南海北部上层鱼类浮游生物多样性和丰度的季节变化

The objective of this study was to investigate the seasonal variations of ichthyoplankton diversity and abun-dance in the northern South China Sea based on the data collected during summer, winter and spring. In total, 95 taxa of larval fishes were identified. The greatest number of species was recorded in spring, followed by summer and winter. The number of species was distributed mainly in the coastal waters from the east of Leizhou Peninsula to the southeast of Hainan Island during the surveyed periods of summer and spring, but in the offshore waters during winter. The abundance of larval fish was lowest in winter, increased in spring, and reached the maximum in summer. High abundance of larval fish was generally restricted to coastal waters with the isobaths less than 50 m. Seasonal variations of larval fish richness, abundance and diversity index were significant （P〈0.001）. Carangidae was the most common and abundant taxon in summer and winter, whileSardinella sp.,Thrissa mystax andLeiognathus sp. were dominant in spring. High diversity and abundance of larval fish might be attributed to increased temperature and coastal upwelling in spring and summer.     

南海北部微微型光合浮游生物的丰度及环境调控

1999年夏季首次在南海北部海域进行了微微型光合浮游生物(photosynthetic picoplankton)的观测研究,发现了聚球藻(Synechococcus,Syn)、原绿球藻(Prochlorococcus,Pro)和真核球藻(Eukaryotes,Euk)3类微微型光合浮游生物存在,并对其丰度与分布及其环境调控机制进行了研究.结果表明,研究海区Syn,Pro和Euk丰度的总平均值分别为(5.0±7.6)×104,(4.6±4.2)×104和(1.8±1.1)×103个/cm3,Syn种群丰度的高值大多出现在营养盐丰富的雷州半岛及海南岛东部海域的河口、沿岸带与陆架,北部湾次之,是陆坡和开阔海的数十分之一;其水层分布主要在跃层以上,跃层以下其值迅速降低,发现Pro存在两个不同种群:表层种群和深层种群,前者分布型式与Syn相似,后者的分布型式迥然不同,其丰度向营养盐贫瘠的外海、陆坡和开阔海显著增高;同时发现Pro水层分布的高值主要出现在真光层的底部,并往往出现在硝酸盐跃层之上,Euk在不同海域的分布差异不如Syn和Pro来得大,但仍以沿岸带与陆架为高,陆坡与开阔海较低,水层分布的高值大多出现在真光层的底部,而且它是对次表层叶绿素a极大值的主要贡献者,这些分布型式的差异,取决于环境的调控和3类生物生态生理适应的差异.研究海区Syn,Pro和Euk 3类微微型光合浮游生物对微微型光合浮游生物生态生理适应的差异.研究海区Syn,Pro和Euk3类微微型光合浮游生物对微微型光合浮游生物群落总丰度的贡献分别为50.996,47.3%和1.8%.     

南海浮游被囊动物火体虫科(Pyrosomatidae)一新记录种的形态特征

火体虫科(Pyrosomatidae),隶属于脊索动物门、尾索动物亚门、海樽纲、磷海樽目,全球海域已报道8种。本文描述了采自南海火体虫科一新记录种短轮火体虫(Pyrosomella verticillata)群体和单体的形态特征,分析了其群体长度、宽度与轮数的关系,并比较了该种与已在南海发现的大西洋火体虫(Pyrosoma atlanticum)的形态差异。研究标本保存在南海海洋生物标本馆。     

