Theoretical Principles and Methodical Approaches to Urban Area Zoning by Geoecological Restrictions

The need to take into account the geoecological restrictions in planning and designing urban territories is considered. Geoecological restrictions are analyzed and systematized. The criterion for assessing the priority of restrictions is the degree of their hazard for various recipients. An algorithm of a procedure for such assessment is given. Approaches to zoning by geoecological restrictions for newly developed and reorganized territories are proposed. Successive analysis and compilation of maps are considered. The map of zoning an urbanized territory by geoecological restrictions and its use for designing will facilitate the formation of an environment favorable for human activity and sustainable development of urban territories.     

绍兴鉴湖水域环境功能区区划

通过航片判读,湖泊成因和流域社会经济环境的分析,利用自然地域区块为基础,应用图件叠加法,Ｑ值评价法,环境发展－治理的评价法及质聚类评价法等综合分析,将鉴湖水域划分为四个环境功能区,所划分的功能区成功地应用于鉴湖环境容量和水质规划,并被绍兴环保局在管理上推广应用。     

鄱阳湖湿地生态功能重要性分区

在分析鄱阳湖湿地自然环境特征和湿地生态系统服务功能特征基础上,利用GIs技术,对鄱阳湖湿地范围进行界定,湿地面积为3886km2.基于湿地生态环境保护和社会经济发展总体要求,按照生态功能区划原理,对湿地进行生态功能重要性分区研究.根据湿地生态功能重要性评价结果将湿地分为极重要区、高度重要区、重要区、一般重要区四个区域,...     

地震带城市规划模型设计与仿真

传统三维城市规划模型是利用三维技术通过计算机生成模型对城市进行规划,没有考虑城市地理位置因素,不能保障城市震后应急救灾工作效率。为此,构建一种新的地震带城市规划模型。通过对城市抗震防灾空间及防灾分区定义,并对其规划原则进行分析,从而为城市防灾空间规划提供依据;以此为基础,采用风险评估方法构建出地震带城市抗震防灾空间规划的基本模型。实验结果表明,所设计模型性能极佳,考虑到了城市地理因素,在进行城市规划的同时,能够促进城市震后应急救灾工作的高效运行。     

Total consumption controlled water allocation management for multiple sources and users with inexact fuzzy chance-constrained programming: a case study of Tianjin,China

Environmental and ecological issues caused by water resources crisis have brought enormous challenges to the sustainable development of water-deficient area. Water resources allocation management balancing the relationship between the social-economic development and the ecological environment has become a hot topic in recent years. In this paper, an inexact fuzzy chance-constrained programming (IFCCP) approach is proposed for regional water resource allocation optimization with the aim of promoting the harmonious development of the social economic and the ecological environment, improving water utilization efficiency, and realizing water resources consumption control under uncertainties. The method is incorporated with interval parameter programming, fuzzy programming, and chance-constrained programming, for handling system uncertainties and balancing the optimal objectives with the risk of violating system constraints. Under this framework, an IFCCP model for water resources allocation management was successfully formulated and applied to a typical water-deficit area, Tianjin, China, for obtaining a better water resources plan among multiple users under resources and environmental limitation. Different total water consumption control policies are designed for assessing regional water allocation schemes. The results indicated that the gap of supply and demand will only be solved by foreign water, the transferred water from Luan River and Changjiang River would still be the main supplier in planning horizon. Moreover, the strict total water consumption control policy would guarantee the water requirement of ecological environment, lead to changes in the structure of water supply, actively guide on water conservation, and promote the large-scale utilization of desalted water and recycle water.     

基于生态适宜性分析的湖泊保护与利用——以湖北斧头湖为例

为了湖泊生态系统健康及湖泊资源的可持续利用,需要根据湖泊的具体情况加强对湖泊生态系统的管理.建立在生态适宜性分析基础上的湖泊生态功能分区,可为科学合理地开发湖泊资源、协调湖泊生态系统结构与功能提供依据.以湖北省斧头湖为对象,在对斧头湖生态环境调查基础上,选取具有代表性的水质、生物及人为干扰因子;根据《地表水环境质量标准》(GB3838-2002)确定水质评价等级,采用专家论证法确定生物及人为干扰因子评价等级,建立起湖泊生态养殖适宜性评价等级体系;采用主成分分析法确定评价因子权重,并在GIS技术的支持下,采用因子叠加法,对斧头湖生态养殖适宜性进行综合评价.根据各区域生态养殖适宜性综合评价结果,同时考虑到湖泊生态环境和综合资源保护要求、斧头湖自然生态系统功能和生态渔业的可持续发展,可将斧头湖划分为极适宜区、高度适宜区、中度适宜区、轻度适宜区和较不适宜区;各适宜区面积分别占斧头湖总面积的12.04%、24.81%、49.65%、9.58%和3.92%.从湖泊生态系统保护及渔业的可持续利用角度看,极适宜区、高度适宜区适合开展生态养殖;中度适宜区和轻度适宜区要以生态恢复为主,可进行一定规模的放养养殖;较不适宜区应进行生态修复,不适宜进行各种开发活动.     

