Holocene soils and soil-geomorphic relations in an arid region of southern New Mexico

A study area in an arid region of southern New Mexico is in basin-and-range topography and includes both a river valley and a closed basin. Holocene soils occur in valley fills and low terraces between Pleistocene fans, in and near drainageways on the fan-piedmont, on ridges, and in dunes. Holocene soils suggest the character of initial development in soils that are much older and more complex, and record the beginnings of various soil horizons. Noncalcareous brown or reddish brown B horizons have formed in low-carbonate parent materials of stable sites. Incipient development of the argillic horizon and the Haplargids occurs at stable sites in very gravelly materials that are about 1–2000 yr old. The cambic horizon and Camborthids occur in adjacent low-gravel materials of the same age. The argillic horizon occurs continuously in soils of earliest Holocene, particularly in very gravelly materials. Where soils have been truncated, as in areas affected by landscape dissection, argillic and cambic horizons are usually absent and the soils are Torripsamments, Torriorthents, or Torrifluvents depending on content of sand, gravel, and organic carbon. In high-carbonate parent materials, noncalcareous, reddish brown B horizons have not formed at any time in the Holocene. Most of these soils are Torriorthents or Torrifluvents although an incipient calcic horizon has formed in some of the oldest Holocene soils; the latter are Calciorthids. Horizons of carbonate accumulation are the best and most common pedogenic indicators of soil age. Stage I carbonate horizons are a major feature of pedogenesis in the Holocene. Because of additions of carbonate from the atmosphere, carbonate horizons are morphologically similar whether they have formed in high or low-carbonate alluvium. The carbonate accumulations are illuvial.Some Holocene deposits apparently resulted from changes in climate. Others, such as the youthful deposits of coppice dunes, apparently were caused by man's introduction of cattle and subsequent overgrazing and seed dispersal.     

Genesis of pedons with discontinuous argillic horizons in the Holocene loess mantle of the southern Pampean landscape,Argentina

Soil development in the plain landscape of the southern Argentinean Pampa is related to pulses of aeolian accretion of calcareous loess during the Holocene epoch. Such plain relief is associated with landform stability that favors pedogenesis. In some sectors of the Holocene loess mantle, detailed soil surveys show a great variability of soil morphology in short distances (<7 m), such that pedons with Bt horizon (Ap-Bt-C-2Ckm) coexist with pedons with an AC horizon (Ap-AC-C-2Ckm) in a plain landscape, within identical loess parent material over a tosca layer (2Ckm-calcrete-petrocalcic horizon), and in a similar pedoclimate. This article studies the origin of this spatial variation. Loess parent materials directly overlie the relic tosca layer, exhumed after erosion of preexisting soils of the Late Pleistocene. The contrast in soil morphology between the petrocalcic horizon and the overlying Holocene soils reflects the effect of polygenesis. The complex soil spatial distribution pattern over the tosca layer appears unrelated to its paleomicrotopography, because soils with Bt horizons are identified in positive and depressed microlandforms of the tosca. The absence of Bt horizons might be caused by formerly intense biological activity related to a stable pattern of two natural vegetation covers or a surface paleomicrotopography that supported distinct vegetation types depending on the soil moisture in each paleomicrolandform.     

Quaternary stratigraphy and geoarchaeology of the colorado and concho rivers,west texas

