胶州湾底质溶液中的氮和磷

海洋沉积物底质溶液中生原要素的研究,对于了解这些要素在海水与沉积物之间的交换过程等,具有重要意义。但是在文献中,这方面的报道还是比较少的。 值得注意的是:Rittenberg研究了沉积物管样中NO_3-、NO_2-N、NH_4-N、PO_4-P及SiO_3-Si等的垂直分布,并且探讨了生原要素的再生过程;研究了鄂霍茨克海、白令海及太平洋底质溶液中NH_4-N、PO_4-P、SiO_3-Si及部分NO_3-N与NO_2-N     

东海海水和沉积物间隙水中硅酸盐和磷酸盐的分布

海洋中SiO_3-Si和PO_4-P的含量随时间和空间变化,在一定程度上反映了生命的消长过程。研究其分布规律对促进海洋水产事业具有重要意义,同时还能为海洋地球化学研究提供许多有价值的基础资料。 关于海水和沉积物间隙水中SiO_3-Si和PO_4-P的分布情况,国内外已有很多报道。1958—1961年,我国海洋工作者对124°E以西我国沿海各海区进行了全面调查。日本     

浙江近海上升流区无机磷酸盐和溶解氧分布以及相互关系

本文主要探讨了浙江近海上升流区无机PO_4-P和O_2的分布特征以及相互关系。研究表明,调查海区FO_4-P高值区主要存在于沿岸区和σt跃层至底部,而盐度锋以外海区近表层PO_4-P和O_2含量低。这些分布特征与夏季沿岸锋和上升流锋的出现密切相关;10m以浅的沿岸区表观产氧量(AOP)高是光合作用强的结果,而沿岸区营养盐丰富又是产生强光合作用的主要原因之一。并且发现4号断面30m以浅叶绿素a和浮游植物生物量随PO_4-P含量增加而增加。σt跃层以下,AOU与PO_4-P之间存在着较好的线性关系,而且从直线斜率获得ΔO_2/ΔP为200∶1原子单位比。     

水样中氮磷营养盐的短期保存技术研究

用8种保存方法对淡水和海水水样中四个氮磷营养盐（NH3-N、NO3—N、NO3-N、PO4—P）参数及总氮的稳定性进行了7d保存效果的比较研究。结果表明,淡水与海水氮磷营养盐的最佳保存方法与效果各不相同,但淡水和海水的总氮值在各种方法保存下均十分恒定。综合考虑有效性及可操作性后提出了5d内的短期保存技术：（1）海水水样用5‰氯仿4℃条件下保存,供NH3-N、NO2—N和N03-N三个营养盐的测定,用5‰甲醛4℃条件下保存供PO4-P测定;（2）淡水用5‰氯仿4℃条件下保存,供NH3-N测定,5‰甲醛4℃条件保存供NO2-N、NO3-N和PO4-P测定。     

水样储存对硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐浓度的影响

本文讨论了海水水样在不同材料瓶子和不同季节(不同温度)条件下,硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐浓度在储存期间的变化。硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐浓度的减少是由于浮游植物的摄取和聚乙烯瓶的吸附;硝酸盐的增加是由于氨和亚硝酸盐氧化的结果;温度高将有助于上述过程的进行。水样中加0.3%的氯仿有助于稳定水样。实验表明,在4℃和-25℃低温下保存水样,175天内变化较小,这是比较有效的储存办法。     

钱塘江口磷酸盐分布、变化与浮游植物的响应

根据2013—2014年4个航次的综合调查资料并结合历史资料,对钱塘江河口活性磷酸盐(PO_4-P)的浓度、分布、历史趋势、磷限制及其与浮游植物变化的关系进行分析。结果显示,研究海域内PO_4-P的平均浓度在冬季最高、秋季次之、春季和夏季较低。受咸淡水混合和沉积物再悬浮的共同影响,春季水体中整体上较高,其分布呈现中心低四周高的特征;夏季的分布呈现从近岸向离岸海域逐渐上升的趋势;秋季的分布呈现沿岸高、离岸低的趋势;冬季总体上在研究海域中部相对较高,其他部分则相对较低。钱塘江河口PO_4-P浓度在春季、秋季和冬季都显著高于历史同期,明显受到持续增加的陆源输入的影响。分析结果表明,河口浮游植物生长对PO_4-P浓度水平的影响有限(0.3%);钱塘江河口普遍较高的PO_4-P浓度和低的生物过滤器效应使其成为东海磷酸盐的重要来源区域,必然对邻近东海海域的生态环境影响显著。研究海域内水体中的氮磷比(N/P)值总体较高(35～109),明显高于Redfield比值(N/P=16),表明该海域存在潜在性的磷限制。溶解无机氮(DIN)的输入和高N/P比值持续增加使该海区环境对PO_4-P浓度的变化格外敏感。与历史数据相比,研究海域浮游植物优势种出现了蓝藻等非硅藻类生物,同时网采浮游植物种类和数量较以往也有所降低,生物个体向小型化发展;DIN和PO_4-P浓度的不均衡增长以及营养盐结构的变化是引起浮游植物群落数量和结构变化的主要原因。     

