岩浆活动与内陆地震关系的探讨──以1976年唐山大震为例

利用地震波探测、重力、地磁、地质等资料,论证了唐山地震前在震中区及其附近地区地壳内存在着的岩浆活动。认为唐山地震的发生可能是由于岩浆沿深大断裂向地壳内侵入,从而导致断裂重新破裂、扩展的结果。推断岩浆活动可能是内陆地震的一种成因。最后从岩浆活动的角度出发对一些地震现象作了讨论。     

三向受压状态下地壳岩体的张性变形和张性破裂

本文叙述了处于三向受压状态的地壳岩体产生张性变形和张性破裂的原理,并以珠江三角洲地区为例说明:①岩体内应力集中点的浅部,可产生张性变形和张性破裂;②地质考察所观察到的张性或张剪性断裂,其断裂面上作用的正应力未必是拉应力,极有可能是压应力,但却一定是拉应变;③张性破裂引起的地震,震级较小,一般在4.5级以下,④地震引起的张性地裂缝的走向,就是震源应力场的主压应力方向。     

利用SBAS-InSAR技术研究印尼Agung火山的形变特征与岩浆房参数

基于ALOS PALSAR影像,利用小基线集合成孔径雷达干涉测量技术,提取了位于印度尼西亚巴厘岛的Agung火山2007 ～ 2009年的地表形变时间序列,并基于Mogi点源模型和竖直椭球体模型反演了岩浆房参数.结果表明:Agung火山地区大气延迟相位干扰较严重,Agung火山在2007～2009年发生了较明显的隆升形变,且与时间呈正相关.竖直椭球体模型能够更好地拟合InSAR形变场,岩浆房位于火山体下方约5 km处.SBAS-InSAR结果表明,应加强跟踪监测Agung火山的潜在喷发危险性.     

汶川地震破裂带地壳速度结构研究

利用分布在汶川地震破裂带上三个固定台站两年的远震接收函数,结合该区域已有面波频散结果,首先确定了各台站下方不同方位地壳的厚度、波速比和纵波平均速度,进而构建初始模型,对各台站下方不同方位地壳速度结构进行了线性反演.结果表明:位于汶川地震破裂带两端单台下方地壳结构的横向非均匀性较强,各方位接收函数差异较大,而破裂带中部台...     

俯冲带火山下岩浆的形成、上升和存储的时间尺度

现在有足够的资料可用来尝试建立一个关于俯冲带火山下熔体的产生、迁移和存储的完整的模型。在喷发前的几十万年到少于一千年的时间里,都可以发生流体从俯冲的洋壳流到地幔楔中的现象。这支持了认为流体的加入是与部分熔融紧密相关的模型,但也有一些证据可以证明流体是降压熔融的结果。流体开始加入的时间可能与俯冲的速率(例如,水供应的速率)、俯冲的角度以及由此决定的地幔楔的热结构有关。相反,俯冲沉积物到俯冲带熔岩源区的贡献在喷发前大约35万年到4百万年的时候看来就发生了。沉积组分的部分熔融证据与短的流体迁移时间、斑晶平衡温度及其他观测结果的结合都指出,地幔楔在接近于俯冲板块边界上的地方具有相当高的温度。新的226Ra资料表明,在流体加入和火山喷发之间只有很短的时间。这就要求快速的熔体分凝、沿通道流动的岩浆上升过程以及在岩石层内最短的停滞时间。一般说来,在上升期间或者在岩浆房里,发生从玄武岩到安山岩的演化是快速的,这可以从一些有关地幔的地球物理资料来推断。矿物等时线资料表明,一些安山质岩浆后来停在了更浅的岩浆房中。它们可以在那里以几万年或更短些的时间尺度通过分异作用演化成英安质成分,通常都伴有同化作用。     

The magma evolution of Tianchi volcano, Changbaishan

The Changbaishan Tianchi volcano is composed of the basaltic rocks at the shield-forming stage, the trachyte and pantellerite at the cone-forming stage and modern eruption. Studies on their REE, incompatible elements and Sr, Nd, Pb isotopes suggest that rocks at different stages have a common magma genesis and close evolution relationship with differentiation crystallization playing the key role. The co-eruption of basaltic trachyandesite magma and pantellerite magma indicates that there exist both crustal magma chamber and mantle magma reservoir beneath the Tianchi volcano. Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 49672109).     

