Microbiological estimate of water quality in the Amur and Sungari rivers after a technogenic accident in China in 2005

The results of microbiological water quality monitoring in the Amur and Sungary rivers after a technogenic accident in Tzilin province (China) in November 2005 are considered. Bioindication technique is used to show that various pollutants earlier entered the Amur with the Sungari runoff: low-molecular volatile benzene derivatives entered from November 28 to December 2; naphthalene derivatives entered from November 29 to December 7; and nitrobenzene and high-molecular polyaromatic hydrocarbons entered in December 15–23, 2005. The major portion of pollutants moved along the right bank. The most sensitive to the total pollution by toxic substances were nitrifying bacteria, especially in bottom water layers. The Amur water in the zone of influence of the Sungari was estimated to belong to the IV–V quality class and referred to the categories of “polluted” and “dirty.” The poor quality of Amur water persisted over 9 months throughout the Amur reach from the Sungari mouth to Khabarovsk City.     

Bathing water quality monitoring of Varna Black Sea coastal zone,Bulgaria

Physicochemical and microbiological characteristics of the bathing waters in Varna’s Black Sea coastal area were investigated during year 2007 at 23 monitoring stations. Most of the determined physicochemical parameters—pH, mineral oils, surface active substances, phenols, dissolved oxygen, nutrients and microbiological parameters—“Total coliforms”, “Faecal coliforms”, “Faecal streptococci” were in compliance with the guidline’ limits and exhibited good water quality. Ammonium and phosphate’s pollution above the limits was determined at the South beach, Officers beach and Central beach situated in Varna’s central bathing zone. For the period of 13.08 to 24.10.2007—70% of the South beach samples analyzed for NH₄⁺ exceeded the limits 60 times and the concentrations of PO₄³⁻ exceeded the limits 17.5 times. Some deviations from the guidline’ limits regarding the microbiology were exhibited at the same beaches. A conclusion is made that the area of study is not yet seriously threatened, in spite of the rapid recreation during the last years.     

Assessment of the environmental conditions of the Zeya River and its tributaries in the construction zone of the Nizhne-Zeiskaya HPP

Water chemistry, chlorophyll “a” concentration in phytoplankton and periphyton, and the structure of bacterioplankton communities of the Zeya River and its tributaries are assessed in the construction zone of the Nizhne-Zeiskaya HPP. The results of multidisciplinary studies demonstrate the effect of natural and anthropogenic factors on the formation of water quality in the examined part of the Zeya River.     

Water composition and minerals equilibria at the Syri i Kalter spring and in the Bistrica river (South Albania)

Syri i Kalter (“Blue Eye” in english) is the name of the largest spring of Albania, situated in the south of the country, not far from the town of Sarande. The spring is located near the tectonic contact between the Mesozoic-Paleogenic Mali i Gjiere carbonate sequence and the Terziary flysch units of the “Ionian Zone” of Albania. The discharge area is characterized by the presence of Triassic evaporites, mainly constituted by gypsum and anhydrite, associated with clay, limestones, dolomite and halite. The spring consists of several discharge points, yielding as a whole an average water flow of about 11 m³/s.     

Variation of karst spring discharge in the recent five decades as an indicator of global climate change: A case study at Shanxi,northern China

As one of the largest international scientific pro- grams in geoscience and environmental science, global change studies were initiated in the early 1980s[1,2]. Noticeable achievements have been made in the stud- ies using indicators such as loess, marine sediment, permafrost, vermicular red earth, and even magmatic activity[2―6]. In recent years, the importance of ground- water as a new type of global change indicators has caused wide attention[7]. Stochastic, isotopic and hy- drochemical st…     

Modeling of the marine environmental pollution by petroleum hydrocarbons and their biotransformation in Tatar Strait waters

A hydroecological model is used for simultaneous studying water pollution processes by petroleum hydrocarbons and their decay under the oceanographic conditions of Tatar Strait. The model calculations were based on long-term averaged observational data on interannual variations of water temperature, light intensity, and transparency. Some oceanographic characteristics of the strait were reconstructed with the help of GIS “Sakhalin Shelf.” The strait’s water area was divided into three regions, and water exchange between them and the neighboring regions of the Sea of Japan was estimated by a hydrodynamic model. The results of the study made it possible to assess interannual variations in the concentrations and inner fluxes of petroleum hydrocarbons, oil-oxidizing bacteria biomasses, and the characteristics of their oxidation activity.     

