An analysis on location factors affecting the spatial distribution of Shanghai land values

With a technique of GIS(Geographical Information System) and a method of multiple linear regression analysis, the spatial distribution of Shanghai land values and its relationship with some location factors are examined in this paper. The database of land values consists of 166 land parcels leased during 1993–1994. The land value map shows that the spatial distribution of Shanghai land values has some distinct spatial features. Firstly, the highest land value areas are located along Nanjing Road, Huaihai Road and the Bund. Secondly, there is no conspicuous peak land value intersection within the CBD(Central Business District). Finally, The land values of Pudong are much lower than those of Puxi. The regression model between Shanghai land values and the selected location factors shows that Nanjing Road is the first important location factor affecting the spatial distribution of the land values, the city center is the second one and Huaihai Road is the third one. The Bund, the regional shopping centers and the transportation nodes have little influence on the land values. This relationship between Shanghai land values and the location factors is determined by the distribution of commercial activities, the characteristics of the CBD and the spatial form of the city.     

南京市老城区城市建筑点格局研究

城市建筑是城市形态的重要组成部分,而建筑高度对城市三维空间形态有重要的影响。目前,对城市二维形态的研究较为丰富,而对城市三维起伏形态特征及其空间分布格局方面研究较少,对城市上空利用程度及发展规律认识仍相对缺乏。本文以南京市老城区为例,基于城市数字高程模型数据,将城市建筑抽象为三维点要素,运用点格局分析法研究城市建筑三维宏观特征及建筑类型的空间分布规律。结果显示：（1）南京老城区建筑呈集聚分布,聚集性顺序是低层建筑>高层建筑>多层建筑>超高层建筑。除超高层建筑外,低层、多层和高层建筑的聚集程度,随着空间尺度先增后减,均在1.5 km尺度聚集性最大;显示1.5 km的街区单元应是城市规划管理的最适宜单元。（2）南京老城区建筑高度空间分布表现为“三高一低”,即3个高值区（新模范马路、新街口和珠江路区域）和1个低值区（集庆门区域）,它们与不同时期城市中心具有较好的对应关系;不同类型建筑与城市基准地价的相关分析显示,建筑高度的分布与城市基准地价呈现一定相关性。结果表明,点格局分析方法能有效地分析城市建筑在平面及三维的空间格局特征,进一步深化对城市形态特征的认识。     

基于地理探测器的南京市住宅租金空间分异格局及驱动因素研究

以南京市“一主三副”住宅小区为研究单元,运用GIS中的渔网（Fishnet）分析和探索性空间数据分析（ESDA）对“一主三副”住宅租金的空间分布进行模拟和估计,并利用地理探测器模型从住宅小区的区位特征、建筑特征和邻里特征3个方面探究住宅租金空间分异的影响机制。结果表明：① 南京市住宅租金总体呈上升趋势,空间上表现出主城向副城递减的中心外围模式,住宅租金空间结构逐渐由单核向双核发展,且住宅租金存在显著的空间异质性;② 住宅租金呈现出明显的空间正相关性和区域集聚性,热点区自内城核心区至副城趋于弱化,冷热点空间格局呈圈层结构;③ 交通位势和中心位势是对一主三副住宅租金解释力最大的因素,商务配套、金融设施和住宅房龄的解释力次之,特征因素对主城副城租金的影响强度各异。     

基于数字高程模型的城市地表开阔度研究——以南京老城区为例

 城市地表开阔度是对地表形态开阔程度的定量描述,间接反映了通风、日照等城市物理性能。本文基于城市数字高程模型,以自然地形较为起伏的丘陵城市——南京为例,采用以光线追踪算法为核心的栅格计算模型,对南京老城区的地表开阔度进行了计算,并以典型样区分析和街区统计为方法,综合分析了建筑与自然地形对城市地表开阔度的影响,结果表明:南京老城区公共绿地、广场以及文物古迹用地的地表开阔度相对较高,均大于0.8,社区中心和居住用地的地表开阔度相对较低,均小于0.6,突出特点是居住用地地表开阔度小于金融商业用地。地表开阔度相对较低的街区主要临近主干道,形成较为明显的西北——东南方向分布的条带状特征,整体呈现出中心条带低四周高的宏观特征。     

