落马洞暗河发育特征及其洪涝成因分析

根据区域岩溶发育史分析认为,湖北宣恩县落马洞暗河的形成总体上可分为两个阶段:第一阶段发生在白垩纪末至晚第三纪。在该阶段中,降水主要通过发育于卧西坪岩溶坡立谷地两侧的小型洼地、落水洞汇入地下管道,往卧西坪谷地排泄,在卧西坪一带形成一小型岩溶湖泊的同时,还在谷地西侧形成了下黑槽、铜锣坪、扁洞三个近东西向地下暗河系统。第二个阶段发生在晚第三纪至今。在这一期间,随着区域构造运动的振荡性抬升,岩溶侵蚀基准面不断下降,在谷地内形成了上、下黑槽、铜锣坪落水洞与卧西坪消水洞等垂向岩溶管道,贯通早期形成的东西向管道并袭夺卧西坪和铜锣坪一带的地表岩溶湖水,使得原分散的岩溶水系统通过南北向的主管道集中排泄,形成了多进口的树枝状复杂管道暗河系统。卧西坪岩溶坡立谷内常年遭受洪涝的原因主要是由于落马洞地下暗河形成年代较晚,管道规模较小,且洞内坍塌淤积严重,排水能力小。在此基础上,提出了加强流域水土流失管理、疏通河道和新建排水隧洞等治理措施与防治对策。      

Extreme hydrological events in karst areas of Slovenia,the case of the Unica River basin

The study presents natural hazards in Slovenia's karst, focusing on flooding in karst poljes. A specific study was done on the flood dynamics of two typical and connected karst poljes (Cerknica and Planina) of the Classical Karst region. In the case of particularly extreme hydrological conditions in the autumn of 2008, detailed analyses of the recharge-discharge regime and the interrelationship of flooding on the two poljes were done. Daily precipitation, discharge, and water level values from several monitoring sites were analyzed and cross-correlated, and additional hydrological analyses were done using a digital elevation model in order to acquire water level increase and decrease intensity, flood water volumes, and the extent of flooding and to understand the conditions controlling karst flooding. The results reveal that the hydrological functioning of the studied karst poljes is influenced by the hydrogeological and temporary hydrological conditions in the catchment area. The response of the binary karst system (i.e., the influence of autogenic and allogenic recharge) is especially distinct. The study shows that during extremely intense recharge, the reactions of karst aquifer systems to precipitation are as rapid as the response of surface waters (the water level of Cerknica Lake increased with an intensity of 38-63 cm/day or 55 m3/s respectively) while retention capacities are negligible. In contrast to flash floods, floods in karst areas may last from several weeks to several months. For the observed period a three-dimensional simulation of the flooding was made. At the maximum recorded water level, the volume of water on the Cerknica polje was 51 million m³, and 26 million m³ on the Planina polje. The maximum extent of flooding on the Cerknica polje was 23 km² and on the Planina polje 9.5 km². On the basis of the study, information was provided regarding future hazard mitigation. However, the study demonstrated that a sufficiently dense monitoring network is necessary to predict the occurrence and duration of floods with greater certainty.     

Lower Miocene gypsum palaeokarst in the Madrid Basin (central Spain): dissolution diagenesis, morphological relics and karst end-products

Abstract The Miocene sedimentary record of the Madrid Basin displays several examples of palaeokarstic surfaces sculpted within evaporite formations. One of these palaeokarstic surfaces represents the boundary between two main lithostratigraphic units, the Miocene Lower and Intermediate units of the Madrid Basin. The palaeokarst formed in lacustrine gypsum deposits of Aragonian age and corresponds to a surface palaeokarst (epikarst), further buried by terrigenous deposits of the overlying unit. Karst features are recognized up to 5·5 m beneath the gypsum surface. Exokarst and endokarst zones are distinguished by the spatial distribution of solution features, i.e. karren, dolines, pits, conduits and caves, and collapse breccias, sedimentary fills and alteration of the original gypsum across the karst profiles. The development of the gypsum palaeokarst began after drying out of a saline lake basin, as supported by recognition of root tubes, later converted to cylindrical and funnel‐shaped pits, at the top of the karstic profiles. The existence of a shallow water table along with low hydraulic gradients was the main factor controlling the karst evolution, and explains the limited depth reached by both exokarst and endokarst features. Synsedimentary fill of the karst system by roughly laminated to massive clay mudstone with subordinate carbonate and clastic gypsum reflects a punctuated sedimentation regime probably related to episodic heavy rainfalls typical of arid to semi‐arid climates. Duration of karstification is of the order of several thousands of years, which is consistent with previous statements that gypsum karstification can develop rapidly over geologically short time periods.     