Geoarchaeological investigations in an area surrounding the confluence of the upper Colorado and Concho Rivers, Edwards Plateau of West Texas, have produced a detailed landscape evolution model which provides a framework for discussion of the influences of geomorphic processes on the development, preservation, and visibility of the archaeological record. Field mapping within the study area has differentiated six allostrati-graphic units of fluvial origin in both valleys, as well as extensive eolian sand sheets along the Colorado River. Early to middle Pleistocene terrace remnants cap many upland areas, whereas two distinct late Pleistocene terrace surfaces are widespread within the study area at somewhat lower elevations. Fluvial activity during the time period of human occupation is represented by an extensive Holocene terrace and underlying valley fill, which is up to 11 m in thickness. Valley fill sediments can be subdivided into allostratigraphic units of early to middle Holocene (ca. 10,000–5000 yr B.P.) and late Holocene age (ca. 4600–1000 yr B.P.), which are separated by a buried soil profile. The modern incised channels and very narrow floodplains represent the last millennium. Eolian sand sheets of early to middle Holocene age overlie limestone- and shale-dominated uplands, Pleistocene terraces, and in some cases the Holocene valley fill along the Colorado River. Pleistocene terraces have been stable features in the landscape and available for settlement through the time period of human occupation. Archaeological materials of all ages occur at the surface, and the record preserved in individual sites range from that associated with discrete periods of activity to longer-term palimpsests that represent repeated use over millennia. Sites within early to middle Holocene and late Holocene fills represent short-term utilization of constructional floodplains during the Paleoindian through early Archaic and middle to late Archaic time periods respectively. By contrast, those that occur along the buried soil profile developed in the early to middle Holocene fill record middle to late Archaic cultural activity on stable terrace surfaces, and represent relatively discrete periods of activity to longer-term palimpsests that represent repeated use over the 3000–4000 years of subaerial exposure. Late Prehistoric sites occur as palimpsests on soils developed in late Holocene alluvium or stratified within modern floodplain facies. Paleoindian through Late Prehistoric sites occur stratified within eolian sand sheets or along the unconformity with subjacent fluvial deposits. The landscape evolution model from the upper Colorado and Concho Rivers is similar to that developed for other major valley axes of the Edwards Plateau. This model may be regionally applicable, and can be used to interpret the geomorphic setting and natural formation processes for already known sites, as well as provide an organizational framework for systematic surface and subsurface survey for new archaeological records. 0 1992 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Durations of soil formation and soil development indices in a Holocene Mediterranean floodplain

Holocene and late Pleistocene alluvial sequences of the mid-Medjerda floodplain (Northern Tunisia) reveal three types of soils with gradual transitions: Fluvisols (Calcaric), Cambisols (Calcaric) and Calcic Luvisols (Chromic). Stratigraphic cross-correlations, palaeomagnetic secular variation, and ¹⁴C and IRSL dating enable detailed information about ages and durations of soil formation in the floodplain.Weakly developed Fluvisols (Calcaric) commonly reveal late Holocene ages with soil formation durations lasting between 100 and 300 years. Hence, Holocene soil formation is detectable in the exposures from durations of around 100 years onwards. Cambisols show predominantly mid-Holocene ages. The durations of soil formation are between 800 and 5000 years. Calcic Luvisols (Chromic) feature late Pleistocene ages, with durations of soil formation between 10,000 and 40,000 years.Profile Development Indices were computed from simple field parameters like soil structure, soil colour, horizon thickness and leaching features. The derived development indices show good correlation (R² = 0.804) with the calculated durations of soil formation. Field parameters are well suited for a quantitative development index of Holocene soil formation, even if very weak developed soils are predominant. The study shows that maturity stages of Holocene alluvial soils in a homogeneous Mediterranean environment are predominantly driven by soil formation duration.     

Late Pleistocene and Holocene climate and geomorphic histories as interpreted from a 23,000 C yr B.P. paleosol and floodplain soils, southeastern West Virginia, USA

Field, micromorphological, pollen, whole soil (XRF), and stable isotope geochemical methods were used to evaluate the latest Pleistocene to Holocene climate record from a floodplain-terrace system in southeastern West Virginia. A late Pleistocene (22,940 ± 150 ¹⁴C yr B.P.) silt paleosol with low-chroma colors formed from fluviolacustrine sediment deposited during the last glacial maximum (Wisconsinan) and records a cooler full-glacial paleoclimate. Fluvial gravel deposited between the latest Pleistocene and earliest Holocene (prior to 6360 ± 40 ¹⁴C yr B.P.) was weathered in the middle Holocene under warmer, drier climate conditions, possibly correlated with the Hypsithermal and Altithermal Events of the eastern and southwestern United States, respectively. The glacial to interglacial climate shift is recorded by: (1) changes from a poorly drained landscape with fine-textured soil, characterized by high organic C and redoximorphic features related to Fe removal and concentration, to a well-drained, coarse-textured setting without gley and with significant argillic (Bt) horizon development; (2) changes from a high Zr and Ti silt-dominated parent material to locally derived, coarse fluvial gravels lower in Zr and Ti; (3) a shift from dominantly conifer and sedge pollen in the paleosol to a modern oak/hickory hardwood assemblage; and (4) a shift in δ¹³C values of soil organic matter from −28‰ to −24‰ PDB, suggesting an ecosystem shift from cooler, C3-dominated flora to one that was mixed C3 and C4, but still predominantly composed of C3 plants. A root-restrictive placic horizon developed between the late Pleistocene silt paleosol and the overlying fluvial gravel because of the high permeability contrast between the two textures of soil materials. This layer formed a barrier that effectively isolated the Pleistocene paleosol from later Holocene pedogenic processes.     