A study on regional difference of China’s paid urban landuse system and grading

At present, paid urban landuse system is one of the most important economic reform in China. In the other words, landuse right can be transferred and land users must pay the rent to the state according to the quality of land. It is necessary to apply the theory of rent and location to the economic approaisal of urban land. China is vast in territory. Is’s geographical condition and economic development vary from place to place, so does the urban land value. In order to reveal the difference of land value between different cities, the following method is used. (1) Analysing the factors and elements that affect the quality of urban land. Six factors including 17 elements were selected in this paper: macrolocation of a city, benefit of urban aggregation, infrastructure investment, output value of urban land, potential of urban land, and investment intensity. (2) Deciding the weight andvalue of each factor. (3) Appraising each element separately. (4) Accounting the value of all factors and getting the total appraisal score of each city. (5) Grouping the 430 Chinese cities into sevencategories according to the appraisal values. The result shows that all the cities in the category with the highest land output values are in the coast belt, whereas most cities in the inland and outlying areas are belong to the category with low rank. For example, 87% of the cities in the outlying regions are belong to the lowest rank. Although there are some relationship between the size of cities and urban land rank, generally speaking, the larger the city, the higher the urban land rank. In fact, the locational condition is the most important factor which influences the rank of urban land.     

A STUDY ON REGIONAL DIFFERENCE OF CHINA＇S PAID URBAN LANDUSE SYSTEM AND GRADING

董黎明，李向明，冯长春ＡＳＴＵＤＹＯＮＲＥＧＩＯＮＡＬＤＩＦＦＥＲＥＮＣＥＯＦＣＨＩＮＡ＇ＳＰＡＩＤＵＲＢＡＮＬＡＮＤＵＳＥＳＹＳＴＥＭＡＮＤＧＲＡＤＩＮＧ￥ＤｏｎｇＬｉｍｉｎｇ；ＬｉＸｉａｎｇｍｉｎｇ；ＦｅｎｇＣｈａｎｇｃｈｕｎ（ＰｅｋｉｎｇＵｎｉ...     

Measuring spatio-temporal characteristics of city expansion and its driving forces in Shanghai from 1990 to 2015

Urbanization has both direct and indirect impacts on land use change, and analyzing spatio-temporal characteristics of land use change is essential for understanding these impacts. By comparing Landsat TM images, this paper examines the changes of land use structure and landscape patterns in Shanghai from 1990 to 2015. It finds that the city doubled in size, with the growth of isolated construction land being most significant among eight land use types. A land use change matrix was established and landscape indices were selected to evaluate the change of spatial structure in Shanghai. In order to identify the main driving forces of city expansion in Shanghai, this research ran partial least square regression models to assess the impact of 10 social-economic factors on land use change of Shanghai from 1990 to 2015. It then conducted bivariate correlation analysis to explore the drivers of change of various land use types: urban settlement, rural settlement and isolated construction land. Besides quantitative analysis, this paper analyzes the influence of policy-dimensional factors in land use change. It concludes with future potential research topics on land use change in a rapidly urbanizing context.     

SPATIAL DIFFERENTIATION OF LAND TRANSFER ——Case Study of Shanghai, Nanjing and Taizhou in Changjiang River Delta

1INTRODUCTIONIt is one of important issues in the field of geographical science to analyze the spatial differentiation of regional phenomenon. The research on spatial differentiation can be cast back to Thunen's agricultural location theory. Af- terwards, many scholars developed the theory and paid moreattentiontothelawandformingmechanismofspa- tial differentiation of some phenomena including inhabi- tation structure, population variation, environmental ele- ments, rural development, and …     

广州市零售业态空间分异影响因素识别与驱动力研究

以广州市47 026个零售业网点为基本数据,通过梳理零售业空间分异的机制,构建包含人口密度、商务条件、公共交通便利性、业态丰富度与租金条件5个影响因子的零售业态空间分异影响因素评价体系,通过信息熵、核密度函数与空间回归模型分析零售业态的空间分异影响因素,对比不同城市圈层区位与不同零售业态集聚分异的因素差异。结果表明：① 需求、区位、竞争与成本构成了广州市零售业态空间分异的主要驱动力,同时,零售的景观分异也由于业态异质性与城市的空间异质性而存在驱动力分异;② 5个影响因素强度格局圈层差异明显,城市内圈层人口集聚度高,具备更好的公共交通便利性条件、商务条件与业态丰富度,同时也承受更高的地租;③ 人口密度是零售空间分异的核心要素,公共交通便利性条件、商务条件与业态丰富度对零售的集聚也有正向驱动作用,租金的影响较弱;不同圈层区位的零售空间分布与不同类型业态的空间分异的主要影响因素各不相同。     