A probable mechanism of the water level subsidence in wells as a precursor of an earthquake event

Case histories of water level subsidence in bore-holes as a precursor of earthquakes are given here. Based on the examples, a testable quantitative theory for causative mechanism of the precursor—“draining-injecting water model with variable discharge” is proposed (abbreviated to DIW model). Through analysing the constitution law of which the deformation changes in the porous, water-saturated media under the effect of exterior stress, as first step of all, the authors suggested first a simple “drainage-natural restoration model” (abbreviated to DNR model), calculated and gave a group of theoretical precursor curve by using DNR model, compared the theoretical precursor curves of DNR model with the observational curves, found out the differences of the two curves, studied the causative physical factors that caused the differences then, revised the DNR model, and finally, the theory on “draining-injecting water model with variable discharge” in the paper was obtained. The authors deduced general equation of the two dimensions “draining-injecting water linear source drawdown field” in the paper, suggested and developed the concept on “domain”. DIW model can also give a possible explanation for both regularity and complexity of this precursor. DIW theory can quantitatively divide the seismogenic process of the foci on the short-term and impending process into several phases, and by inversing the discharge functionq(τ) curve, the time values by which the phases are divided were obtained. They will be helpful to predicting the occurrence time of earthquake and judging the DD and IPE model of the seismogenesis. The Chinese version of this paper appeared in the Chinese edition ofActa Seismologica Sinica,15, 194–201, 1993.     

Influence of “stress reversal” on rock resistivity during loading procedure

The properties of rock resitivity were studied under pressure, particularly with “stress reversal”, a procedure in which the pressure applied was increased and decreased. It was observed that, 1) With pressure increasing, the main feature of resistivity change was increase-steady-decrease for high-saturation rock samples (saturation 70–100%). But the main feature for low-saturation samples was different. 2) In 10 out of 11 cases of “stress reversal” for high-saturation samples the resistivity droped (about 2%). Such drop could explain the anomalies in geoelectricity terms, which are commonly observed before earthquakes in China. 3) It was also observed shortly before rock failure that, a) the resistivity drops more dramatically (about 20%) during “stress reversal” period, which is much more than ordinary drops. b) these drops occurred not only during stress decrease but also during stress increase. c) Resistivity exhibits anisotropy: the resistivity along different directions may differ by 10%. These three features may indicate that the rock is nearing failure, while ordinary resistivity drops are only connected with “stress reversal” and may not mean the imminence of rock failure. 4) Resistivity increase was observed during the “stress reversal” period for low-saturation rock samples. The results mentioned above were explained with the effect of water flowing in and out of the cracks of rock. The temporary factors which yield a reduction of the maximum main stress, may enhence the possibility of earthquake occurrence.     

Long-term variations of water quality of the Selenga and Kiran rivers at the Russian-Mongolian boundary

Principal-Component Method is used to identify the major factors governing the long-term variations of water chemistry in the transboundary rivers of Selenga and Kiran. Their preliminary interpretation was made. Water chemistry formation in both large (Selenga) and small (Kiran) rivers is shown to be mostly governed by natural-climatic factors. Thus, an increase in water abundance has a dual effect on water chemistry: on the one hand, water is enriched with substances increasingly entering it because of the more intense erosion and dissolution of solid rocks, and, on the other hand, the concentrations of chemicals of anthropogenic origin decrease because of their greater dilution. A conclusion was made regarding a relationship between a positive trend in water temperature and an increase in the concentration of chlorine ion in water. A preliminary estimate is given to the effect of municipal and industrial wastes, as well as surface and subsurface waters of various genesis on long-term variations of river water chemistry. Trends in changes in water chemistry were studied by using approximations of long-term series of the variables that determine the interpretation of principal factors with the help of a slow trend by “caterpillar” method.     

Seasonal biogeochemical and microbiological studies of small lakes in taiga zone of northwestern Russian (Arkhangelsk Province)

The results of biogeochemical and microbiological studies of three small lakes in southwestern Arkhangelsk province are presented. The lakes differ in their morphometric characteristics, thermal and oxygen regimes, and the extent of anthropogenic impact they experience. In the periods of summer and winter stratification, anaerobic water layers with higher phosphates, ammonium, and sulfide sulfur (hydrogen sulfide) are found to form in the bottom horizon of deep-water zones of the lakes. The highest concentrations of sulfide sulfur (150–210 μg dm⁻³) were recorded in the shallow Beloe Lake during winter low-water period, while in summer, sulfide concentration did not differ from those obtained in other lakes (∼10 μg dm⁻³). The abundance of sulfate-reducing bacteria in lake bottom sediments varied from 10 to 100000 cell cm⁻³, and the rate of sulfate reduction process varied from 29 to 3746 μg S dm⁻³ day⁻¹. Seasonal variations were revealed in hydrogen sulfide distribution over the water column and in the rate of sulfate reduction process in the upper horizons of bottom sediments in the examined lakes.     