Holocene soils and soil-geomorphic relations in a semiarid region of southern New Mexico

Holocene soils of a semiarid area in southern New Mexico occur on terraces and fans in and adjacent to the mountains. The illustrative soils have formed in alluvium derived from rhyolite, monzonite, and sedimentary rocks, mainly limestone.A large arid basin occurs downslope from the mountains. In the arid-semiarid transition, the effect of a gradual increase in precipitation on soil morphology is shown by Holocene soils that sensitively reflect the precipitation. Where the parent materials contain little or no carbonate, a surficial noncalcareous zone and a reddish-brown horizon of silicate clay accumulation thicken mountainward as precipitation increases. The Bt horizon is underlain by the carbonate horizon, the upper boundary of which deepens mountainward. These orographic-depth relations and soil morphology support an interpretation that some of the clay (as well as the carbonate) is of illuvial origin. In high-carbonate parent materials, a noncalcareous zone has not developed and a reddish-brown horizon of clay accumulation has not formed.In upper horizons, organic carbon increases and color darkens towards the mountains. This causes a change in soils at the categorical level of soil order; Mollisols do not occur in the arid basin downslope, where nearly all Holocene soils are either Aridisols or Entisols. In the semiarid zone, however, most Holocene soils are Mollisols. Thick, dark A horizons have formed in many of these soils. The thickness of these horizons is attributed primarily to episodes of sedimentation during soil development. Some Holocene Aridisols also occur in the semiarid zone. Generally these are on narrow ridges, where the mollic epipedon has been truncated or did not form.In some terrains the soil-geomorphic relations are complex and Holocene soils may be above or at the same elevation as adjacent, much older soils. In such situations, when the morphological range of the various soils has been determined, soil morphology may be used to distinguish the Holocene soils and surfaces from their older analogs.     

Quaternary geology of the upper sabinal River Valley,Uvalde and Bandera counties,Texas

Controlled by a local base level of downfaulted Edwards and Comanche Peak limestone, and aided by landsliding in Glen Rose marl, the Sabinal River and its tributaries have developed a large valley in the Edwards Plateau. Extensive soil-covered pediments that cut Glen Rose bedrock and Pleistocene terrace gravels are present along each side of the valley. Six alluvial deposits of late Pleistocene and Holocene age were recognized in the upper Sabinal River valley. The Holocene series is represented by three deposits. The oldest of these exhibits a Stage II calcic horizon and appears to have been deposited before ca. 5000 yr B.P. The Pleistocene deposits have a calcrete zone (calcic Stage IV and III horizon) in the upper 3-4 m. The Holocene alluviums, locally beveled by stream action, parallel the river's course and contain Archaic and younger artifacts, which in central Texas range in age from about 8000-350 yr B.P. One of the Holocene deposits (Q2) is correlated with the Georgetown and Fort Hood alluviums of the Cowhouse Creek at Fort Hood, which range in age from 11,000 yr B.P. to 5200 yr B.P., with the Wilson-Leonard terrace site in the Lampasas Cut Plain that ranges from about 11,000 to 5000 yr B.P., and with Unit E of Blum and Valastro (1989) in the Pedernales River valley, ranging from 10,550 to 7150 yr B.P. Modern climate in the valley is drought-prone, and fluctuates from semiarid to dry subhumid. Paleoclimate has ranged from much drier during the Middle Holocene to much cooler and wetter during the Late Pleistocene.     

Paleoindian environmental change and landscape response in Barger Gulch,Middle Park,Colorado

