钢管混凝土叠合边框内藏钢桁架剪力墙振动台试验研究

进行了4个钢管混凝土叠合边框剪力墙模型的模拟地震振动台试验,包括:1个高宽比为1.6的钢管混凝土叠合边框剪力墙,1个高宽比为1.6的钢管混凝土叠合边框内藏钢桁架剪力墙,1个高宽比为3.0的为钢管混凝土叠合边框剪力墙,1个高宽比为3.0的钢管混凝土叠合边框内藏钢桁架剪力墙。试验中输入Taft地震波,测试了各试件在不同峰值加速度下的时程地震反应及其动力特性,分析了剪力墙损伤过程及破坏特征。研究表明,钢管混凝土叠合边框内藏钢桁架剪力墙比普通钢管混凝土叠合柱边框剪力墙承载力高、刚度退化慢、延性好、抗震耗能能力强。     

地裂缝场地结构抗震设防避让距离研究

以西安地铁二号线沿线地质勘查资料为基础,借助ABAQUS有限元软件建立地裂缝场地与结构共同作用模型,将结构分别置于距地裂缝不同距离的位置,并施加El-Centro地震波,通过比较不同位置结构的层间位移角、框架柱剪力的变化情况,研究近地裂缝结构在地震作用下的工作特性,找出不同避让距离下的结构动力响应变化规律,并与地表峰值加速度的变化规律进行对比分析,为地裂缝场地结构的避让距离选取提供参考。结果表明:上盘结构层间位移角放大幅度为30%~41%,而下盘结构层间位移角放大幅度为18%~22%,上盘结构的破坏程度远大于下盘结构。随避让距离的增大,地表加速度峰值逐渐减小,结构破坏情况相应减弱,但地表峰值加速度表现出现较为平缓的线性下降,而其上部结构的峰值位移曲线则出现大幅度的下降,甚至在近地裂缝处产生突变,其最大层间位移角放大幅度由41%降为21%,地表加速度峰值的变化并不能完全反映出近地裂缝结构的动力响应规律。位于地裂缝场地的结构动力时程响应规律明显区别于普通场地上的结构,对位于地裂缝场地的结构进行抗震设计时应对水平地震影响系数最大值αmax进行调整。     

永久位移对隔震结构地震响应的影响分析

为分析永久位移型地震动对隔震结构地震响应的影响,文中对单层单跨结构有限元隔震模型分别输入永久位移型及非永久位移型地震动,以探究隔震结构在2种类型地震动输入下的地震响应差别。单层单跨隔震结构有限元模型的数值分析结果表明：相比较非永久位移型地震动,永久位移型地震动作用下隔震层加速度以及位移响应较大。当峰值加速度输入一致时,永久位移型地震动作用下隔震层峰值加速度相较于非永久位移型地震动增大约10%～30%;永久位移型地震动作用下隔震支座最大相对位移相较于非永久位移型地震动增大约10%～40%;随着2种类型地震动峰值加速度的增加,隔震结构同一隔震支座的最大相对位移差值呈现出增大的趋势。     

随机地震动场多点激励下宽幅大跨桥梁结构地震响应研究

为了研究随机地震动场多点激励作用下宽幅大跨桥梁结构的地震响应,基于二维相干模型,考虑地震波非平稳性合成桥址各支承点的人工地震加速度时程波,采用多项式拟合法在时域内对各支承点处的人工合成加速度波进行校正,并对校正前后加速度波的响应谱进行比较校验;随后以某大跨自锚式悬索桥为例,利有限元软件中线性时程分析模块,将所合成的加速度地震波施加于结构,对比研究一致激励与随机地震动多点激励下宽幅大跨桥梁结构的地震响应。分析表明,考虑二维相干和地震波非平稳性合成的各支承点地震加速度时程波可采用多项式拟合法进行基线漂移现象的校正,同时应对修正前后加速度波的反应谱进行比较校验;对于大跨且横桥向支承点相距较远的桥梁结构应考虑横桥向地震波的非一致性。     