南海西北部陆架区住筒虫属的种类描述及其丰度分布

住筒虫是浮游被囊动物的一类,隶属于脊索动物门、尾索动物亚门、有尾纲、住筒虫科、住筒虫属,在海洋生物食物链中占重要位置。根据南海西北部陆架区2006年夏季、冬季和2007年春季3个航次各82个站的浮游动物拖网(网目孔径169 μm)调查资料,共鉴定到8种住筒虫:Fritillaria aberrens,F.abjornseni, F.formica, F.haplostoma, F.megachile, F.pacifica, F.pellucida, F.tenella,其中F.aberrens、F.abjornseni和F.pacifica为南海新纪录。对它们进行了形态描述,并结合环境因子探讨其丰度分布特征。夏季出现住筒虫8种,平均丰度为(2.62±4.68 )个/m³;冬季3种,春季4种,平均丰度分别为(0.23±0.52)和(1.72±5.43)个/m³。F.formica是丰度最高的一种,在夏季、冬季和春季分别占总丰度的43.88%,80.18%和84.29%;其次是F.pellucida和F.haplostoma;以上三种分布广,丰度较高。与环境因子分析表明,夏季琼东沿岸上升流和雷州半岛东部海域冷涡现象对种类向沿岸推移及其丰度增加有一定的助长作用。     

南海西北部陆架区住筒虫属的种类描述及其丰度分布

住筒虫是浮游被囊动物的一类,隶属于脊索动物门、尾索动物亚门、有尾纲、住筒虫科、住筒虫属,在海洋生物食物链中占重要位置。根据南海西北部陆架区2006年夏季、冬季和2007年春季3个航次各82个站的浮游动物拖网(网目孔径169 μm)调查资料,共鉴定到8种住筒虫:Fritillaria aberrens,F.abjornseni, F.formica, F.haplostoma, F.megachile, F.pacifica, F.pellucida, F.tenella,其中F.aberrens、F.abjornseni和F.pacifica为南海新纪录。对它们进行了形态描述,并结合环境因子探讨其丰度分布特征。夏季出现住筒虫8种,平均丰度为(2.62±4.68 )个/m3;冬季3种,春季4种,平均丰度分别为(0.23±0.52)和(1.72±5.43)个/m3。F.formica是丰度最高的一种,在夏季、冬季和春季分别占总丰度的43.88%,80.18%和84.29%;其次是F.pellucida和F.haplostoma;以上三种分布广,丰度较高。与环境因子分析表明,夏季琼东沿岸上升流和雷州半岛东部海域冷涡现象对种类向沿岸推移及其丰度增加有一定的助长作用。     

2009年冬、夏季南海北部超微型浮游生物的分布特征及其环境相关分析

2009年2月(冬季)和8月(夏季)在南海北部海域(nSCS)采用流式细胞术对聚球藻、原绿球藻、超微型光合真核生物3类超微型光合浮游生物和异养浮游细菌的丰度和碳生物量的时空分布特征进行了研究,并分析了其与环境因子之间的关系。结果表明,夏季聚球藻和原绿球藻的平均丰度高于冬季,超微型光合真核生物和异养浮游细菌的丰度反之,为冬季高于夏季。聚球藻、超微型光合真核生物和异养浮游细菌在富营养的近岸陆架海域丰度较高,而原绿球藻高丰度则出现在陆坡开阔海域。在垂直分布上,聚球藻主要分布在跃层以上,跃层以下丰度迅速降低;原绿球藻高丰度主要出现在真光层底部;超微型光合真核生物在水层中的高值同样出现在真光层底部,且与Pico级份叶绿素a浓度分布一致;异养浮游细菌在水体中的分布与聚球藻类似。这些分布格局的差异,取决于环境条件的变化和4类超微型浮游生物生态生理适应性的差异。在超微型光合浮游生物群落中,各类群碳生物量的贡献因季节和海域类型的不同而发生变化:聚球藻在夏季近岸陆架区占超微型光合浮游生物总碳生物量的41%,原绿球藻在陆坡开阔海成为主要贡献者(50%),超微型光合真核生物碳生物量以冬季为高(在近岸陆架区占比68%)。冬、夏季异养浮游细菌碳生物量均高于超微型光合浮游生物碳生物量。     

Monsoon-forced distribution and assemblages of appendicularians in the northwestern coastal waters of South China Sea