渤海湾天津近岸海域水质特征及评价

根据2004-2012年对渤海湾生态监控区进行的水质监测得到的数据,对该海域的无机氮(DIN)、磷酸盐(P0_4-P)以及N/P值的水季变化特征展开了分析。结果表明,渤海湾近岸海水中DIN、PO_4-P年均浓度整体呈上升趋势,超过国家一类海水水质标准,DIN、PO_4-P已成为影响近岸海域水质的主要污染物。运用有机污染评价指数法、潜在性富营养化评价法、营养指数法分别对渤海湾近岸海域营养状况进行评价得出的富营养化评价结果基本相同,均表明渤海湾天津近岸海域正处于富营养化状态。     

胶州湾海底沉积物-海水界面磷酸盐交换速率和通量研究

根据交换速率连续函数计算法,应用实验室培养法测定了PO_4-P在胶州湾16个站位沉积物-海水界面上的交换速率。结果表明,PO_4-P的交换主要表现为由沉积物向水体的释放,其交换速率一般在 0.1～90 μmol·m~(-2)·d~(-1)范围内。根据 PO_4-P在不同类型沉积物-海水界面上的交换速率,估算出其在胶州湾海底沉积物-海水界面上的交换通量为 9.76×10~6mmol·d~(-1),仅占河流输入量的 24％,可提供浮游植物生长所需磷的 9％±3％。     

夏季东海东北部营养盐的分布变化特征

分别于2010年7月和2011年7月,在沿长江冲淡水扩散方向的东海东北部海域进行了典型站点CTD参数的测定和营养盐样品的采集,旨在了解长江不同径流量条件下该区域对长江冲淡水的响应过程及其中营养盐的分布变化特点。结果显示:在长江径流量较大的2010年7月,长江冲淡水(盐度31)在研究区域表层自西向东的扩散范围明显大于径流量较小的2011年7月。而含有高浓度NO_3-N(如15μmol/L)海水扩散范围在两个航次的变化却相反。由于海水层化以及表层浮游植物的吸收,各站表层NO_3-N、SiO_3-Si、PO_4-P等浓度一般较低,温盐跃层和次表层叶绿素最大值层以下其浓度升高并逐渐趋于稳定。2010年7月NH_4-N在研究区域各站贯穿整个深度的浓度明显大于2011年7月。与长江冲淡水和长江口相比,东海东北部水体表层SiO_3-Si/NO_3-N和PO_4-P/NO_3-N等营养盐摩尔比值明显降低。黑潮次表层水和黑潮中层水等水团含有较高的营养盐浓度(NO_3-N,SiO_3-Si及PO_4-P),与长江冲淡水相比,可能构成了东海东北部另一个重要的营养盐来源。     

西太平洋赤道海区海洋表面微层化学的初步观测

本文根据1987年10-11月“实验3”号考察船在西太平洋赤道海区的调查资料,阐述了Cu,Pb,Zn,Cd等金属元素和PO_4-P及SiO_3-Si等营养元素在微层中含量及公布和富集作用。六种元素的含量都是微层高于表层。它们的分布都是近岸向远岸递降。它们在微层中都有富集作用,但富集度有明显差别。Zn,Pb,Cd,Cu,PO_4-P和SiO_3-Si的平均富集因子分别为60.6,22.4,8.3,3.3,1.7和6.5。     

Freezing as a method of sample preservation for the analysis of dissolved inorganic nutrients in seawater

It is often desirable or necessary to store collected seawater samples prior to analysis for dissolved inorganic nutrients. It is therefore important to establish preservation and storage techniques that will ensure sample integrity and will not alter the precision or accuracy of analysis. We have performed a series of experiments on the storage of nutrient samples collected at the oligotrophic North Pacific benchmark Station ALOHA, using both standard autoanalyses and low-level techniques. Our results reveal that for oligotrophic oceanic waters, the immediate freezing of an unfiltered water sample in a clean polyethylene bottle is a suitable preservation method. This procedure is simple, it avoids potentially contaminating sample manipulations and chemical additions, and it adequately preserves the concentrations of nitrate + nitrite, soluble reactive phosphate, and soluble reactive silicate within a single water sample.     