峰丛洼地的坡地径流成分划分

峰丛洼地的石质坡地具有独特的包气带结构和产流模式,其表面岩石裸露,土壤薄且呈现斑块状分布,下部发育表层岩溶带.表层岩溶带的存在决定了石质坡地的产流模式.原本不透水的岩石表面成为"筛子",表层岩溶带和下部包气带之间的界面成为重要的产流界面,称之为表层岩溶带产流.石质坡地的径流是表层岩溶带产流、超渗产流、饱和产流的集合.由于岩溶动力系统的差异导致来自不同界面的径流的温度、pH、电导率、方解石溶解饱和指数(SIc)和二氧化碳分压(P_(CO2))也不同.利用径流的物理、化学曲线对石质坡地的径流进行初步的定性划分,将径流分为洪峰和基流.洪峰的上升段由超渗产流和饱和产流构成,退水过程以及基流则主要是由表层岩溶带径流提供.     

基于表层岩溶带调控的峰丛洼地低影响开发构建

岩溶峰丛洼地地区石漠化、饮水困难和水污染等环境问题高发,生态环境十分脆弱。低影响开发概念的引入有助于规范开发行为,促进水资源的高效利用,降低石漠化和地下河污染风险。根据水文条件和开发方式岩溶洼地空间分为坡耕地水土流失敏感区、表层岩溶泉水源地敏感区和落水洞污染输入敏感区。低影响开发模式总体是在3类敏感区实现5个管理目标。坡耕地敏感区的低影响开发目标设置为降低农田耗水量和减少水土流失,开发途径是减少蒸发和调控坡面洪水径流。表层岩溶泉敏感区的管理目标是降雨－径流资源化利用和饮用水安全保障,通过实施雨水收集回用工程和设置水源地保护区来实现。落水洞敏感区需要通过设置径流缓冲区和沉淀过滤池来预防污染物进入。我国南方石漠化地区探索和总结出以表层岩溶带降雨－径流管理为特征的低影响开发模式。该模式要求峰丛顶部留置生态保护区涵养水源。岩溶洼地底部为落水洞排洪预留缓冲区,利用岩溶裂缝设置下凹式绿地,实现自然渗透和净化。“峰”、“洼”之间过渡区划定水源地保护区边界,同时设法增加雨水资源化利用率,补充生态和生活缺水量。低影响开发模式也适用于峰丛洼地发育的东南亚和中美洲等地区。      

轮南奥陶系潜山表层岩溶储层的分布特征

轮南古潜山位于塔里木盆地塔北隆起轮南低凸起中部地区,主要岩溶层位是奥陶系鹰山组与一间房组,轮南古潜山的形成条件和表生岩溶作用时间与中国南方的桂林岩溶存在极其相似之处。本文通过研究轮南地区古风化壳表层岩溶带发育分布特征及其形成影响因素,认为:表层岩溶带主要分布于距古风化面以下0～40m范围内,此带范围内岩溶缝洞系统相对比较发育,岩溶缝洞系统具有一定连通性,属岩溶储层较为发育的部位,岩溶储层有效储集空间主要是溶蚀孔洞、小规模溶洞和溶蚀裂缝;表层岩溶带发育与古岩溶地貌及古水动力条件具有密切关系,岩溶地貌类型或水动力条件不同,表层岩溶带发育厚度、岩溶形态与岩溶缝洞系统发育规模、岩溶缝洞系统充填特征也不同。      