Middle Park, a high‐altitude basin in the Southern Rocky Mountains of north‐central Colorado, contains at least 59 known Paleoindian localities. At Barger Gulch Locality B, an extensive Folsom assemblage (˜10,500 ¹⁴C yr B.P.) occurs within a buried soil. Radiocarbon ages of charcoal and soil organic matter, as well as stratigraphic positions of artifacts, indicate the soil is a composite of a truncated, latest‐Pleistocene soil and a younger mollic epipedon formed between ˜6000 and 5200 ¹⁴C yr B.P. and partially welded onto the older soil following erosion and truncation. Radiocarbon ages from an alluvial terrace adjacent to the excavation area indicate that erosion followed by aggradation occurred between ˜10,200 and 9700 ¹⁴C yr B.P., and that the erosion is likely related to truncation of the latest‐Pleistocene soil. Erosion along the main axis of Barger Gulch occurring between ˜10,000 and 9700 ¹⁴C yr B.P. was followed by rapid aggradation between ˜9700 and 9550 ¹⁴C yr B.P., which, along with the erosion at Locality B, coincides with the abrupt onset of monsoonal precipitation following cooling in the region ˜11,000–10,000 ¹⁴C yr B.P. during the Younger Dryas oscillation. Buried soils dated between ˜9500 and 8000 ¹⁴C yr B.P. indicate relative landscape stability and soil formation throughout Middle Park. Morphological characteristics displayed by early Holocene soils suggest pedogenesis under parkland vegetation in areas currently characterized by sagebrush steppe. The expansion of forest cover into lower elevations during the early Holocene may have resulted in lower productivity in regards to mammalian fauna, and may partly explain the abundance of early Paleoindian sites (˜11,000–10,000 ¹⁴C yr B.P., 76%) relative to late Paleoindian sites (˜10,000–8000 ¹⁴C yr B.P., 24%) documented in Middle Park. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Soil/landform relationships surrounding the Harappa archaeological site,Pakistan

A soil survey around the archaeological site of Harappa, Pakistan revealed alluvial deposits of five distinct ages based on relative position in the landscape and degree of soil profile development. the youngest deposit (age 1) is in the lowest landscape position and has received flood waters as recently as 1988. Soils there are in an incipient stage of development: only organic carbon and soluble salts have accumulated at the surface of the profile. the age 2 deposit has not undergone significant pedogenic change, but is in a slightly higher landscape position than the youngest deposit. Elevated concentrations of P, and the presence of sand-sized pottery and brick fragments, indicate that this deposit was derived at least partially from archaeological material. the presence of small, soft calcite nodules (Stage II) and some soluble salt translocation are the primary pedogenic changes observed in the age 3 deposit. the age 4 deposit shows evidence of both carbonate and gypsum accumulation. Presence of large gypsum nodules in deep By horizons suggests that a high groundwater table has altered these soils. the oldest deposit, age 5, forms a late Pleistocene stream terrace of the Ravi River. the soil formed in this deposit exhibits considerable carbonate accumulation, with large, dense nodules (Stage II + ) and an argillic horizon. A ¹⁴C date from pedogenic calcite gives an age of 7080 ± 90 years B.P., indicating a minimum age of early Holocene. the soil survey suggests that the ancient city of Harappa was built on an age 5 stream terrace remnant, surrounded by Holocene floodplains and a meandering channel of the Ravi River.     

Holocene desert soil formation under sodium salt influence in a playa-margin environment

A visually prominent desert soil with a horizon of clay accumulation (Typic Natrargid) has formed under an arid climate in Panamint Valley, California, in sandy, very calcareous, saline fan alluvium in less than about 3500 yr, and probably less than 2000 yr. Such soils can be used as stratigraphic markers, but could be confused with other desert soils with clay-accumulation horizons (Haplargids) which occur much more commonly on desert alluvial fans, are mostly late Pleistocene or older, and do not form in parent materials that are still calcareous. This Natrargid formed in a playa-margin environment, where clay for translocation and sodium salts that engender rapid clay movement probably were provided by dust fall.     

全新世与上次间冰期气候差异的古土壤记录

目前国际上对全新世与上次间冰期的气候差异还存在着较大的争议。对西欧阿晴里姆黄土中全新世和上次间冰期古土壤（埃姆古土壤）,中国黄土中S₀及S₁的对比研究表明,埃姆古土壤和S₁是典型的复合土壤,记载了相同的沉积-成壤事件序列,并与深海氧同位素记录有很好的一致性。第一成壤期与氧同位素阶段5e相对应,代表了典型的间冰期气候。西欧在该时期形成的土壤与全新世土壤的成壤过程基本相同,二者反映了类似的气候条件;而中国黄土中S₀和S₁则具很大差异,这表明我国北方最后两次间冰期的气候条件显著不同。青藏高原在中更新世末期以来的隆升对季风环流的影响是值得注意的原因之一。     

Effect of structure and texture on infiltration flow pattern during flood irrigation

Understanding the flow pattern of water and solute in subsurface soils is critically important in the fields of agricultural and environmental sciences. Dye tracer tests using a flood irrigation of Brilliant Blue FCF solution (5 g l^-1) and excavation method was performed to investigate the effect of texture and structure on the infiltration pattern at three different field soils developed from granite (GR), gneiss (GN) and limestone (LS). The GR soil showed a homogeneous matrix flow in the surface soil with weak, medium granular structure and a macropore flow along pegmatitic vein and plant root in C horizon. The surface horizon (A1) of GN soil with moderate, medium granular structure and many fine roots had matrix flow. The fingering occurred at the interfaces of sandy loam A horizon and loamy sand C horizon in GR soil and loam A1 horizon and sandy loam A2 horizon in GN soil. The LS soil with strong, coarse prismatic structure and the finest texture showed a macropore flow along cracks and had the deepest penetration of the dye tracer. The macropore (crack and vein), layer interface and plant root induced the preferential flow in the studied soils.     