Wavelet-based correlation (WBC) of zoned crystal populations and magma mixing

Magma mixing is a common process and yet the rates, kinematics and numbers of events are difficult to establish. One expression of mixing is the major, trace element, and isotopic zoning in crystals, which provides a sequential but non-monotonic record of the creation and dissipation of volumes of distinct chemical potential. We demonstrate a wavelet-based correlation (WBC) technique that uses this zoning for the recognition of the minimum number of mixing, or open-system events, and the criteria for identifying populations of crystals that have previously shared a mixing event. When combined with field observations of the spatial distribution of crystal populations, WBC provides a statistical link between the time-varying thermodynamic and fluid dynamic history of the magmatic system. WBC can also be used as a data mining utility to reveal open-system events where outcrop is sparse. An analysis of zoned plagioclase from the Tuolumne Intrusive Suite provides a proof of principle for WBC.     

The characteristics of magma reservoir failure beneath a volcanic edifice

Eruptions fed from subsurface reservoirs commonly construct volcanic edifices at the surface, and the growth of an edifice will in turn modify the subsurface stress state that dictates the conditions under which subsequent rupture of the inflating reservoir can occur. We re-examine this problem using axisymmetric finite element models of ellipsoidal reservoirs beneath conical edifices, explicitly incorporating factors (e.g., full gravitational loading conditions, an elastic edifice instead of a surface load, reservoir pressures sufficient to induce tensile rupture) that compromise previous solutions to illustrate why variations in rupture behavior can occur. Relative to half-space model results, the presence of an edifice generally rotates rupture toward the crest of a spherical reservoir, with increasing flank slope (for an edifice of constant volume) and larger edifices (or greater reservoir scaled depths) normally serving to enhance this trend. When non-spherical reservoirs are considered, the presence of an edifice amplifies previously identified half-space failure characteristics, shifting rupture to the crest more rapidly for prolate reservoirs while forcing rupture closer to the midpoint of oblate reservoirs. Rupture is always observed to occur in the σ_t orientation, and depending on where initial failure occurs rupture favors the initial emplacement of either lateral sills, circumferential intrusions or vertically ascending dikes. Ultimately, integration of our numerical model results with other information, for instance the sequence of intrusion/eruption events observed at a given volcano, can provide useful new insight into how a volcano's subsurface magma plumbing system evolved. We demonstrate this process through application of our model to Summer Coon, a well-studied stratocone on Earth, and Ilithyia Mons, a large conical shield volcano on Venus.     

Phenocryst crystallization during ascent of alkali basalt magma at Rishiri Volcano, northern Japan

Phenocrysts in volcanic rocks are commonly used to deduce crystallization processes in magma chambers. A fundamental assumption is that the phenocrysts crystallized in the magma chambers at isobaric and nearly equilibrium conditions, on the basis of their large sizes. However, this assumption is not always true as demonstrated here for a porphyritic alkali basalt (Kutsugata lava) from Rishiri Volcano, northern Japan. All phenocryst phases in the Kutsugata lava, plagioclase, olivine, and augite, have macroscopically homogeneous distribution of textures showing features characteristic of rapid growth throughout the crystals. Rarely, a core region with distinct composition is present in all phenocryst phases. Phenocrysts, excluding this core, are occasionally in direct contact with each other, forming crystal aggregates. The equilibrium liquidus temperature of plagioclase, the dominant phase (35 vol%) in the Kutsugata lava, can never exceed the estimated magmatic temperature, unless the liquidus temperature increases significantly due to vesiculation of the magma during ascent. This suggests that most phenocrysts in the Kutsugata lava were formed by decompression of the magma during ascent in a conduit, rather than by cooling during residence in a magma reservoir. In the magma chamber before eruption, probably located at depth of more than 7 km, only cores of the phenocrysts were present and the magma was nearly aphyric (<5 vol% crystals), though the observed rock is highly porphyritic with up to 40 vol% crystals. The Kutsugata magma is inferred to have been rich in dissolved H₂O (>4 wt.%) in the magma chamber, and liquidus temperatures of phenocryst phases were significantly suppressed. Large undercooling caused by decompression and degassing of the magma was the driving force for significant crystallization during ascent because of the increase in liquidus temperature due to vapor exsolution. Low ascent rate of the Kutsugata magma, which is suggested by pahoehoe lava morphology and no association of pyroclastics, gave sufficient time for crystallization. Furthermore, the large degree of superheating of plagioclase in the magma chamber caused plagioclase crystallization with low population density and large crystal size, which characterizes the porphyritic nature of the Kutsugata lava. Alkali basalt is likely to satisfy these conditions and similar phenomena are suggested to occur in other volcanic systems.     