This study examines species composition and abundance of appendicularians in the northwestern coastal waters of South China Sea based on in situ data obtained by 169 μm planktonic nets during summer and winter, and discusses the influence of environmental factors on their distribution and assemblages. A total of 19 appendicularian species (including one unidentified species) was collected. Species richness is higher in summer than in winter, and it increases from inshore to offshore waters. Average abundance of appendicularians is 103.1 (±198.1) and 54.6 (±111.1) ind. m⁻³ in summer and winter, respectively. The abundance distribution of appendicularians is generally high around inshore waters during summer and winter, and with a higher abundance assemblage along the eastern coast from Leizhou Peninsula to Hainan Island, especially at the eastern mouth of Qiongzhou Strait in summer. Oikopleurids accounted for 97.5% and 99.6% of total appendicularians abundance in summer and winter, and the region of high values was the same to that of total appendicularians abundance. Oikopleura longicauda, Oikopleura rufescens, and Oikopleura fusiformis are dominant species during summer and winter. Results showed that spatial distribution of species richness of appendicularians is considered to be the result of physical factors such as temperature and salinity in summer and winter, while variations in abundance of appendicularians are affected by the combination of physical and biological factors. In particular, variations of appendicularians abundance are affected by food availability in summer.     

南海北部微型异养鞭毛虫的时空分布

于2009年7月20日至8月16日(夏季),2010年1月6日至30日(冬季),2010年10月26日至11月24日(秋季)和2011年4月30日至2011年5月24日(春季)在南海北部调查了微型异养鞭毛虫的生态分布特点。结果表明:春、夏、秋、冬的微型异养鞭毛虫丰度分别为0.05×103~1.93×103,0.03×103~2.65×103,0.09×103~2.05×103和0.04×103~1.84×103 cells/mL,生物量(以碳计)分别为0.56~19.50,0.04~24.11,0.96~14.80和0.29~22.26 μg/L。4个季节的微型异养鞭毛虫丰度均以2~5 μm粒级的为主,其所占比例超过65%,10~20 μm粒级所占比例通常低于10%。在水平分布上,微型异养鞭毛虫的丰度随离岸距离的增加逐渐降低;在垂直分布上,微型异养鞭毛虫的丰度随深度的增加逐渐降低,但夏季微型异养鞭毛虫丰度的高值多出现在次表层叶绿素a极大值层(DCM层)。微型异养鞭毛虫的丰度分布受到多重因素的交互影响,并且其所受调控模式在不同季节存在差异:春季和秋季微型异养鞭毛虫主要受下行调控;夏季微型异养鞭毛虫主要受上行调控;冬季上行和下行调控对微型异养鞭毛虫的影响相近。     

Distribution of meiofaunal abundance in relation to environmental factors in Beibu Gulf, South China Sea

This study aims to explore the distribution of meiofaunal abundance in relation to environmental factors in the Beibu Gulf,a natural semi-enclosed part of the South China Sea,surrounded by China and Vietnam.Meiofauna and ten benthic environmental factors were determined at 27 sampling stations in the Beibu Gulf in four surveys during 2006-2007.The results show a clear geographical trend in meiofaunal abundance,water depth,salinity and clay content.The meiofaunal abundance and the clay content decreased,whereas the water depth and the salinity increased from the north to the south of the Gulf.The percentage of meiofaunal abundance in the 0-2 cm layer increased,whereas in the 2-5 cm and 5-10 cm layers it decreased from the north to the south of the Gulf.Correlation analysis show significant negative correlations between meiofaunal abundance and water depth,benthic temperature,salinity and pH,but significant positive correlations between meiofaunal abundance and dissolved oxygen,chlorophyll a and clay content.     