基于LUR的二氧化氮浓度空间分布模拟及其下垫面影响因素分析

随着经济的快速发展,空气污染已经成为当今重要的环境问题,引起公众的广泛关注,二氧化氮（NO₂）作为主要的空气污染物之一,成为相关研究的重点。通过监测数据发现,二氧化氮质量浓度值的空间分布具有区域性差异,所以对其空间分布模拟,以及形成区域差异的下垫面影响因素分析,具有重要的研究价值。土地利用回归模型（Land-use Regression,LUR）是将统计方法中的回归模型与空间上的土地利用数据、监测数据和其他相关的地理数据结合分析并在地图上显示的方法。本文结合缓冲区分析、叠加分析、Spearman相关性分析、多元回归分析等方法构建土地利用回归模型（Land Use Regression,LUR）,用于识别与NO₂浓度相关的下垫面影响因素,并模拟NO₂质量浓度的空间分布。LUR模型可以模拟出NO₂质量浓度空间分布特征,并针对下垫面影响因素得到以下结论：城乡居住地及工业用地面积增加、污染源的距离减少和道路长度增加会导致NO₂浓度升高;耕地面积、绿地面积和水域面积的增加会导致NO₂浓度减少;NO₂浓度最高的区域主要集中在工业园区;NO₂浓度值从城区到郊区递减,需要通过改变工业区结构和增加绿地面积来减少城区的NO₂浓度。     

基于CLUE-S模型的长沙市望城区土地利用变化预测

针对长沙市望城区未来土地利用在类型数量和空间分布上的变化预测问题,在该区2009～2012年期间土地利用/覆盖现状图的基础上,提出了通过Markov链模型预测类型数量、利用CLUE-S模型预测空间分布的土地利用变化预测方法。在综合影响该区土地利用变化的地形、距离驱动因子的基础上,利用CLUE-S模型预测了研究区2012年和2020年的土地利用空间分布状况。实验表明,2012年土地利用预测结果得到了较高的Kappa系数和ROC值,间接证明了2020年的预测结果具有一定的可信度,对该区土地资源优化配置具有一定的参考价值和借鉴意义。     

“海上丝绸之路”沿线重要港口区位优势度评估

评估“海上丝绸之路”沿线港口的区位优势度,对于港口及其腹地基础设施合理规划、港口未来投资预判以及推进“一带一路”倡议有重要意义。本文从海陆联运的视角出发,综合考虑港口腹地的路网密度、交通干线影响度、城市影响度、航运战略枢纽影响度和航运战略通道影响度等五个因素,构建港口区位优势度评价模型来对“海上丝绸之路”沿线重要港口进行区位优势度分析。研究发现：① “海上丝绸之路”沿线港口的区位优势度区域化差异显著,从东向西总体呈“高-低-高”的空间分布格局;② 从世界分区的视角看,东南亚区域港口区位优势最高,其次为南欧至西欧、南亚、北非、西亚等地区,东非至南非区域港口区位优势度最低;③ 港口各区位影响因素的评价结果空间分布特征差异显著,其中港口区位优势度分布特征与交通干线影响度、城市影响度的相关性较大。研究结果可为海外港口基础设施的投资建设过程提供科学支撑。     

A CASE STUDY ON CONCENTRATION AND DECENTRALIZATION：BEHAVIOR AND DYNAMIC MECHANISM OF SPATIAL EVOLUTION IN METROPOLITAN AREA，NANJING，CHINA

In rapid socio-economic development,the process of concentration and dispersal of various elements tends to be more dramatic,tremendously influencing the shaping and transformation of the space in metropolitan area.Survey of spatial concentration and decentralization has thus become a basic method in examining metropolitan spatial evolution.In this research,three elements were selected as the essential indicators of the process:demographic density distribu-tion,employment density distribution and business office location.Performance of these elements in Nanjing City was exam-ined historically.As Nanjing City could be regarded as a representative of metropolitan areas in China,its situation large-ly suggestes the general characteristics in similar areas of China.Hence based on the investigation of Nanjing City,four general implications were highlighted.First ,metropolitan areas in China are in a violent process and shift of spatial concentra-tion and decentralization.Second,from now to at least the near future,concentration will continue to be the central fea-ture.Third,the landscape of metropolitan areas basically exhibits a dual structure character.The gap in environmental and ecological qualities among different districts will continue for a long time.Fourth,Central Business District (CBD) is playing an important role in helping to convert the traditionally single-centered city structure into a polycentric one.     

