新疆准噶尔北缘北塔山组火山岩年龄及岩石成因

对准噶尔北缘北塔山组辉石玄武岩进行了LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb 年龄测定, 获得了玄武岩的喷发年龄380.5±2.2Ma,表明北塔山组火山岩形成于中泥盆世。该地层火山岩中辉石玄武岩和无斑玄武岩的SiO₂含量为47.55%~52.97%、Al₂O₃的含量为8.44%~20.00%、TiO₂为0.5%~1.2%,MgO含量为2.8%~15.35%、CaO为3.98%~14.83%、FeO^T为9.46%~19.23%,具有亚碱性拉斑玄武岩的特征。其微量元素显示富集大离子亲石元素(LILE)和轻稀土元素(LREE),亏损Nb、Ta和Ti,Eu异常不明显。它们具有极低的初始⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr同位素比值(0.703835~0.704337)和高的ε_Nd(381Ma)值(+6.84~+12.3,t=381Ma)的亏损地幔源区特征。结合区域地质背景,北塔山组火山岩形成于与俯冲作用相关的构造环境,是准噶尔古洋盆于泥盆世时发生的俯冲-消减所引发的岛弧岩浆作用的地质记录。岩浆源区为被流体或沉积物熔体交代改造的地幔楔和软流圈地幔,不同类型的岩石系不同成分的原始岩浆经不同演化过程的产物。     

西藏拉萨地块南缘晚白垩世镁铁质岩浆作用的年代学、地球化学及意义

镁铁质岩石所反映出的壳幔作用信息可以为地壳增生发生的时间和方式提供可靠的证据。本文报道了南部拉萨地块东段朗县至米林之间晚白垩世镁铁质岩石的岩石学、锆石U-Pb年代学、全岩地球化学以及锆石Hf同位素数据。锆石U-Pb定年结果表明,角闪辉长岩侵位于98~88Ma,高Al₂O₃(17.25%~19.46%),低MgO含量(3.89%~5.07%)及Mg^#(44~50),与高铝玄武岩特征相似,属于中钾钙碱性岩石,富集大离子亲石元素(LILE)、亏损高场强元素(HFSE),铕异常不明显(δEu=0.82~1.06),(⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr)_i值为0.70427,ε_Nd(t)值为3.0,具有高且正的锆石ε_Hf(t)值(+11.8~+17.2)。这些晚白垩世镁铁质岩石可能是来自俯冲板片的沉积物熔体交代地幔楔物质发生部分熔融并经历一定程度镁铁质矿物分离结晶作用产物。     

塔西南其木干早二叠世玄武岩的喷发时代及地球化学特征

塔西南其木干剖面棋盘组玄武岩是塔里木盆地早二叠世大火成岩省西南部的重要组成部分,根据其下伏和上覆砂岩地层的碎屑锆石U-Pb年龄分析可以限定其喷发于~284Ma,相应于柯坪地区开派兹雷克组玄武岩的形成时代。其木干玄武岩的主量元素和Cr、Ni等相容元素含量变化较大,表明其曾经历广泛的橄榄石、辉石和长石结晶分异作用;所研究样品相对富集Th、U和LREE,具有弱-中等程度的Eu负异常 (Eu/Eu^*=0.82~0.99),在微量元素蛛网图上显示Nb-Ta负异常;较低的ε_Nd(t) (-4.8~-3.9) 和ε_Hf(t) (-2.4~-1.6) 值、较高的 (⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr)_i (0.7078~0.7086)和存在Hf-Nd同位素解耦等特征表明,其木干玄武岩的源区为受远洋沉积物组分交代富集的岩石圈地幔,该富集过程主要与Rodinia超大陆聚合过程有关。总体上,其木干玄武岩的地球化学特征类似于柯坪地区的开派兹雷克组玄武岩,但具有更为富集的Sr-Nd-Hf同位素,暗示了塔里木板块周缘比板内地区可能经受了更强烈的远洋沉积物组分的交代富集。     