南海西北部浮游生物中多孔放射虫的组成与分布

对南海西北部海区1959年全年各月所取得的浮游生物小网样品中的放射虫进行了定量研究,分析了其种类组成和分布,结果表明,所鉴定出的212种多孔放射虫主要为热带大洋暖水种,其中泡沫虫目(Spumellaria)145种,占总种数的68%,罩笼虫目(Nassellaria)67种,占总种数的32%;泡沫虫目无论在种类和数量上均较罩笼虫目占优势.研究海域的主要优势种为海绵球虫(Spongosphaera streptacantha)、钟翼盔虫(Pterocorys campanula)、四房面包虫四房亚种(Om-matartus tetrathalamus tetrathalamus)、三臂星虫(Triastrum aurivillii).该海域放射虫的全年密度分布状况变化很大,1,2月放射虫密度较小,分布范围也较小,3月起数量增多,4,5,6月是全年密度较大的月份,出现许多斑块状密集区,7,8月数量有所减少,其他月份密度也相对较小.放射虫数量变化总的趋势为春末夏初较多,秋季较少,冬季最少.放射虫的丰度和种类多样性在调查海域变化复杂,但基本趋势是从西北和北部向东南部由低逐渐升高;由海南岛周边海域和广东沿海向外海由低逐渐升高;此分布格局主要受海流、温度、盐度、深度和营养盐等环境因子的影响.     

A Review on the Currents in the South China Sea: Seasonal Circulation, South China Sea Warm Current and Kuroshio Intrusion

Researches on the currents in the South China Sea (SCS) and the interaction between the SCS and its adjacent seas are reviewed. Overall seasonal circulation in the SCS is cyclonic in winter and anticyclonic in summer with a few stable eddies. The seasonal circulation is mostly driven by monsoon winds, and is related to water exchange between the SCS and the East China Sea through the Taiwan Strait, and between the SCS and the Kuroshio through the Luzon Strait. Seasonal characteristics of the South China Sea Warm Current in the northern SCS and the Kuroshio intrusion to the SCS are summarized in terms of the interaction between the SCS and its adjacent seas.     

东海浮游翼足类(Pteropods)数量分布的研究

根据1997～2000年东海海域23°30'～33°00'N,118°30'～128°00'E的4个季节海洋调查资料,运用定量、定性方法,探讨了东海浮游翼足类总丰度的平面分布、季节变化及变化的动力学机制.结果表明,东海翼足类总丰度和出现频率有明显的季节变化,均为秋季最高,夏季次之,春季最低;总丰度在各个季节基本上呈东海南部高于北部、外海高于近海的分布趋势;春季的尖笔帽螺(Creseis acicula)、夏季的锥笔帽螺(Creseis virgula)、秋季的蝴蝶螺(Desmopterus papilio)和冬季的马蹄螔螺(Limacina trochiformis)是导致总丰度季节变化的最主要的种类;冬、春和夏3个季节丰度变化及4季总丰度的变化同表层或10m层水温有非常显著的线性相关关系,与底层温度及盐度的相关关系不显著.夏季翼足类高丰度区位于台湾暖流与黑潮暖流的分支处;从夏季到秋季,翼足类随着台湾暖流向北扩展,并在与长江冲淡水,闽浙沿岸水团,黄海水团等交汇处形成高丰度(大于500×10-2个/m3)和较高丰度(250×10-2～500×10-2个/m3)分布区.水温和海流是影响东海翼足类总丰度分布的主要环境因素.     

南海中、东部海区发光细菌的生态分布与种类组成

初步研究了南海中、东部海区海洋发光细菌的生态分布与种类组成.对28个测站的表层水样和部分测站的水柱垂直分层(50、100、150和200 m)水样进行了发光细菌培养、计数、分离和菌种鉴定.结果表明,水体中发光细菌检出率达76.92%,检出率自表层向底层逐渐升高;观测海区表层海水中发光细菌的平均菌量为(8.60±15.57)CFU/dm3,深层海水的菌量较高,至150 m水层平均菌量达最高值,为(49.47±75.40) CFU/dm3,细菌丰度变幅为3～307 CFU/dm3,平均菌量的最高值和较大的变幅范围都出现在150 m水层;在200 m以浅水体中,发光细菌垂直分布趋势基本与深度的增加以及水温的降低相关联,高值大多出现在100～150 m水层;观测海区发光细菌主要由哈维氏发光细菌Lucibacterium harveyi、曼达帕姆发光细菌Photobacterium madapamensis、明亮发光细菌Photobacterium phosphoreum和费氏发光细菌Vibrio fischeri组成,分别占鉴定种群的42%、33%、19%和6%.     