湘西洛塔表层岩溶泉的生态环境类型及水文特征

岩溶石山区表层岩溶带的调蓄功能可有效控制石漠化的加剧并为严重缺水地区提供饮用水。文章以湖南洛塔为例,在大量的野外调查基础上,通过对洛塔岩溶区表层岩溶系统生态环境与表层岩溶泉水文特征的对比研究,按生态环境属性将表层岩溶泉分为三种主要类型:森林环境表层岩溶泉、石漠化环境表层岩溶泉及石漠化-森林过渡环境表层岩溶泉。详细论述上述三种表层岩溶泉的发育条件与水文特征:森林环境表层岩溶泉具有持续稳定的水文动态与流量;石漠化环境表层岩溶泉流量与降雨量相对应,动态极不稳定;石漠化与森林过渡环境表层岩溶泉流量排泄峰值具有随泉域植被覆盖率增加而缓和的趋势。按照环境类型对表层岩溶泉进行分类,可直观地显示其特殊的水文特征,有助于岩溶泉的合理开发和综合利用。     

Influence of sea-water intrusion and agricultural production on the Blato Aquifer,Island of Korčula,Croatia

The Blato aquifer is situated on the western side of the island of Korčula, southern Dalmatia, Croatia. The terrain is built of karstified carbonate rocks, mostly of the Cretaceous age. In the Blatsko karst polje there are four water supply wells with a total yield of about 60 l/s. The catchment area is 28 km². The whole terrain is tectonically disturbed and compressed; the most permeable fracture system is perpendicular to the structural “b” axes, which gives rise to a general groundwater direction towards the island’s northern coast. Average precipitation is 850 mm/year, but when there is less than 700 mm/year there is a high possibility of sea-water intrusion during the summer season. The risk significantly increases when dry years repeat. Hydrochemical research has shown that two main pollution sources occur at different hydrological moments: sea-water intrusion happens in the dry summer period when there is maximal extraction and almost no recharge; and the washing of nitrates and other humanly caused pollution indicators from the soil and epikarst belt during the rainy season. All factors must be taken into account when planning management and protection of such a sensitive environment.     

Behaviour of metals and nutrients in soils and groundwater of a karst polje

The Croatian south part of the country is mainly composed of strongly krastified carbonate rocks. Also in this south part of Croatia is lacking of large depressions and poljes with thick covers. Some karst poljes and depressions may have thick covers, like for example the Vransko polje. The Vransko polje is characterised by an intensive agricultural activity. At the centre of the polje is located a karst spring (Turanjsko jezero), which is used for the water supply of the town Biograd and its surroundings. Total metals, nutrients (nitrate, ammonia, phosphate), organic matter content and cation exchange capacity (CEC) were measured in soil samples collected from the polje. Metals and nutrients were also measured in the water samples of channel Kotarka (which is passing through the area) and three springs (Turanjsko jezero, Kakma and Tinj). Measured total concentrations of metals of soil samples were treated by R-cluster multivariate statistical analysis. The result of statistical analysis showed grouping of metals with similar behaviour. Content of metals and nutrients were low in the spring samples but high in the water sample of the channel Kotarka, because the channel drains the water from the surroundings. Although agricultural activity in the Vransko polje is high, there is no high anthropogenic influence on groundwater and soil. They are both of good quality.     

基于层次分析法的表层带岩溶水资源评价方法探讨——以大小井流域为例

表层岩溶水调节系数是衡量表层岩溶子系统调节地下水能力的一个物理量,其数值与系统内水文地质条件、气象因素及生态环境质量等相关。采用层次分析法量化处理影响表层岩溶系统调节能力的诸因子,建立了表层带岩溶水资源评价模型。评价方法应用在大小井地下河流域的表层岩溶水资源量的评价上取得了较好的效果,其方法对岩溶石山区表层岩溶水资源评价和开发利用规划具有一定的参考价值。     

Pesticide and nutrient contamination in the Kestel polje–Kirkgoz karst springs, Southern Turkey

The Kirkgoz karst springs are in the well-developed Taurus karst zone in southern Turkey. Discharge is at an average rate of 15 m³/s. The large Kestel polje is 40 km from the springs and within the recharge area of the system. Utilization of the Kestel polje for agriculture as well as sewage disposal at sinkholes are sources of pollution. Water samples were analyzed for nutrients and some of the pesticides among the persistent organic pollutants. Although nutrient contamination is not critical yet, pesticide concentrations that range between 81 and 9,009 μg/l are above the international guidelines. This is the first record of pesticide contamination in karst systems in Turkey. Pesticides may be useful as tracers.     