Coprecipitation of zinc with silica in seawater and in distilled water

Dissolved silica can coprecipitate with zinc from seawater or distilled water that has been enriched with both elements. More than 2 ppm Si are necessary for the reaction to begin. The coprecipitation shows pH dependence. The addition of pulverized illite or natural sediment as suspended particulate material does not enhance the reaction in seawater. The organic material present in the nearshore seawater samples decreases the rate and extent of reaction, as indicated by comparisons of results of experiments using natural seawater with results obtained using UV-irradiated seawater. In unbuffered distilled water the reaction must compete with hydrolysis of zinc; however, reaction does occur, which indicates that the seawater matrix is not essential for the reaction. The coprecipitation can limit the concentration of zinc in seawater to less than the solubility concentration assumed for ZnCO₃ or Zn(OH)₂. The results suggest that a zinc silicate can precipitate directly from seawater or interstitial water as an authigenic mineral.     

Mercos — A simple Teflon sampler for ultratrace metal analysis in seawater

This paper describes an uncomplicated sampling technique for ultratrace element analysis of coastal and surface seawaters (maximum depth 100 m). The sampler system is very easy to operate. To prevent contamination problems, interchangeable 500-ml Teflon bottles are used as both sampling and storage vessels. The seawater samples are stabilized in situ by preacidifying the sampling bottles. For the determination of mercury in seawater the desired system has been developed: sampling bottle = storage bottle = reaction vessel.     

Silica-alumina interactions in seawater

Amorphous silica can polymerize in distilled water, in 0.6 N NaCl solution and in seawater to form a colloidal suspension that contains approximately 200 ppm Si. Solid amorphous alumina can prevent this polymerization in seawater and in 0.6 N NaCl, and can inhibit but not prevent it in distilled water. This prevention of polymerization may be an important factor in authigenic mineral formation.The presence of solid amorphous alumina with solid silica in the same solutions causes the final concentrations of dissolved silica to be lower than those attained by solid silica in the absence of solid alumina. The effects are similar whether the final levels are approached from above or below the saturation concentration for amorphous silica. This indicates that the observed concentration of dissolved silica will be a function of available alumina as well as of the silica solubility.The presence of solid amorphous alumina with quartz in seawater, 0.6 N NaCl solution and distilled water causes dissolved silica levels to remain below 0.7 ppm Si for at least 38 days. The same systems in the absence of alumina approach the solubility levels of quartz within that time period.     

Influence of Seawater on the Suction and Swelling Behavior of Clayey Soils

The present study examines the suction characteristics and swelling behavior of clayey soils when exposed to natural seawater with respect to distilled water. The effects of saline waters on the engineering behavior of soils need to be determined since the salinity of the pore fluid of soils near coastal areas increases continuously. Six clayey soil samples with different mineralogy and characteristics were gathered and tested to determine the suction and swelling characteristics in the presence of natural seawater and distilled water. The results show that the total suction values of the samples are higher in the presence of seawater than in distilled water. The samples with high swelling potential have lower matric suction values than nonswelling soils. Moreover, in contrast to swelling-type soils, the matric suction values of the nonswelling soils remain similar in the presence both distilled water and seawater. The modified free swell index (MFSI) of the samples is well correlated with the liquid limit (LL), plasticity index (PI), and cation exchange capacity (CEC) in distilled water. However, coefficients of determination decreased in the presence of seawater. Also, there is no significant correlation existing between total and matric suction values and the MFSI values of the samples.     