广东园珠顶铜钼矿床花岗斑岩年代学、地球化学特征及锆石Hf同位素

园珠顶铜钼矿床位于钦杭成矿带南段的大瑶山隆起北缘,为大型斑岩型铜钼矿床。通过LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb同位素测年,获得了花岗斑岩的高精度成岩年龄,为（154.3±1.7） Ma （n=12,MSWD=3.1）,为晚侏罗世岩浆活动的产物,与辉钼矿的Re-Os同位素年龄155 Ma相吻合。岩石地球化学分析表明,园珠顶花岗斑岩高硅〔w（SiO₂）为68.81%~70.21%〕、富碱〔w（Na₂O）+w（K₂O）为6.78%~8.01%〕、准铝质-弱过铝质（A/CNK为0.96~1.04）;稀土元素总量中等（ΣREE 为142.15×10^-6~170.83×10^-6）,富集轻稀土元素（ΣLREE 为135.05×10^-6~162.34×10^-6）,轻重稀土元素分馏明显〔（La/Yb）_N=30.97~32.10〕,弱的Eu负异常（δEu=0.86~0.89）,稀土元素配分模式总体右倾;岩石相对富集Rb、K等大离子亲石元素（LILE）及高场强元素Th、U,亏损Nb、Ta、P、Ti等高场强元素（HFSE）及部分大离子亲石元素Ba、Sr。LA-MC-ICP-MS锆石Hf 的原位分析表明,¹⁷⁶Hf/¹⁷⁷Hf值变化于0.282 500~0.282 801之间,ε_Hf（t）值介于-6.27~4.19。综合分析表明,园珠顶花岗斑岩为准铝质-弱过铝质的I型花岗岩,具有壳幔混合源成因,锆石ε_Hf（t）值反映了园珠顶花岗斑岩的成岩源区较为复杂,总体具亏损岩浆源区的特征,以幔源物质为主,但在岩浆侵位过程中遭受了古老地壳物质的混染。结合区域构造背景和前人研究成果,认为园珠顶斑岩体及铜钼矿,与钦杭成矿带北段的永平铜矿具有一致的成岩成矿构造背景,形成于板块俯冲环境。     

吉林南部辉南-靖宇地区岩石圈地幔氧化-还原状态及研究意义

吉林省南部辉南-靖宇地区第四纪碱性玄武岩中的地幔包体主要为尖晶石相二辉橄榄岩和方辉橄榄岩。二辉橄榄岩和方辉橄榄岩的平衡温度分别为770~1000℃和850~1025℃,对应的氧逸度 (f_O2)值分别为FMQ -0.70至+0.34 (均值为FMQ -0.06) 和FMQ -0.46至+0.05 (均值为FMQ -0.15),它们与深海橄榄岩(abyssal peridotites)以及软流圈地幔的f_O2相似。橄榄岩的f_O2值,连同其全岩化学成分(如Mg^#、Al₂O₃、CaO、Ni、Co和Cr)和矿物化学成分(如橄榄石的Fo、尖晶石的Cr^#和Mg^#,以及辉石的Mg^#)特征,表明辉南-靖宇地区龙岗火山群下面的岩石圈地幔很可能是在晚中生代以来,伴随着华北克拉通和扬子板块的碰撞以及来自东侧太平洋板块和北侧蒙古-额霍次克(Mongolo-Okhotsk)板块分别向西和向南的俯冲叠加,原来的古老岩石圈失衡、塌陷(拆沉？),取而代之的深部软流圈底辟、上涌,又经历了低度部分熔融的产物。     