渭南沋河宋家北沟剖面磁性地层学研究

渭南沋河宋家北沟剖面上部为黄土堆积,下部为河湖相沉积;包括全新世黄土(0.8万年)、晚更新世黄土(0.8～13万年)、中更新世黄土(13～73万年)、早更新世中、晚期黄土(73～120万年)及早更新世早期(120～250万年)三门组和晚上新世晚期(250～300万年)沈河组上部。古地磁测定结果表明:B/M 界限位于第8层黄土(L_8)中,M/G 界限位于沈河组与三门组过渡带的上部;贾拉米诺亚带(J)位于S_(11)—S_(12)层段,奥尔都维亚带(O)位于三门组砂层中。渭南新寺剖面作为宋家北沟剖面的补充,可接续沋河组下部层位,古地磁年龄为280～350万年。     

Holocene moraine and paleosol stratigraphy, Bugaboo Glacier, British Columbia

Sequences of tills, buried paleosols, wood and tephra in lateral moraines provide a record of Holocene advances and retreats of the Bugaboo Glacier in British Columbia. The oldest paleosol is tentatively classified as a Spodosol (Cryorthod). It incorporates Mazama tephra (6,800 B.P.) and charcoal and humus dated at 3,390 and 4.400B.P., respectively, and records early and middle Holocene warming and/or drying. This paleosol overliesa latest Pleistocene or early Holocene till associated with a nearby end moraine and assigned to the regionally known 'Crowfoot Advance'. Less-developed paleosols (Cryumbrepts) are formed on Neoglacial tills deposited shortly before 3,000 B. P., between c. 2,500 to 1,900 B. P., and between c. 900 B.P. and the 19th century. The paleosols and surface soils form microcatenas with morphological variations due to differences in original topography and vegetation. The chronology derived from these paleosols and tills generally agrees with, but increases the resolution of, what is known of Holocene glacier histories in the Canadian Cordillera.     

Late Pleistocene Environments of the Central Ukraine

The Vyazivok loess sequence from the Dnieper Plain, Ukraine, documents regional environmental changes during the late Pleistocene and Holocene. Pedological and palynological analyses and low-field magnetic susceptibility document changes from dense temperate forest during the last interglacial maximum to open, harsh, loess–steppe during the latest Pleistocene. The Vyazivok section overlies hillwash derived from a lower Pleistocene terrace and consists of two stratified soil complexes (Kaydaky and Pryluky; marine isotope stage [MIS] 5 equivalent) separated by a layer of eolian dust (Tyasmyn silt). The lower soils in both complexes formed within forest. These soils are overlain by the Uday (MIS4) and Bug (MIS2) loess units, which are separated by boreal soils of the Vytachiv (MIS3) complex. The coldest conditions within the record occurred in the youngest loess. Holocene soils cap the Bug loess. The Vyazivok section shows remarkable similarities with other classical loess sequences in western Europe, the Czech Republic, and Austria. The Kaydaky, Pryluky, and Vytachiv deposits, correlate with the PKIII, PKII, and PKI soil complexes, respectively, of the Czech Republic. The Tyasmyn and Prylyky silt layers correspond to marker horizons from central Europe.     