Quantification of driving factors on NDVI in oasis-desert ecotone using geographical detector method

Within oasis-desert ecotone regions, the normalized difference vegetation index(NDVI) is an important parameter for evaluating the growth of vegetation. An accurate quantitative study between NDVI and environmental and anthropogenic factors is critical for understand the driving factors of vegetation growth in oasis-desert ecotone. In 2016,four periods Landsat 8 OLI_TIRS images, relevant climatological parameters data(air temperature, air relative humidity, wind velocity and accumulated temperature), land cover type data and soil data were selected as proxies. In order to quantify the explanatory power for NDVI spatial and temporal distribution in the southern edge of Dunhuang City and northern side of the Mingsha Mountain, the geographical detector model was used to explain the potential influences of factors versus the spatial distribution of NDVI, and each explanatory variable's relative importance can be calculated. The factordetector results disclose that the spatial distribution of NDVI is primarily dominated by land cover type.The risk detector results show that, high NDVI region is located within woodland. The mean value of NDVI displays an increase and then decrease trend with air temperature increase. With the increase of wind velocity and decrease of air relative humidity, the NDVI value shows a decrease trend. The interactive q values between the two factors are higher than any q value of separated factors. Results also indicate that the strongest interactive effects of NDVI are different in distinct seasons. Consequently, anthropogenic activity is more important than environmental factors on NDVI in oasis-desert ecotone. We also demonstrate that air relative humidity rather than air temperature have played a greater role in NDVI spatial distribution.     

基于夜光遥感与POI数据空间耦合关系的南海港口城市空间结构研究

南海港口城市研究是南海资源环境监测的重要内容,目前对于南海港口城市空间结构特别是港口在城市空间结构中的地位缺乏研究。夜光遥感数据和POI数据均为城市空间结构研究的重要数据源,但对于2种数据的空间耦合关系与集成应用研究存在不足。针对上述问题,本文选取南海港口城市典型代表的三亚市为研究区,以研究区2016年NPP-VIIRS夜光遥感数据和POI数据为数据源,利用叠加分析将夜光遥感数据和POI核密度分析结果数据分别网格化。然后,利用双因素组合制图法对两种数据的空间耦合关系进行可视化,分析空间耦合关系相异区域和城市空间结构的关系,并在此基础上探讨港口在三亚城市结构中的地位。研究表明,三亚市夜光遥感和POI数据的空间分布总体趋势相一致,空间耦合关系相近的区域占比达85.6%;夜光遥感和POI数据空间耦合关系在三亚市内存在一定量的相异区域,如新城区、经济开发区、城市边缘区和乡镇中心等,结合2种数据的特点可以更显著地表征这些区域的城市空间结构特征;三亚市作为重要的南海港口城市,其城市的中心区域与港口密切关联。本研究为港口城市空间结构研究提供了新视角。     

Analyzing land use characteristics of rural settlements on the urban fringe of Liangjiang New Area,Chongqing, China

The objective of this paper is to analyze land use characteristics of rural settlements in urban fringe so as to provide references for optimizing the regional distribution of rural settlements, consolidating rural settlements, and coordinating urban-rural integrated development. The methods of spatial statistical analysis, buffer analysis, Ripley’s K function, kernel density analysis based on GIS (Geographic Information System) were used to analyze the characteristics of scale, spatial differentiation and spatial patterns of the rural settlements in Liangjiang New Area in Chongqing Municipality of China. The fractal dimension formula was also developed to reflect fractal feature of the rural settlements. The results show that, the scale of rural settlements in Liangjang New Area takes on distinct characteristics of spatial differentiation along with changes in elevation, gradient, location, geo-hazards distribution, and the like. The fractal characteristic of rural settlements has obvious regional variations subject to the 6 factors of location in the Liangjiang New Area. Overall, the worse the terrain conditions are, the larger the fractal dimension values become. The better the location conditions, the larger the fractal dimension values are. The spatial pattern in the township scale presents three kinds of distribution as being aggregated, uniform and random. In contract, the spatial pattern in the plaque scale displays a banding distribution from a general view with several aggregation zones centering on each town center. From the results, we can see that the characteristics of rural settlements in urban fringe are more complicated. For such kind of rural settlements in special regions, in the rural land consolidation more attention should be paid to improve the rural living environments and public services, as well as to promote the harmonious relationship between the urban and rural areas.     