滇西北衙煌斑岩的岩石成因及动力学背景:年代学、地球化学及Sr-Nd-Pb-Hf同位素约束

北衙地区出露有多条煌斑岩脉,锆石LA-ICP-MS定年表明岩脉的侵位时间为34.96±0.66Ma,与滇西地区新生代岩浆活动的高峰期一致.岩石地球化学分析表明北衙煌斑岩具有高钾(K₂O/Na₂O为1.03~10.38)、富碱((K₂O+Na₂O)(平均7.55%)、高Mg^#(30~73),富集大离子亲石元素(LILE)(K、Rb、Ba)和轻稀土元素(LREE),亏损高场强元素(HFSE)和重稀土元素的特征.同位素以高(⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr)_i(0.70615~0.70825),低ε_Nd(t)(-5.3~-1.3),富集放射性Pb(²⁰⁸Pb/²⁰⁴Pb=38.542~38.856,²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁴Pb=15.553~15.617,²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb=18.482~18.612)为特征,¹⁷⁶Hf/¹⁷⁷Hf为0.282631~0.282882,ε_Hf(t)为-4.2~1.8.岩石地球化学和同位素特征表明该煌斑岩源自经俯冲板片交代富集了的岩石圈地幔,推测源区可能为含金云母的尖晶石相橄榄岩地幔与石榴石相橄榄岩地幔的过渡区,起源深度大致在75~85km,明显高于同区富碱斑岩的起源深度.构造和地球动力学背景分析表明,该煌斑岩以及滇西地区新生代岩浆作用都是对印度-欧亚大陆强烈碰撞的响应,都产在强烈伸展的动力学背景下,为岩石圈减薄的产物.     

鹤壁新生代玄武岩源区及成因: 地球化学和Sr-Nd-Hf同位素证据

大陆碱性玄武岩是研究大陆地幔、软流圈和岩石圈、壳幔相互作用的窗口。鹤壁碱性玄武岩为华北中部新生代玄武岩重要组成部分,其源区和成因对了解新生代期间华北克拉通中部岩石圈地幔改造提供了重要依据。鹤壁新生代玄武岩主要为碱性玄武岩,贫硅(SiO₂=45.0%~47.8%)富镁(MgO=7.3%~8.5%)和全碱(Na₂O+K₂O=4.6%~6.3%),富集轻稀土元素,轻、重稀土元素强烈分馏,无明显Eu异常。富集大离子亲石元素(LILEs)和高场强元素(HFSEs)。在原始地幔标准化蛛网图上,具有明显的Nb、Ta正异常,其中Nb/U=35~48、La/Nb=0.4~0.7、Ba/Nb=3.6~11。 全岩的Sr、Nd、Hf同位素比值分别为⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr_i=0.7036~0.7044,ε_Nd(t)=+0.4~+5.4, ε_Hf(t)=+5.0~+9.7,显示鹤壁新生代玄武岩具有洋岛玄武岩(OIB)的地球化学特征和同位素组成。岩相学特征和地球化学特征表明鹤壁新生代玄武岩是软流圈地幔(>80km)小程度部分熔融形成的熔体与富集的岩石圈地幔相互作用后的结果,地壳物质混染和结晶分离作用不显著。     

贵州水城二叠纪钠质粗面玄武岩的地球化学特征及其源区

贵州水城二叠纪玄武岩位于峨眉山大火成岩省东部。该玄武岩全岩SiO₂的含量为44.5%~50.04%,TiO₂的含量为2.38%~2.74%,MgO的含量为5.74%~7.96%, Mg^#值较低为0.40~0.49,Na₂O含量高,为4.81%~7.19%,并且Na₂O/K₂O>4,属于钠质粗面玄武岩即夏威夷岩。具有ΣREE富集的右倾型稀土元素分布模式,稀土和微量元素特征和Pb同位素特征显示洋岛玄武岩OIB的地球化学特征,(⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr)_i=0.70482~0.70503,ε_Nd(t)和(²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb)_<em>t变化范围较窄:1.3~1.8和17.21~17.62。与贵州威宁黑石头和织金二叠纪玄武岩比较,水城玄武岩富碱,TiO₂含量低,Na₂O、MgO和Al₂O₃含量高,造成峨眉山大火成岩省东部贵州境内三个地方玄武岩不同性质的主要原因是由于地幔源区不同,分离结晶程度和地壳混染程度的不同,水城玄武岩来源于交代富集地幔,是峨眉山地幔柱上升至石榴石稳定区发生部分熔融,地幔柱的部分熔融体和富含挥发分的大陆岩石圈地幔混合,在上升到地表过程中受到轻微的地壳混染所形成。     