Water ecological function zoning in Heihe River Basin,Northwest China

Rapid urbanization coupled with increase in population growth rate in recent years has accelerated economic pressure on the ecological environment leading to a gradual deterioration of global and regional environment. This has particularly resulted into water contamination and shortage of water resources thus posing a great threat to human survival. How to guaranteeing sustainable use of basin water resources has attracted more and more attentions. The Heihe River Basin is the secondary longest river inland China and the significantly water source of Hexi Corridor, the problem of water pollution, ecological environment deterioration and the shortage of water has seriously threatened the ecological system of the Heihe River Basin. In this study, through depicting the characteristics of natural environment, human activities, water ecosystem services and other factors in Heihe River Basin we delineated the water ecological function in Heihe River using the principal components analysis and the K-means clustering method. In the study, Heihe River Basin is divided into 3 primary level areas and 8 secondary level sub-areas. Water ecological characteristics analysis showed that the spatial distribution of the water ecological function of Heihe River Basin was not uniform, which are mainly showed in three aspects, function of windproof and sand fixation, function of soil erosion prevention and function of water sources conservation. The results of this study can provide effective and scientific theoretical references for the integrated water sources management and the ecological function optimization of the Heihe River Basin.     

Research and application on the technology system of multiscale assessment of the impact on the atmospheric environment by urban planning

Improvement of the atmospheric environment in urban planning is an important issue to implement the sustainable development of cities. In this paper, in order to meet the demand of planning office to compare and assess quantitatively of the designs in multi-scale, based on geographical information system (GIS) data with high resolution, a multi-scale numerical modeling system for the atmospheric environment impact of urban planning is set up, and the multi-scale assessment index system is established, which compose the technology system of multi-scale assessment of the impact on the atmospheric environment by urban planning. In urban planning (urban development of Beijing) and optimizing layouts of Olympic Green, it has been applied to quantitatively evaluating the impact on atmospheric environment by urban planning before construction, which offers scientific foundation to optimize the whole and local urban layout.     

Geoinformation Assessment of Regional Water Use in Lake Baikal Basin

A universal procedure is proposed for integral assessment of water management activity in a region based on geoinformation technology. The stages of study are described including the natural–economic zoning of the territory, ranking by the rate of total anthropogenic load on water objects and river basins, and the zoning of the territory to optimize the purpose-oriented use of water resources. A GIS of water use in Baikal basin, based on materials of federal statistical observation is presented. A system of measures is proposed for optimizing water use in zones of purpose-oriented water resources management.     

Impacts of Coal Mining on the Aboveground Vegetation and Soil Quality: A Case Study of Qinxin Coal Mine in Shanxi Province,China

The exploitation and utilization of coal resources have been lasting for thousands of years, resulting in a series of ecological environmental problems in China. So far, the mining area has changed into severe and typical damaged ecosystem locally and globally. The coal exploitation history is long in Shanxi province, but goafs are distributed widely. In this study, we addressed this point and took a coal mine, located in Shanxi province where the coal mining has a long exploitation history with goaf densely distributed, as an example. The growth patterns of above ground plant communities, succession characteristics of vegetation community and soil quality characters in the goafs, which could provide theoretical basis for the sustainable development of coal resources and ecological reconstruction in this region, have been studied.     

东太湖养殖渔业可持续发展的思考

东太湖是长江中下游典型草型湖泊,渔业资源丰富,水质良好,具有渔业、泄洪、供水等重要功能,作为我国最早开始网围养殖等养殖业开发的湖泊之一,在促进我国湖泊渔业的发展等方面起到了重要作用,但是养殖渔业的快速发展也带来了一定的负面影响,影响了湖泊渔业等的持续发展,本文以东太湖作为我国浅水湖泊的典型代表,在分析其主要资源及环境特征的基础上,重点分析网围养殖与环境之间的关系,剖析养殖渔业存在的主要问题,提出了相应的湖泊渔业养殖承载力资源环境模型,并就未来湖泊渔业发展提出建议。     