表层岩溶带及其水循环的研究进展与发展方向

表层岩溶带是现代岩溶学一个很重要的概念,表层岩溶水对于解决西南岩溶山区居民的干旱缺水问题具有重要意义。近年来,不但揭示了表层岩溶带的特征、形成的动力条件机理及其含水层特征、开展了表层岩溶的自动化监测、研究了表层岩溶水与生态环境的相关性,还对西南表层岩溶水资源进行了初步评价。今后一段时期内表层岩溶水的主要研究方向是开展表层岩溶水与管道水的耦合关系研究、生态环境调蓄表层岩溶水的功能研究及表层岩溶水资源评价。      

广西果化龙何地区表层带岩溶水系统及其水资源特征

从区域岩溶水系统分析入手,详细论述了龙何地区表层带岩溶水系统的结构特征及水循环过程,并按水动力条件将区内表层带岩溶水系统划分为若干个汇流状或散流状表层带岩溶水子系统。在此基础上,通过表层岩溶泉长观数据的统计分析得出本区表层带岩溶水天然资源量为31. 9× 104m3 /a,约占本区年降水总量的9. 5%。在表层带岩溶水天然资源量中,表层岩溶泉的可开采资源量为5. 9×104m3 /a ,可有效利用资源量为7 732. 4m3 /a。      

岩溶水柜集流坡面的径流模式和调控建议

作为南方岩溶地区水柜水源的坡面径流,其形成和动态变化缺少精确且详细的解析。选择桂林丫吉试验场峰丛洼地的一个表层岩溶泉为对象,通过1个水文年多指标的监测,获得不同降雨条件下坡面径流的水文和水化学动态过程,以水文分析和水化学示踪解析径流水文特征、产流条件和水源组成。结果表明:坡面径流的水文过程季节性变化对比强烈,低水位总时长占全年的一半,连续时长超过3个月,全年连续断流有40多天,显示坡面径流水源不稳定,具有调控的必要性;受控于溶蚀作用的水化学动态展示了来自于多种界面的径流汇合过程;电导率等指标的波动共同指向降雨事件中形成于裸岩区的石面流发挥先锋作用。依据集流场的下垫面结构从3个方向提出调控建议:减少裸岩区径流渗漏;改善表层岩溶带通透性;揭露覆盖区隐伏径流。这些措施将有助于增加水柜蓄水量,提高径流利用效率。     

Carbon cycle in the epikarst systems and its ecological effects in South China

The carbon cycle in a global sense is the biogeochemical process by which carbon is exchanged among the biosphere, pedosphere, geosphere, hydrosphere, and atmosphere of the earth. For epikarst systems, it is the exchange of carbon among the atmosphere, water, and carbonate rocks. Southern China is located in the subtropical zone; its warm and humid weather creates favorable conditions for the dynamic physical, chemical, and ecological processes of the carbon cycle. This paper presents the mechanisms and characteristics of the carbon cycle in the epikarst systems in south China. The CO₂ concentration in soils has clear seasonal variations, and its peak correlates well with the warm and rainy months. Stable carbon isotope analysis shows that a majority of the carbon in this cycle is from soils. The flow rate and flow velocity in an epikarst system and the composition of carbonate rocks control the carbon fluxes. It was estimated that the karst areas in south China contribute to about half of the total carbon sink by the carbonate system in China. By enhancing the movement of elements and dissolution of more chemical components, the active carbon cycle in the epikarst system helps to expand plant species. It also creates favorable environments for the calciphilic plants and biomass accumulation in the region. The findings from this study should help in better understanding of the carbon cycle in karst systems in south China, an essential component for the best management practices in combating rock desertification and in the ongoing study of the total carbon sink by the karst flow systems in China.     