Bacterial community in deep subseafloor sediments from the western Pacific “warm pool”

The bacterial community in deep subseafloor sediments at a depth of 230 cm from the western Pacific “warm pool” is studied by construction of 16S rDNA clone library and PCR-RFLP (Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism) analysis. The results indicate that the bacterial community in these sediments is mainly composed of five groups: α-Proteobacteria, β-Proteobacteria, CFB group (Cytophaga / Flexibacteria / Bacteroides), Acidobacteria and gram positive bacteria, with a few genera detected in each group. The most abundant bacteria group is α-Proteobacteria, and the next is β-Proteobacteria. The dominant species in α-and β-Proteobacteria are Sphingomonas paucimobilis and Pseudomonas alcaligenes respectively. The CFB group is simply composed of members belonging to Flavobacterium. The gram positive bacteria are rich, and mainly consists of the genus Geobacillus. The analysis of bacterial community indicates that organic matter is still abundant in the subseafloor sediments at the depth of 230 cm in the western Pacific “warm pool”. These bacteria in this deep biosphere may play an important role in the nitrogen cycle of deep sea sediments at “warm pool”. Supported by the National Key Basic Research Support Foundation of China (Grant No. G2000078500) and China Ocean Mineral Resources R&D Association Project (Grant No. DY105-4-2-4)     

The pattern characteristics of the tendency variations of earth resistivity and its relation to earthquakes

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Eddy resolving modelling of the Gulf of Lions and Catalan Sea

The generation process of strong long-lived eddies flowing southwestwards along the Catalan slope was revealed through numerical modelling and in situ observations. Careful analyses of a particular event in autumn 2007 demonstrated a link between a “LATEX” eddy, which remained in the southwestern corner of the Gulf of Lions and a “CATALAN” eddy, which moved along the Catalan Shelf, since the death of the former gave birth to the latter. The origin of such eddies was found to be an accumulation of potential energy in the southwestern corner of the Gulf of Lions: under the influence of the negative wind stress curl associated with the Tramontane, a warm and less dense water body can be isolated and fed by a coastal current carrying warm water from the Catalan Sea. In summer, this structure can grow and intensify to generate a strong anticyclonic eddy. After a long period of Tramontane, a burst of southeasterlies and northerlies appeared to detach the “LATEX” eddy, which flowed out of the Gulf of Lions, migrating along the Catalan continental slope and continued into the Balearic Sea as the “CATALAN” eddy.     

A discussion on the records of water level ‘precursors’ in Well Shuozhou, Shanxi Province

A lot of slow fluctuations of water level have been observed in the original recording maps of subsurface fluid in Well Shuozhou, Shanxi Province. Some typical recording maps of the “precursors” are introduced in the paper and the features of the “precursors” recorded by the well are analyzed. The results show that 38% strong earthquakes possess this kind of record, which has a fluctuation period arranging from several to tens of minutes and appear mostly two days before the earthquakes. Moreover, the mechanism, transmission and responding conditions of well water level are discussed, as well as the scientific meaning and practical value of the “precursor” of the well water level in earthquake predictions. Foundation item: State Natural Science Foundation of China (19973011).     

Properties of wave velocity for two types of granitoids at high pressure and temperature and their geological meaning

The wave velocity for two types of granitoids was measured using the analytic method of full-wave vibration at high pressure and high temperature. The laws of velocity changes for them differ with the pressure boost and temperature rise, and the velocity change of S-type is more violent than that of I-type. The “softening point” of compressional wave velocity (V μ) is also revealed during the measurement for two types of granitoids imitating the pressure and temperature at a certain depth. But the depth of “softening”, V_p after “softening” and the percentage of V_p’s drop around the “sofrening point” for two types of granitoids are obviously different. The depth of “softening” is 15 km approximately and V_p after “softening” is 5.62 km/s for S-type granitoid. But for I-type granitoid the depth of “softening” is 26 km approximately and V_p after “softening” is 6. 08 km/s. Through careful analysis of rock slices after the experiment, it was found that the “softening” of elastic-wave velocity is caused by the partial melting of granite. Combined with the results of geophysical prospecting, these results suggest that the low-velocity layers developing in the interior of Earth crust are related to thc partial melting of different types of granitoids. The formation of the low-velocity layer in the upper-middle Earth crust is closely related to the development of S-type granitoid, but that in the lower Earth crust is closely related to the development of I-type granitoid.     

Study on the pattern and mode of vertical crustal deformation during the seismogenic process of intraplate strong earthquakes

Ｓｔｕｄｙｏｎｔｈｅｐａｔｔｅｒｎａｎｄｍｏｄｅｏｆｖｅｒｔｉｃａｌｃｒｕｓｔａｌｄｅｆｏｒｍａｔｉｏｎｄｕｒｉｎｇｔｈｅｓｅｉｓｍｏｇｅｎｉｃｐｒｏｃｅｓｓｏｆｉｎｔｒａｐｌａｔｅｓｔｒｏｎｇｅａｒｔｈｑｕａｋｅｓ杨国华，桂昆长，巩曰沐，杨春花，韩...     