The 10 ka multiple vent pyroclastic eruption sequence at Tongariro Volcanic Centre, Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand: Part 2. Petrological insights into magma storage and transport during regional extension

The six eruption episodes of the 10 ka Pahoka–Mangamate (PM) sequence (see companion paper) occurred over a ?200–400-year period from a 15-km-long zone of multiple vents within the Tongariro Volcanic Centre (TgVC), located at the southern end of the Taupo Volcanic Zone (TVZ). Most TgVC eruptives are plagioclase-dominant pyroxene andesites and dacites, with strongly porphyritic textures indicating their derivation from magmas that ascended slowly and stagnated at shallow depths. In contrast, the PM pyroclastic eruptives show petrographic features (presence of phenocrystic and groundmass hornblende, and the coexistence of olivine and augite without plagioclase during crystallisation of phenocrysts and microphenocrysts) which suggest that their crystallisation occurred at depth. Depths exceeding 8 km are indicated for the dacitic magmas, and >20 km for the andesitic and basaltic andesitic magmas. Other petrographic features (aphyric nature, lack of reaction rims around hornblende, and the common occurrence of skeletal microphenocrystic to groundmass olivine in the andesites and basaltic andesites) suggest the PM magmas ascended rapidly immediately prior to their eruption, without any significant stagnation at shallow depths in the crust. The PM eruptives show three distinct linear trends in many oxide–oxide diagrams, suggesting geochemical division of the six episodes into three chronologically-sequential groups, early, middle and late. Disequilibrium features on a variety of scales (banded pumice, heterogeneous glassy matrix and presence of reversely zoned phenocrysts) suggest that each group contains the mixing products of two end-member magmas. Both of these end-member magmas are clearly different in each of the three groups, showing that the PM magma system was completely renewed at least three times during the eruption sequence. Minor compositional diversity within the eruptives of each group also allows the PM magmas to be distinguished in terms of their source vents. Because petrography suggests that the PM magmas did not stagnate at shallow levels during their ascent, the minor diversity in magmas from different vents indicates that magmas ascended from depth through separate conduits/dikes to erupt at different vents either simultaneously or sequentially. These unique modes of magma transport and eruption support the inferred simultaneous or sequential tapping of small separate magma bodies by regional rifting in the southern Taupo Volcanic Zone during the PM eruption sequence (see companion paper).     

数值模拟研究二叠纪峨眉山玄武岩浆在四川盆地的热效应

四川盆地是我国重要的含油气盆地,其西南部位于峨眉山大火成岩省的外带,二叠纪峨眉山玄武岩浆对四川盆地热历史及烃源岩热演化的影响一直备受关注.近年来,盆地古温标结果揭示出盆地在二叠纪存在高古热流（75~85 mW·m^-2）,甚至部分点位存在超高古热流（97~114 mW·m^-2）,被认为和峨眉山玄武岩浆的热效应有关.为了解这些高-超高古热流的成因机制,以及溢流到地表的玄武岩浆对二叠系及以下地层和烃源岩的热影响,本文采用二维有限元方法对二叠纪峨眉山玄武岩浆的热效应进行了模拟,得出如下结论：（1）置于岩石圈底部的地幔柱头高温异常体和挤入地壳底部的高温玄武岩浆在短期内（4 Ma内）对地表热流的扰动分别小于5 mW·m^-2和20 mW·m^-2,均无法解释四川盆地二叠纪的异常古热流.（2）古热流与侵入到地壳内部的岩浆有关,中心在7~17 km深度的不同形态的岩浆都有可能造成高或超高古热流的形成,引起超高古热流的水平状岩浆囊厚度在2~10 km,表层距地表在6~12 km之间.（3）地表岩浆越厚、下伏地层越浅,岩浆对该地层产生的热扰动越大,其中烃源岩所受影响也越大.如,上覆岩浆厚度为300 m时,在深度300 m（二叠系）、800 m（奥陶系）、1250 m（寒武系）、2000 m（震旦系）地层引起的最大升温分别是241℃、77℃、40℃和19℃,所需时间分别为2100年、6100年、1.17万年和2.56万年.（4）相变热的存在对二叠系和奥陶系地层不可忽略,如300 m厚岩浆产生的相变热可以使二叠系地层额外增温达55℃.