REE and Sr-Nd isotope characteristics of hydrothermal chimney at Jade area in the Okinawa Trough

Hydrothermal chimney is a product of hydrothermal activity on the seabed. Chimney samples dredged from Jade hydrothermal area in Izena depression of the Okinawa Trough, are characterized by relatively enriched light rare earth elements (LREE) and strongly positive Eu anomalies. 87Sr/86Sr and 143Nd/144Nd of these samples are exactly between those of seawater and of acidic pumice, averaged at 0.708928 and 0.512292, respectively. These characteristics imply that the main source of hydrothermal sulfide at Jade area is possibly the undersurface acidic rocks. The mineralizing mechanism can be summarized as follows: Large amount of mineralized material would be leached out and LREEenriched hydrothermal solution would be subsequently produced as a result of thermo-chemical exchange reaction between acidic volcanic rocks and heated seawater that penetrated in advance from upper water mass. The spurting out from the seabed and quickly crystallizing in the seawater of hydrothermal solution are responsible for the formation of Cu-Zn sulfide and barite-amorphous SiO2 minerals that are characterized by enriched LREE and positively strong Eu anomalies.     

REE and Sr-Nd isotope characteristics of hydrothermal chimney at Jade area in the Okinawa Trough

Hydrothermal chimney is a product of hydrothermal activity on the seabed. Chimney samples dredged from Jade hydrothermal area in Izena depression of the Okinawa Trough, are characterized by relatively enriched light rare earth elements (LREE) and strongly positive Eu anomalies. ^87Sr/^86Sr and ^143Nd/^144Nd of these samples are exactly between those of seawater and of acidic pumice, averaged at 0.708928 and 0.512292, respectively. These characteristics imply that the main source of hydrothermal sulfide at Jade area is possibly the undersurface acidic rocks. The mineralizing mechanism can be summarized as follows: Large amount of mineralized material would be leached out and LREE-enriched hydrothermal solution would be subsequently produced as a result of thermo-chemical exchange reaction between acidic volcanic rocks and heated seawater that penetrated in advance from upper water mass. The spurting out from the seabed and quickly crystallizing in the seawater of hydrothermal solution are responsible for the formation of Cu-Zn sulfide and barite-amorphous SiO2 minerals that are characterized by enriched LREE and positively strong Eu anomalies.     

海水养殖珍珠的漂白技术研究

通过对漂白体系中溶剂、表面活性剂、双氧水浓度3个重要参数的优化选择,研究了海水养殖珍珠的漂白技术。首次发现在海水养殖珍珠漂白过程中,以海水为介质漂白效果明显优于用甲醇、乙醇、丙酮和蒸馏水。在以海水为介质的漂白体系中,表面活性剂贝芬家用洗手液使用效果较优,双氧水体积分数为5%,效果最佳。同时探讨了漂白时间对珍珠长麻的影响。     

Pentachlorophenol and 3,4-dichloroaniline as models for photochemical reactions in seawater

Pentachlorophenol (PCP) and 3,4-dichloroaniline (DCA) were used as models to examine photochemical reactions in seawater.The photolysis of PCP in seawater differed in both rate and product distribution from that in distilled water; rates were slower in seawater due to the photonucleophilic interaction of PCP with chloride ions, demonstrated by the formation of ³⁶Cl-labeled PCP in irradiated PCP solutions containing Na³⁶Cl. DCA showed no rate change and gave identical products in both systems. Both PCP and DCA yielded greater amounts of photoreduction products in seawater than in distilled water, and tetrachloromuconic acid was isolated and identified as a new and unstable PCP photoproduct resulting from ringfission. This study demonstrates the operation of photooxidation, photonucleophilic substitution, and photoreduction reactions which differ in detail between seawater and distilled water and suggests that photochemical reactions can be a major factor in the breakdown of organic pollutants and other chemicals in the marine environment.     

A solvent extraction method for the colorimetric determination of nanomolar concentrations of silicic acid in seawater

A solvent extraction method for measuring nanomolar concentrations of silicic acid in seawater is described. The procedure is based on the formation of beta silicomolybdic acid by reaction of silicic and molybdic acids at low pH, extraction of the combined acid into n-butanol and reduction with a mixture of p-methylaminophenol sulfate and sulfite. The concentration of the resulting blue silicomolybdous acid in the extract is determined colorimetrically. The method has 30 times the sensitivity and 14 times the precision of standard aqueous analyses. Molar absorbance is 2.29 × 10⁵ in seawater with a precision of ± 2.5 nM Si for concentrations <- 50 nanomolar. Sensitivity in seawater is 70% of that in deionized distilled water owing to a significant salt effect. Natural concentrations of arsenate, arsenite and germanic acid cause negligible interference; however, phosphate interference is equivalent to 11 ± 1 nM Si over a broad range of phosphate concentrations, resulting in an error of ± 1 nM in the corrected silicic acid concentration measurement.