Environmental drivers of biotic traits and phenology patterns of Diptera assemblages in karst springs: The role of canopy uncovered

Springs are stable environments with constant abiotic factors and therefore of use in variety of ecological experiments. We investigated the influence of canopy coverage on abundance, diversity, phenology and feeding guilds among Diptera assemblages at two rheocrene karst springs located near each other. The springs differed by canopy coverage while physicochemical characteristics of the water were similar. We set six emergence traps for one year at each spring covering all available microhabitats proportionally. We hypothesized that canopy coverage will have a strong effect on assemblage composition of Diptera as well as on diversity, abundance, phenology and feeding guilds composition between sites and that it will have a stronger effect than microhabitat characteristics. Similarity of species composition among springs was only 37.5%, with 23 common species/taxa out of 74 species/taxa. Abundance of Diptera was 8.5× higher at the open canopy spring, while diversity and number of species/taxa was higher at closed canopy spring. Emergence started earlier at open canopy site and was prolonged even in winter months. The majority of species were detritus feeders followed by collectors and there was no substantial difference among sites. We conclude that at springs with similar water characteristics, canopy coverage is the main driver of Diptera assemblage structure, with water velocity as a complementary factor. Substrate and other physicochemical factors seem less important.     

广西武鸣盆地岩溶泉口浮游生物群落对水环境变化的响应

近年来我国西南岩溶地区一些岩溶泉出现水生生态系统由草型向藻型转变的问题,但水化学监测却显示泉水水质依旧良好.岩溶泉的水质变化与水生生态系统退化不同步,故探寻岩溶泉水环境的变化以及浮游生物群落的响应,对全面掌握和客观评价泉水的健康状况具有重要意义.于2016年7月、2020年7月两个时期对广西武鸣盆地内4个岩溶泉进行了浮...     

Gibt es eine „kritische Windgeschwindigkeit“ für die Grenzfläche Wasser — Luft?

Zusammenfassung Aus Windprofilmessungen in feststehenden H?hen über den Wellenk?mmen lassen sich keine zuverl?ssigen Schlüsse über die effektive Schubkraft des Windes an der Meeresoberfl?che ziehen. Der Grund liegt im wesentlichen in der verschiedenartigen vertikalen Windgeschwindigkeitsverteilung über Wellenbergen und Wellent?lern und in der Tatsache, da? die Windprofilmessungen im wesentlichen nur das Windprofil über den Bergen widerspiegeln. Der Versuch, die Windprofilmessungen zu „reduzieren“, ist mit zu gro?en Fehlern behaftet, zeigt aber qualitativ eine systematische Erh?hung der aus Windmessungen berechneten Reibungsfaktoren an. Damit kann der Anschlu? an die aus Windstaubeobachtungen ermittelten Reibungsfaktoren gewonnen werden, so da? der vermeintliche „Sprung“ von einer „glatten“ zu einer „rauhen“ Grenzfl?che verschwindet, und eine „kritische Windgeschwindigkeit“, die diesen Sprung angeben soll, gar nicht existiert.

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On the problem of the “critical wind velocity” at the air — sea boundary surface

Summary From the measurements of wind profiles at fixed heights above the wave crests no reliable conclusions can be drawn with regard to the wind's effective shearing force at the sea surface. This is essentially due to the diversified vertical distribution of the wind speed above the waves' crests and troughs as well as to the fact that when measuring wind profiles above the waves it is mainly the profiles above the wave crests that are obtained. Attempts to “reduce” wind profiles have proved to be subject to considerable errors; however, they show qualitatively a systematic increase of the frictional factors as computed from wind measurements. This links up with the frictional factors ascertained from observations of the wind effect so that the supposed “leap” from a “smooth” to a “rough” boundary surface and the “critical wind speed” corresponding to this leap do not exist at all.

     

On the seismic regime network method

In this paper, based on the previous study of practical use of seismic regime windows and seismic regime belts, the problem of establishing a “seismic regime network” consisting of “windows” and “belts” is further posed and discussed according to the observed fact that many “windows” and “belts” make responses to one earthquake. For the convenience of usage, the “seismic regime network” is divided into two classes, the first class and the second one. The former can be used in tendency prediction for long-term seismic activity in a large area, the latter used in short-term prediction in a small area. In this paper, after briefly discussing the physical significance of “seismic regime network”, it is pointed out that this simple and easily used method can be used to observe and extract seismic precursory information from a large area before a great earthquake, thus it can provide a reliable basis for the analysis and judgement of seismic regime tendency in time and space. No doult, this method is of certain practical significance. The Chinese version of this paper appeared in the Chinese edition ofActa Seismologica Sinica,13, 161–169, 1991. The English version of this paper is improved by Prof. Shaoxie Xu.