2007年夏季南海北部浮游植物的物种组成及丰度分布

2007年8月10-29日对南海北部41个站位进行了浮游植物群落结构的调查.调查结果表明,共发现浮游植物5门80属216种(包括变种、变形、未定种),调查期间南海浮游植物以硅藻为主,占所有物种数的64.81%,占总浮游植物细胞丰度的89.11%:甲藻次之,占所有物种数的30.56%,占总浮游植物细胞丰度的10.62%;蓝藻门的红海束毛藻Trichodesmium erythraeum在许多站位也占有相当的比例.绿藻和一些淡水的蓝藻只在珠江口附近的站位才被检出.主要优势种为海链藻Thalassiosira sp.、菱形海线藻Thalassionema nitzschioides、中肋骨条藻Skeletonema costatum、微小原甲藻Prorocentrum minimum和裸甲藻Gymnodinium sp..从平面分布来看,南海北部在珠江口外围和台湾浅滩海域存在2个浮游植物丰度高值区.表层和次表层浮游植物的平面分布格局差异很大,表层浮游植物的丰度平均为25.21×10<'3>个·L<'-1>,高值区在珠江口附近海域;次表层浮游植物丰度平均为9×10<'3>个·L<'-1>,高值区在台湾浅滩海域.调查区域的浅水站位(<200m)的浮游植物丰度远高于深水站位(>200m).从垂直分布来看,浮游植物的细胞丰度基本上自上而下随水深的增加而逐渐降低,最大丰度在10m水层.深水站位与浅水站位的浮游植物垂直分布结构有很大的差异.硅藻类在浅水站位中基本随深度的增加而减少,但在10m处出现最大值;而在深水站位则存在次表层(75m)最大值的现象.甲藻类在浅水站位中随深度增加显著减少,而在深水站位的75m以上其分布比较均匀.越靠近外海,浮游植物中硅藻所占的比例越小,硅甲藻比率大的海区一般具有高的生产力和较高的浮游植物丰度.调查海区表层和次表层的浮游植物Shannon-Wiener指数的平均分别为2.8和3.0,生物多样性高的区域分别位于珠江口、粤东近海和海南的东部近海,浅水站位的浮游植物多样性指数远高于深水站位.     

南海中部海域铵浓度及其与浮游植物的关系

本文根据１９８３年９月至１９８５年１月南海中部海域调查的资料，分析了该海区海水中铵浓度的频率分布，垂直分布特征和次表层铵最大值的形成及其与环境因子的关系。结果表明，铵浓度变化范围在０－２．７１μｍｏｌ／ｄｍ＾３之间，铵含量小于０．５μｍｏｌ／ｄｍ＾３的样品数约为样品总数的７８％，铵最大值出现在表层和次表层机率较大。文中还对该海域表层的铵含量与浮游植物的关系进行了初步探讨。     

利用遥感技术估算南海北部表层异养细菌丰度

常规异养细菌监测方法精度高但费时费力且不能连续观测, 而卫星遥感成本低、可以大面积同步、长时间周期观测, 可与常规方法互补。文章利用南海北部10个航次采集的表层异养细菌丰度和卫星遥感反射率, 采用统计回归的方法建立了异养细菌丰度的遥感模型, 其模型决定系数为0.81, 均方根误差为2.44×10⁸个·L^-1, 平均相对误差为21%, 具有较好表现。利用该模型估算南海北部表层异养细菌丰度, 结果显示: 从珠江河口到南海北部开阔海域, 异养细菌丰度逐渐减小。夏季河口地区平均异养细菌丰度最高, 春季最低; 近岸海域靠近珠江河口西侧的平均异养细菌丰度高于东侧; 冬季陆架地区平均异养细菌丰度最高, 夏季最低; 开阔海域的异养细菌丰度变化幅度较小。     