鄂西南岩溶地区表层岩溶带发育强度变化规律研究

鄂西南岩溶地区表层岩溶个体形态复杂多样,表层岩溶带发育与鄂西南地区岩溶地质环境条件及岩溶发育演变的历史过程密切相关.因此,通过野外地质调查与收集"沪蓉西"高速公路勘察资料.采用系统工程地质分析为主的方法,研究了表层岩溶带在不同的地质构造部位、地层岩性、地形地貌部位及深部岩溶水补径排区的发育强度及其变化规律.详细论述了表层岩溶带的空间发育强度.首次定量界定了该区表层岩溶带的最大发育深度为56.54m,最浅为4.5m,阐明了表层岩溶带从山顶、山脊到山脚、沟谷由弱到强的总体变化规律.      

西南岩溶地区植被喀斯特效应

西南岩溶地区是我国主要岩溶带之一，也是世界岩溶研究重点地区，区内因人口众多，植被破坏严重，部分地区因人为作用已经产生一系列的环境问题，本文从岩溶地区植被演替规律出发，针对不同植被生态条件，通过对比不同表层岩溶泉的水化学特征和表层土壤空气CO2（g)（表示呀以气相形式存在）的含量，分析了植被在岩溶区，特别在表层岩溶带的喀斯特效应，由此，一方面可以推动岩溶研究的进一步发展；另一方面可以提高人们的岩溶环境保护意识，从而为西南地区生态恢复提供基础资料。     

森林覆盖的喀斯特地区表层岩溶带的产流阈值

选择中国南方喀斯特森林石山地区的表层岩溶带中出露的泉水为研究对象,通过对泉水水位、pH、电导率、水温和降水的连续监测,发现表层岩溶带的降水补给的产流阈值为12mm。同时分析了不同降水补给引起的表层岩溶泉pH、温度、电导率的变化规律。雨季pH在降水后出现暂时的降低,电导率和水温出现暂时的升高。旱季pH、电导率等表现出比雨季更复杂的变化。按照水位、pH、电导率、水温对降水补给的反应的强弱不同,将表层岩溶带对降水的反应分成三个等级。第一等级为表层岩溶泉的流量等都不发生变化;第二等级是表层岩溶泉的4个指标有部分发生微小缓慢的变化;第三等级是表层岩溶泉的4个指标发生显著的变化。表层岩溶带的产流阈值是区别有效降雨和无效降水的标准,并对理解岩溶地下水的形成有帮助。     

武汉地区表层岩溶带发育特征

为查明武汉地区表层岩溶带发育特征,利用大量工程钻孔资料及水文地质试验成果,对武汉地区表层岩溶带进行了统计分析与研究。结果表明:武汉地区表层岩溶带平均厚度为11～16 m,每米深度平均线岩溶率为3.93%～10.52%,最大为5.83%～17.25%,岩溶中等—强发育,带下岩溶微弱发育;带内约1/2的溶洞高度小于1.8 m,平均洞高1.50～2.18 m,具有规模较小、数量多的特点;2/3的溶洞全充填,无充填和半充填溶洞约占1/3,充填物主要来源于上部覆盖层。表层岩溶带内岩体和土同存,作为建筑物地基均一性差;渗透系数平均为0.04~6.60 m·d-1,总体具弱—中等渗透性;岩土工程施工等级较高且跨度较大。      

岩溶高原山区表层岩溶泉绿能与高效开发利用模式

为解决岩溶高原山区缺水的问题,合理开发利用表层岩溶水,开展了水文地质详细调查。查明区内表层岩溶泉出露13个,流量0~67.53 L·s?1,动态变化与降水关系密切。文章总结了表层岩溶水“泉－池（窖）－库”优化调控、绿能高效开发利用模式:①在有砂泥岩夹层分布的凹部山岩溶洼地,采用防渗帷幕灌浆,建设悬挂式凹部山水库,积蓄地表水、表层岩溶水形成自流供水;②在湾半孔表层泉处建设蓄水池直接引流利用;③在湾半孔表层泉附近建设水泵站、光伏电站,平水期时通过光伏电站发电,由泵站自动控制抽取表层岩溶水补给凹部山水库,形成地表、地下水优化调控,联合调度调蓄利用25.3万m3·a?1,解决了区内13 000余人的生活生产用水困难问题。