2017年银川盆地1:50 000平罗站幅工程地质钻孔及取样土工试验数据集

本数据集是作者2017年在银川盆地平罗站幅施工的14个工程地质钻孔岩心中采集的234个岩土样品,经过测试分析后所得的共2 602组测试数据。这些数据主要体现了土体的抗剪强度、压缩模量、颗粒成分等。图幅内第四系分布广泛,厚度大,为区内主要的工程地质岩组,且成因多样,从西到东主要包括：上更新统洪积层,岩性主要为砾石、砂砾石;全新统灵武组细砂土;全新统湖沼积层,岩性主要为淤泥、砂质粘土及粉砂;全新统风积层,岩性主要为土黄色中-细砂、粉砂。其中,全新统灵武组占据了图幅大部分区域,岩性主要为细砂、粉砂、砂质粘土等。钻孔揭示,银川平原区地层纵向上以河湖相细砂、粉砂为主,夹粉质粘土,局部钻孔含卵砾石层。样品测试数据分析显示,图幅区内碎石土、冲积砂土、粘性土具较高的抗剪强度,工程地质条件较好;而图幅西北部砂岩、泥岩由于中等到强风化程度,且有软弱夹层,工程地质条件较差。湖沼积成因的淤泥、砂质粘土及粉砂工程地质性质亦较差。本次图幅区内的工程地质钻探工作施工规范,测试分析均由具备国家资质的实验室承担,得到的数据质量可靠,真实反映了该区域内地层信息及岩土物理力学性质。     

杭州湾晚第四纪沉积与古环境演变

通过对杭州湾第四系钻孔的年代地层学、沉积学、古环境学等多学科综合分析,认为XZK169孔全新世沉积始于孔深17.35m处(年代约为10～9kaBP),其下至孔深86.40m沉积属晚更新世。整个沉积层中可分出3个海进—海退旋回晚更新世早期以陆相沉积为主,出现河湖相—滨海湖泊相—河湖相沉积,气候为温凉干燥—温暖湿润—温凉干燥;晚更新世中晚期出现河湖相—潮滩湖相—浅海相—河口湾相沉积,气候为温凉干燥—寒冷干燥—温凉—暖热湿润—温热湿润;经历了末次冰期侵蚀后,全新世出现浅海相—河口湾相沉积,气候以暖热湿润—温暖湿润为主。约在5kaBP,杭州湾与长江口分离。     

毛乌素沙地全新世地层粒度组成特征及古气候意义

分析结果显示,毛乌素沙地粒度自西北至东南逐渐变细、磁化率值逐渐变大。这一规律不仅表现在地表,而且在不同地点同一层位也有明显反映。说明了毛乌素沙地的形成过程与东亚季风联系密切。就所选剖面分析来看,本区在更新世晚期及全新世早期气候比较寒冷干燥,东亚冬季风影响较明显,此时为堆积成沙期,自北至南堆积的砂粒渐细,砂层渐薄;全新世中期气候温暖湿润,东亚夏季风影响显著,此时为较明显的成壤期,表现在自北至南普遍可见发育较好的黑垆土层,且南部的成壤作用比北部好,土壤的厚度也大;全新世晚期至今,气候向干冷的方向转化,但变化幅度远小于末次冰期     

The Brunhes-Matuyama boundary in Western Beringia: a review

Early-Middle Pleistocene deposits have been studied in Central and Northern Yakutia, the Magadan region, and Chukotka. The Brunhes-Matuyama boundary occurs in the Ozheleznenye Galechniki (=Ferruginated pebblestones) beds of Central Yakutia that belong to the Talagay horizon of the Early-Middle Pleistocene. These layers include classic Aldan mammal fauna. In Eastern Yakutia sediments of Early-Middle Pleistocene belong to the Akan horizon, and the Early Pleistocene sediments are from the Chukochya horizon. These sediments which belong to the Olyor Formation and its age-equivalents yielded numerous mammal remains, termed the Olyor faunal complex. The Brunhes-Matuyama boundary is located in Akan horizon. In the upper reaches of the Kolyma River, the Brunhes-Matuyama boundary occurs in sediments of the Middle Pleistocene Belichan horizon. The boundary of the Brunhes-Matuyama is characteristic within the Elhkakvun and Enmakay formations of Chukotka. In Kamchatka, the boundary of Matuyama and Brunhes is evident in volcanic sequences. In the eastern part of the peninsula, this boundary is located in the Tumrok or Iult volcanic complex and in Central Kamchatka in the Kreruk volcanic complex.     

用试桩值反演分析不同土体预应力砼管桩参数

通过3个场地试桩资料反演分析，取得不同土体管桩参数选取原则与方法初步成果：砂性土侧阻力、端阻力可据实测标贯击数加5击后的密实度按桩基规范选取，且具有桩端进入持力层越深端阻力越大的特点，甚至可将砾砂的端阻力提高到卵石挡选取；上更新统粘性土侧阻力、端阻力亦可据实测液性指数提高一挡或半挡按桩基规范选取；全新统粘性土、上更新统粉土侧阻力可据实测液化指数或密实度直接按桩基规范选取。