     

基于多参数驱动机器学习的实时地震烈度预测模型

地震烈度的实时估计可为地震预警、紧急处置和应急响应提供决策依据.目前地震烈度实时预测方法多是基于P波提取单一特征参数估计全时程的峰值参数, 然而单一特征难以表征地震动的全部信息.本文基于机器学习中的Extreme Gradient Boosting(xgBoost)算法提出了一种多参数驱动的实时仪器地震烈度预测方法.基于2010—2018年日本K-NET和KiK-net强震数据, 使用24种特征参数建立地震烈度实时预测模型.为了解决模型复杂度的问题, 本文研究了特征参数之间的相关性, 并使用排列重要性方法优化模型, 最终确定了10个重要特征参数.本文使用时间窗间隔为1 s的扩展时间窗方法实时预测地震烈度, P波到达1 s后在测试集中的预测准确率为86.56%, 并在10^-2~10^-3 s内完成特征计算和预测.最后, 假设2019—2021年的地震记录为新发生的地震事件, 验证了模型的泛化性, 证明其可应用于未来发生的地震事件.结果表明本文提出的模型改善了仪器地震烈度预测的准确性, 为地震烈度的实时预测提供了一种可行的方法.

     

不同加腋宽度下钢筋混凝土偏心节点的抗裂性能

通过五榀钢筋混凝土梁柱偏心节点试件在低周反复荷载下的试验研究，探讨了不同梁端水平加腋宽度对节点核芯区抗裂性能的影响，提出偏心节点抗裂度计算的建议公式。     

Excessive degassing of Izu-Oshima volcano: magma convection in a conduit

Excess degassing of magmatic H₂O and SO₂ was observed at Izu-Oshima volcano during its latest degassing activity from January 1988 to March 1990. The minimum production rate for degassed magma was calculated to be about 1×10⁴ kg/s using emission rates of magmatic H₂O and SO₂, and H₂O and S contents of the magma. The minimum total volume of magma degassed during the 27-month period is estimated to be 2.6×10⁸ m³. This volume is 20 times larger than that of the magma ejected during the 1986 summit eruption. Convective transport of magma through a conduit is proposed as the mechanism that causes degassing from a magma reservoir at several kilometers depth. The magma transport rate is quantitatively evaluated based on two fluid-dynamic models: Poiseuille flow in a concentric double-walled pipe, and ascent of non-degassed magma spheres through a conduit filled with degassed magma. This process is further tested for an andesitic volcano and is concluded to be a common process for volcanoes that discharge excess volatiles.     

Timing of magma extraction during the Campanian Ignimbrite eruption (Campi Flegrei Caldera)

A core drilled within the northern part of the city of Napoli has offered the unique opportunity to observe in one single sequence the superposition of the four pyroclastic flow units emplaced during the Campanian Ignimbrite (CI) eruption. Such a stratigraphic succession has never been encountered before in natural or in man made exposures. Therefore the CI sequence was reconstructed only on the basis of stratigraphic correlations and compositional data (in literature). The occurrence of four superposed CI flows, together with all the data available (in literature) allowed us to better constrain the chemical stratigraphy of the deposit and the compositional structure of the CI magma chamber. The CI magma chamber includes two cogenetic magma layers, separated by a compositional gap. The upper magma layer was contaminated by interaction with radiogenic fluids. The two magma layers were extruded either individually or simultaneously during the course of the eruption. In the latter case they produced a hybrid magma. But no evidence of input of new geochemically and isotopically distinct magma batches just prior or during the eruption has been found. Comparison with the exposed CI deposits has permitted reconstruction of variable eruption phases and related magma withdrawal and caldera collapse episodes. The eruption was likely to have began with phreatomagmatic explosions followed by the formation of a sustained plinian eruption column fed by the simultaneous extraction from both magma layers. Towards the end of this phase the upward migration of the fragmentation surface and the decrease in magma eruption rate and/or activation of fractures formed an unstable pulsating column that was fed only by the most-evolved magma layer. This plinian phase was followed by the collapse of the eruption column and the beginning of caldera formation. At this stage expanded pyroclastic flows fed by the upper magma layer in the chamber generated. During the following major caldera collapse episode, the maximum mass discharge rate was reached and both magma layers were tapped, generating expanded pyroclastic flows. Towards the end of the eruption, only the deeper and less differentiated magma layer was tapped producing more concentrated pyroclastic flows that traveled short distances.