Effects of “Grain for Green” reforestation program on rural sustainability in China: an AHP approach to peasant consensus of public land use policies

Climate change will affect the regional ability to achieve the poverty reduction and sustainable development (SD) objectives. Thus, any action plans to achieve these objectives should make climate change policies an integral part of the development planning process. The best practices and measures of climate change policies should be implemented to ensure regional or community sustainability. In this paper, a case study that promotes the integration of carbon sequestration into sustainable forest management and rural development plan with multi-stakeholders participation is introduced. To achieve SD goals, appropriate tools and methods are required to address impacts of alternative forest land uses on carbon sequestration and rural sustainability, and to prioritise land use options. A range of forest land use scenarios that address various aspects of the forest carbon sequestration rate and rural sustainability are evaluated against a SD indicator system. Planting vegetation is one of the practical approaches in mitigating global warming by sequestrating carbon from the atmosphere to plant matter and soil. In order to protect environment, reduce excessive soil erosion, and decrease the propensity and frequency of flooding and other natural disasters, China has initiated nationwide pivotal projects such as “Grain for Green” to mitigate exacerbated environmental deterioration and degradation. Such ecological programs may affect the socio-economic livelihoods of peasants and the economic activities of the whole region. The impact and economic uncertainty associated with such projects urge policy makers to include all stakeholders in the decision making process so that an agreeable solution towards sustainable rural development can be identified. This study uses Liping County in Guizhou province as a case study to identify a consensus among peasants regarding planting selected tree-species. Analytic hierarchy process (AHP) is used as a multicriteria decision making tool to rank sustainability criteria and determine the priority of options. The method helps policy makers to understand what the peasants want to achieve by participating in a Grain for Green program and what their priorities are with respect to particular types of vegetation. The case study finds that economic and financial concerns are the most important drivers of the decision of which trees to plant among the peasants who took part in the implementation of the Grain for Green program. As a result of this, Gingko, redpine, and Chinese chestnut were the predominant trees planted under the program. The integrated assessment based on the AHP method provides an effective tool to help understand how economic, social and environmental factors are related to each other in affecting the nature of rural sustainability.     

湖泊渔业研究:进展与展望

作为一种传统产业,渔业在我国经济社会发展中具有不可缺失的重要地位.而渔业作为湖泊最重要的功能之一,其资源变动是湖泊生态系统演变的重要影响因子,同时湖泊渔业资源的变动和退化也是对环境变化最直接的响应.自1980s以来,随着湖泊水环境的改变,湖泊渔业资源衰退趋势明显,中上层浮游生物食性鱼类在鱼类群落中占优势,鱼类资源小型化、低龄化现象严重.本文以湖泊渔业发展的历程为切入口,系统阐述人类活动及湖泊环境变化对渔业资源及生态系统的影响,厘清现阶段湖泊水环境管理、湖泊生态系统修复、湖泊渔业可持续发展等关系,展望我国湖泊渔业的发展前景及新型模式.     

An EcoCity model for regulating urban land cover structure and thermal environment: Taking Beijing as an example

Urban land-use/cover changes and their effects on the eco-environment have long been an active research topic in the urbanization field. However, the characteristics of urban inner spatial heterogeneity and its quantitative relationship with thermal environment are still poorly understood, resulting in ineffective application in urban ecological planning and management.Through the integration of "spatial structure theory" in urban geography and "surface energy balance" in urban climatology, we proposed a new concept of urban surface structure and thermal environment regulation to reveal the mechanism between urban spatial structure and surface thermal environment. We developed the EcoCity model for regulating urban land cover structure and thermal environment, and established the eco-regulation thresholds of urban surface thermal environments. Based on the comprehensive analysis of experimental observation, remotely sensed and meteorological data, we examined the spatial patterns of urban habitation, industrial, infrastructure service, and ecological spaces. We examined the impacts of internal land-cover components(e.g., urban impervious surfaces, greenness, and water) on surface radiation and heat flux. This research indicated that difference of thermal environments among urban functional areas is closely related to the proportions of the land-cover components.The highly dense impervious surface areas in commercial and residential zones significantly increased land surface temperature through increasing sensible heat flux, while greenness and water decrease land surface temperature through increasing latent heat flux. We also found that different functional zones due to various proportions of green spaces have various heat dissipation roles and ecological thresholds. Urban greening projects in highly dense impervious surfaces areas such as commercial, transportation, and residential zones are especially effective in promoting latent heat dissipation efficiency of vegetation, leading to strongly cooling effect of unit vegetation coverage. This research indicates that the EcoCity model provides the fundamentals to understand the coupled mechanism between urban land use structure and surface flux and the analysis of their spatiotemporal characteristics. This model provides a general computational model system for defining urban heat island mitigation, the greening ratio indexes, and their regulating thresholds for different functional zones.     