带SRC桁架转换层及钢加强层高层建筑抗震性能研究

本文对一座设置钢骨混凝土桁架转换层及两道钢桁架加强层的超高层建筑结构模型振动台试验结果进行了分析,发现Ⅶ度小震和中震阶段在下部转换层和中部加强层加速度突变较大,而上部加强层突变较小：在Ⅶ度大震阶段由于转换层及其附近楼层裂缝的出现,地震能量转嫁到中部加强层,致使中部加强层加速度突变出现大幅度的增长,该层及附近楼层核心筒墙肢出现一定程度的破坏。采用SAP2000有限元程序对该结构模型进行了小震阶段三维分析,并与试验值进行了对比：从动力特性来看,前几阶周期比较吻合,高阶周期误差较大;从动力反应来看,侧移曲线、加速度包络图、地震作用包络图在整体上符合较好,但在中部加强层和转换层处突变幅度计算值偏小;从层间剪力包络图来看,试验值与有限元计算值都呈现近似直线分布。     

带钢桁架连梁的框架剪力墙结构振动台试验研究

钢桁架连梁作为一种新型的连梁形式,具有优良的延性与耗能性能,而采用钢桁架连梁的建筑结构,其整体抗震性能尚需进一步研究。通过对一幢12层带钢桁架连梁的框架剪力墙结构1∶15比例模型的地震模拟振动台试验,研究了该结构的动力特性与地震响应。结果表明,钢桁架连梁具有足够的刚度,能够有效连接剪力墙,使得该结构具有良好的变形能力,能够满足延性设计要求。因此,带钢桁架连梁的框架剪力墙具有良好的抗震性能。     

错位转换层位置对高层建筑竖向构件受力性能影响的研究

作为一种新型转换层结构——错位转换层结构,其竖向位置的移动对高层结构在水平地震作用下竖向构件受力性能有何影响目前尚未见文献报道。采用有限元程序对高层带错位转换层结构进行了水平地震作用下的时程反应和反应谱分析．分析了上部转换层和下部转换层相对位置保持不变的情况下．整体改变错位转换层位置对结构地震作用、剪力及竖向构件内力的影响。分析研究发现。错位转换层整体位置的竖向移动对结构整体剪力、上部转换层下承托墙肢内力、上部转换层框支剪力墙内力影响不大．但对落地剪力墙、上部转换层下框支柱和下部转换层梁托柱内力有较大影响。     

多点激励的高位隔震单层柱面网壳振动台试验

为研究单层柱面网壳结构橡胶支座隔震的效果以及地震动行波效应对隔震网壳地震响应的影响,采用高阻尼橡胶支座对网壳缩尺模型进行高位隔震,输入多组实际地震波进行振动台试验,包括一致激励及视波速1 000m/s、500 m/s和250m/s,测试结构的加速度、位移及杆件应变等动力响应。试验结果表明:HDR支座高位隔震有效延长大跨网壳结构的自振周期,上部结构所承受的总水平地震作用值降低烈度1~3度,隔震后上部结构的运动趋于同步。行波激励下,结构地震响应沿地震波传播方向相对逐渐增大,地震波传出端附近的隔震支座剪切变形明显增大,按一致激励设计偏于不安全。     

基于增量动力法的剪力墙结构地震易损性分析

地震易损性分析是评估结构地震灾害损失的关键。应用PKPM软件设计了不同设防烈度的6个16层剪力墙结构。应用增量动力法求得各结构在不同罕遇烈度地震作用下的最大层间位移角,回归分析给出了最大层间位移角与地震作用加速度峰值的关系式。以最大层间位移角为整体性能指标,进行结构地震易损性分析,给出了结构地震失效概率关于地震作用加速度峰值的计算公式。计算得到了不同设防烈度剪力墙结构在罕遇地震作用下的震害矩阵,为评估框架-剪力墙结构的地震灾害损失,提供了基础数据。     

地震作用下核电站环行吊车动力响应的模型实验研究

基于量纲分析理论,提出地震作用下环行吊车缩尺模型动力响应的相似准则,确定核环吊原型和实验模型之间动力响应的相似关系。根据抗震规范要求和相似准则,采用El Centro 1979地震波作为实验台地震输入,对振动台震动输入进行调幅处理,水平地震输入幅值为0.3g,竖向地震输入幅值为0.2g,地震输入的时间缩尺为4。核环吊抗震实验结果表明,与实验台地震输入峰值相对比,吊车大梁跨中水平加速度峰值增加了56.0%,跨中竖向的加速度峰值增加了119.0%;环轨水平加速度峰值增加了66.7%,环轨竖向的加速度峰值增加了43.5%。研究表明,当水平地震波的输入方向与吊车大梁轴线相垂直时,吊车大梁跨中水平加速度峰值最大;当水平地震波的输入方向与吊车大梁轴线相平行时,环轨的水平加速度峰值最大;环轨的垂直加速度峰值受水平地震波的输入方向影响不显著。在地震荷载作用下,核环吊没有发生跳轨现象。     