银川平原土壤盐渍化与土地利用强度的空间关联分析

银川平原盐渍土时空格局及其与土地利用强度变化关联关系的空间区位特征,可从土地利用强度的角度阐释土壤盐渍化的动因,为盐渍化因地制宜的治理提供参考依据。本文重点研究了盐渍土空间分布定量遥感生成方法,通过土地利用遥感制图、半方差函数的地统计学方法和灰色关联度分析法,对2004-2010 年银川平原的土地利用强度变化、土壤盐渍化程度变化及各类盐渍土与土地利用强度的关联度,进行了空间区位分布特征的可视化表达。研究结果表明:银川平原的发展仍具集聚效应,土地利用强度变化与城镇体系格局、交通干线、沟渠分布、土壤盐分含量密切相关;2004-2010 年间,银川平原土壤盐渍化存在整体减轻、局部加重的空间分布特征,与土地利用强度变化间的响应关系,存在较明显的空间差异;银川平原土壤盐渍化程度变化与土地利用强度变化间的关联度为0.7781,与水体、耕地这2 种土地类型间的关联程度最高。银川平原土壤盐渍化的干扰活动中,水体与耕地类型的利用行为是较重要的影响因子。     

桓台县土壤地球化学背景值及分区特征

通过对桓台县域内表层土壤开展1∶5万土地质量地球化学调查与评价工作,统计了表层土壤地球化学参数,厘定了桓台县土壤地球化学背景值,并与山东省、淄博市元素平均值进行对比,发现土壤元素中Se、有机质、N,Zn,P,Hg,Cd,V,F,I含量明显偏高于山东省土壤均值;土壤元素中Se,I,P,N,Hg,Cd含量明显偏高于淄博市土壤均值;Se元素高于淄博市土壤均值。对表层土壤进行聚类分析和因子分析,根据聚类分析分组结果和各因子得分空间分布特征情况,结合研究区内土壤类型、地形地貌、土地利用方式的不同,综合考虑影响元素含量的各种因素,将研究区表层土壤分为5个地球化学分区,各分区元素组合特征不同。研究结果表明:土壤元素分布特征主要受控于地质背景,人类活动对土壤元素含量产生一定程度的影响。     

基于夜间灯光数据和空间回归模型的城市常住人口格网化方法研究

精确掌握常住人口的数量和分布特征有助于明确社会发展情况、提高人口管理能力。目前人口数据主要以行政区为单元统计,难以表现城市内部的人口分布特征。然而,在城市中,受道路、公共服务设施、城市亮化灯光的影响,利用夜间灯光数据对人口回归,精度降低。如何提高城市常住人口回归结果的精度,值得深入研究。上海是中国的国家中心城市之一,在快速城镇化进程中上海面临巨大人口压力。因此,本文以上海市为研究区,以NPP-VIIRS (National Polar-orbiting Partnership Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite)夜间灯光数据、乡镇级常住人口统计数据为基础,提取商业和居住区的灯光数据来缓解交通、城市亮化区的影响,提高灯光累计值与常住人口数的相关性（相关系数从0.7032提高至0.8026）。然后,本文用空间回归模型对上海市2013年常住人口进行回归,相对误差为10.57%,并对回归结果进行分乡（镇、街道）修正。实验结果表明,使用空间回归模型对常住人口回归可以取得较高的精度,且格网化结果能够弥补传统统计数据空间分辨率低的缺点,更加详细地刻画常住人口的圈层特征与真实分布情况。     

城市地表净辐射通量的季相变化及与地表覆盖格局的关系研究

本研究利用厦门市4个季节的Landsat-5 TM遥感影像和气象资料,反演地表净辐射通量,进而分析其季相变化特征;使用景观格局指数表征和描述地表覆盖的空间组成与配置,采用相关分析、偏相关分析、逐步回归和方差分解相结合的方法,从多季节角度研究地表覆盖格局对地表净辐射通量的影响。结果表明：① 厦门市地表净辐射通量平均值夏季最高,春季次之,秋季和冬季较低,地表净辐射通量在水体和林地区域较高,建设用地和裸地等其他地表覆盖类型区域较低;② 地表覆盖的空间配置对地表净辐射通量没有显著影响;③ 地表覆盖的空间组成对地表净辐射通量产生重要影响,全年内林地和裸地所占面积比例对地表净辐射通量的影响最显著,林地所占面积比例是影响和解释地表净辐射通量跨季节差异的最重要和持续有效的因素。该研究加深了关于地表覆盖格局对地表净辐射通量的影响的科学认知,有助于探索城市热岛的形成和演变机制,也可为城市规划和可持续发展提供理论依据和实践指导。