气候变化对青海生态环境的影响及对策研究

通过分析和总结青海的气候变化及其对生态环境的影响，从气候的角度提出了治理和保护生态环境的措施。     

鄱阳湖地区实施可持续发展存在的主要问题和对策

鄱阳湖区具有相对丰富的自然资源,是江西十分重要的农产品淡水产品主产区, 对江西经济的发展起着举足轻重的作用.就这块风水宝地其经济发展总是相对滞后,部分农村社区群体甚至还生活在贫困线以下.究其原因,主要是频繁的自然灾害、资源的不合理利用导致资源减少和环境问题的日渐突出、农村生产力低下等.鄱阳湖区要实施可持续发展战略,必须解决自然灾害问题,建立鄱阳湖区自然灾害预警系统,同时大力发展替代产业,加快职业技术教育,广开致富门路,保护生态环境,加快产业升级,逐步把鄱阳湖区建设成资源高效利用的产品深加工基地和精品出口基地.     

Development of a fish-based multimetric index to assess the ecological quality of marine habitats: the Marine Fish Community Index

In this paper the Marine Fish Community Index (MFCI) for the assessment of ecological status of marine environment is proposed. The MFCI was divided into 4 typologies: Rocky subtidal; shallow, intermediate and deep soft-bottoms. Based on the typical community associated to each typology and the DPSIR analysis performed, a set of metrics were selected and tested through a multiple correlation matrix (Pearson’s coefficient) and the core ones included in the index. The MFCI was applied in all typologies and the scores obtained with each metric were analyzed. In order to test the robustness of the MFCI the final ecological value of each zone was recalculated by removing successively one metric at a time. The MFCI showed a sensitive and robust response in the ecological status assessment. Since it incorporates both functional and structural community information, the MFCI can be useful in the context of the Marine Strategy Framework Directive as well as in other contexts of conservation and sustainable management of the marine environment.     

人类活动对洱海的影响及对策分析

针对洱海生态环境问题,１９９６－１９９７年间通过系列动态资料分析,环境现状调查和水,土,生物取样测试等方法进行湖泊人为影响和对策感化研究。结果显示１９８０－１９９６年扶持续降低水位给洱海下灾难性后果;近年来资源过量开发和面源污染又使洱海面临富营养化威胁。     

WATER RESOURCES AND THEIR DEVELOPMENT IN NIGERIA / Les ressources en eau et leur exploitation en Nigérie

Abstract

This paper gives a preliminary assessment of Nigeria's surface and underground water resources and discusses the relevant meteorological, hydrological and hydrogeological factors which determine the magnitude and spatial pattern of the distribution of these resources. It is pointed out that the present uncoordinated and piecemeal development of Nigeria's water resources stems from lack of a national water policy and an adequate institutional framework for managing these resources. Two solutions are suggested. One is that the Federal Government should as a matter of urgency establish a National Water Resources Board charged with rational planning, management and development of the country's water resources. The other is that a training programme should be established to produce the necessary skilled manpower in the field of water resources.     

我国流域水生态监测与评价体系研究进展及发展对策

水生态监测与评价是水生态系统管理、保护和可持续利用的基础。20世纪80年代开始,欧美发达国家水环境管理政策开始强调生态保护,重视流域水生态质量,先后开展了以水生生物为核心的河流水生态监测与评价研究计划。然而我国目前流域水环境监测与评价的指标主要以传统的理化监测指标为主,缺乏指示水生态变化的水生生物指标,单一的水质改善无法反映水生态环境好转这一长远目标,不能满足“十四五”水生态环境管理由以水污染防治为主向水环境、水生态、水资源“三水”统筹转变的总体要求。本研究系统分析发达国家和地区(如美国、欧盟、澳大利亚等)水生态监测与评价技术体系与业务化运行方面的先进经验,总结梳理我国水生态监测与评价试点已有的工作基础,分析制约我国当前流域水生态监测与评价的关键问题,从保护目标、管理模式、监测网络、科学研究和公众参与五个方面,提出开展我国流域水生态监测与评价体系构建和业务化运行的有关建议,为准确评估和预测流域水生态质量状况的变化、开展保护修复成效评估提供决策支持和重要参考。