SCIENCE CHINA Earth Sciences SUBJECT INDEX TO VOLUME 57(2014)

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Distribution of throughfall and stemflow in multi‐strata agroforestry,perennial monoculture,fallow and primary forest in central Amazonia,Brazil

The partitioning of rain water into throughfall, stemflow and interception loss when passing through plant canopies depends on properties of the respective plant species, such as leaf area and branch angles. In heterogeneous vegetation, such as tropical forest or polycultural systems, the presence of different plant species may consequently result in a mosaic of situations with respect to quantity and quality of water inputs into the soil. As these processes influence not only the water availability for the plants, but also water infiltration and nutrient leaching, the understanding of plant effects on the repartitioning of rain water may help in the optimization of land use systems and management practices. We measured throughfall and stemflow in a perennial polyculture (multi‐strata agroforestry), monocultures of peach palm (Bactris gasipaes) for fruit and for palmito, a monoculture of cupuaçu (Theobroma grandiflorum), spontaneous fallow and primary forest during one year in central Amazonia, Brazil. The effect on rain water partitioning was measured separately for four useful tree species in the polyculture and for two tree species in the primary forest. Throughfall at two stem distances, and stemflow, differed significantly between tree species, resulting in pronounced spatial patterns of water input into the soil in the polyculture system. For two tree species, peach palm for fruit (Bactris gasipaes) and Brazil nut trees (Bertholletia excelsa), the water input into the soil near the stem was significantly higher than the open‐area rainfall. This could lead to increased nutrient leaching when fertilizer is applied close to the stem of these trees. In the primary forest, such spatial patterns could also be detected, with significantly higher water input near a palm (Oenocarpus bacaba) than near a dicotyledonous tree species (Eschweilera sp.). Interception losses were 6·4% in the polyculture, 13·9 and 12·3% in the peach palm monocultures for fruit and for palmito, respectively, 0·5% in the cupuaçu monoculture and 3·1% in the fallow. With more than 20% of the open‐area rainfall, the highest stemflow contributions to the water input into the soil were measured in the palm monocultures and in the fallow. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A Monte Carlo study of rainfall forecasting with a stochastic model

A procedure for short-term rainfall forecasting in real-time is developed and a study of the role of sampling on forecast ability is conducted. Ground level rainfall fields are forecasted using a stochastic space-time rainfall model in state-space form. Updating of the rainfall field in real-time is accomplished using a distributed parameter Kalman filter to optimally combine measurement information and forecast model estimates. The influence of sampling density on forecast accuracy is evaluated using a series of a simulated rainfall events generated with the same stochastic rainfall model. Sampling was conducted at five different network spatial densities. The results quantify the influence of sampling network density on real-time rainfall field forecasting. Statistical analyses of the rainfall field residuals illustrate improvement in one hour lead time forecasts at higher measurement densities.     

Anthropogenic Eutrophication and Red Tide Outbreak in Lacustrine Systems of the Kashmir Himalaya

Red tide, a recurrent phenomenon has become conspicuous in several Kashmir lake ecosystems since 1991. The responsible organism (Euglena pedunculata), a rare flagellate rediscovered in the Kashmir Himalaya (Khan 1993) caused first and unprecedented red tide outbreak, constituting a maximum of 96% of resident numerical phytoplankton density in Dal Lake. At present, conflicting hypotheses exist on the generation of causal assemblage(s) imparting redness to waters: Jeeji Bai (1991) linked its origin to acid precipitation – a fallout of burning oil‐fields during the Gulf War – whilst Khan (1993) holds local factor(s) responsible. Field/experimental studies support the latter contention that the influx of untreated sewage, in unison with warm temperatures, high levels of PhAR, iron and interruption to hydrological flow‐pattern together with absence/or reduction in grazing activity created conducive environmental milieu for red tide outbreak. Dal Lake “red tide” drifted the bloom‐inoculum to other waters, including Lake Wular, where additional ecological niches were carved out, threatening the aesthetic value and biological diversity of Kashmir lakes. Ecological monitoring indicates frequent seasonal red tide occurrence in Dal Lake (including summer‐autumn event of 1998) which testifies its unabated eutrophication status. Further studies are needed on ecological adaptability and biogeographic distribution of this rare and unique red tide‐causing flagellate.