Distribution patterns of appendicularians and copepods and their relationship on the northwest continental shelf of South China Sea during summer

The potential suppression of copepods on appendicularians was found in field and experimental conditions. The abundance and distribution of appendicularians and planktonic copepods were studied with reference to their correlations during summer on the northwest continental shelf of the South China Sea (SCS). Based on the topography and water mass of the surveyed region, it was divided into three sub-regions: Region I (inshore waters of the east Leizhou Peninsula) with low temperature, salinity and high chlorophyll a (Chl a) concentration, Region II (inshore waters of the east and southeast Hainan Island) with low temperature, high salinity and moderate Chl a concentration and Region III (offshore waters from the Leizhou Peninsula to Hainan Island) with high temperature, high salinity and low Chl a concentration. The species richness of appendicularians and copepods increased from the inshore to offshore waters, and high values were observed in Region III. The distribution of appendicularian and copepod abundance decreased generally from the inshore to offshore waters, with the highest values at Region I. Our results suggest that the distribution patterns of appendicularians and copepods differed significantly, as a result of the influence of physical and biological factors. The negative impact of pelagic copepods on appendicularians was not found based on in situ data in the northwest continental shelf of SCS.     

南海中部海区次表层NO2^——N的最大值

本文根据1983年9月至1985年1月南海中部海区综合调查所获得的NO_2~--N及有关参数的观测资料,分析了该海区NO_2~--N的分布变化特征及其与环境因子的关系。结果表明,调查海区NO_2~--N含量的变化范围在0～0.54μmol/L之间,其中小于0.05μmol/L的测定值约占测定总数的82.1%,而大于0.05μmol/L测定值基本上出现在50～150m层。文中还对该海区次表层NO_2~--N最大值形成的机理作了初步探讨,指出密度跃层的终年存在、铵的氧化和浮游植物的代谢过程是调查海区次表层NO_2~--N最大值形成的主要因素。     

基于地统计学南海北部近海竹荚鱼空间分布特征

竹荚鱼(Trachurus japonicus)是我国南海北部近海主要渔获物之一。根据2014—2017年对南海北部开展的8个航次近海渔业资源和环境调查数据, 采用地统计学方法分析竹荚鱼时空分布特征和相关生态动力过程。结果表明, 竹荚鱼总体布局以低密度为主, 高密度海域较少, 季节性集聚特征明显, 依次为夏季>春季>秋季>冬季。竹荚鱼空间分布具有极强的空间异质性, 空间结构性比例均在75%以上, 变异模型以高斯模型为主, 空间相关距离(变程)大约在0.52°左右, 且季节性特征明显。对地统计参数值和单位捕捞努力量(catch per unit effort, CPUE)的相关关系研究发现, 竹荚鱼资源密度越大, 空间异质性特征越明显。通过统计各向分维值分析竹荚鱼各向异质性特征, 发现西北—东南向的空间异质性较为显著, 表明该方向的海洋动力过程将对竹荚鱼洄游分布产生重要影响。此外, 基于克里格插值分析, 发现竹荚鱼呈西南—东北向洄游分布规律, 空间布局呈片状和斑块状, 且易受极端气候(厄尔尼诺和拉尼娜等事件)影响。     

Distribution pattern of pelagic amphipods and its affecting facors in the East China Sea

1 IntroductionAmphipoda, an order of marine pelagic shell-fish, belongs to class Crustacea, subclass Malacost-raca (Chen and Shi,2002). Species of this ordercan be found all over the world, especially in tropi-cal and subtropical oceans. As fish diets, th…