Education,Lanzhou University,Lanzhou 730000,China);Zhao Yongtao Lake Records during the Last Glacial Maximum from Xinjiang,NW China and Their Climatic Impli-     

PETROLEUM GEOLOGY

正20141538 Cao Qing(School of Earth Sciences and Engineering,Xi’an Petroleum University,Xi’an 710065,China);Zhao Jingzhou Characteristics and Significance of Fluid Inclusions from Majiagou Formation,Yichuan Huangling Area,Ordos Basin(Advances in Earth Science,ISSN1001-8166,CN62-1091/P,28(7),2013,p.819-828,7 illus.,3 tables,43 refs.)     

GEOCHEMISTRY

正20142002 Wei Hualing(Institute of Geophysical and Geochemical Exploration,Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences,Langfang065000,China);Zhou Guohua Element Content and Mineral Compositions in Different Sizes of Soil in Tongling Area,Anhui Province(Geological Bulletin of China,ISSN1671-2552,CN11-4648/P,32(11),2013,p.1861