福建紫金山矿田浸铜湖矿床石英正长斑岩锆石U-Pb年代学及其岩石地球化学特征

浸铜湖斑岩铜（钼）矿床位于福建紫金山矿田的北东侧,本文分析了出露于该矿床的石英正长斑岩的主量元素、稀土和微量元素组成,Nd同位素组成,并对其进行锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb定年。研究结果显示,岩石SiO₂含量变化于57.59%~71.19%,岩石全碱含量为7.73%~10.01%,里特曼指数σ为 2.21~6.05,铝饱和指数A/CNK为1.24~1.53,为过铝质、高钾钙碱性系列。稀土元素总量为152×10^-6~212×10^-6,具有弱Eu负异常（Eu/Eu^*=0.71~0.97）,（La/Yb）_N为16.62~33.49,表现出轻稀土富集,重稀土亏损。微量元素具有亏损Nb、Ta、P、Ti等高场强元素,富集大离子亲石元素的特点,显示弧岩浆作用特点。岩石具有低的ε_Nd（t）值和低的Nd模式年龄,分别为-6.60~-4.37和1.25~1.43Ga,显示壳-幔相互作用特征。对石英正长斑岩两个样品的锆石进行激光探针等离子体质谱（LA-ICP-MS）U-Pb微区测定,结果分别为95.3±0.9Ma和96.7±0.9Ma,为晚白垩世早期岩浆活动产物。结合已有的研究成果,本文认为石英正长斑岩形成于拉张的构造背景之下,由受到俯冲组分改造或影响的岩石圈地幔物质与中、下地壳物质部分熔融形成的花岗质岩浆混合形成。     

河北省青龙满族自治县四拨子-六拨子钼铜矿床成矿流体及成矿机制探讨

河北省青龙满族自治县四拨子-六拨子钼铜矿位于燕辽成矿带东部,是近年来发现的中型钼铜矿床。辉钼矿呈细脉状、网脉状、浸染状、薄膜状赋存于长城系石英砂岩及白云岩中的矽卡岩带,钼矿化与硅化关系密切。矿体呈似层状、脉状和透镜状。矿床的形成经历了矽卡岩期和石英-硫化物期,铜和钼矿化主要形成于石英-硫化物期。研究表明,矽卡岩期矿物以发育液体包裹体为特征,石英-硫化物期石英中主要发育液体包裹体、含CO₂两相和三相包裹体。矽卡岩期成矿流体为高-中温(192~497℃)、中-低盐度(5.41%~16.53% NaCleqv)、中-低密度(0.59~0.92g/cm³)的NaCl-H₂O体系。石英-硫化物期成矿流体为中-低温(主要变化于160~330℃)、低盐度(2.07%~15.17% NaCleqv)和中低密度(0.69~1.01g/cm³)的NaCl-H₂O-CO₂ (±CH₄/N₂)型流体。石英的δD_SMOW为-128‰~-80‰,δ¹⁸O_SMOW值为9.6‰~14‰,δ¹⁸O_H2O值为-3.61%~5.30‰,表明成矿流体具有岩浆水混合大气降水的特征。硫化物的δ³⁴S变化于-0.9‰~5.7‰,平均值为2.9‰,表明成矿物质中硫来自深部岩浆。成矿时代为早侏罗世早期,成矿作用与花岗斑岩岩浆期后热液活动有关。     

南秦岭下地壳组成及岩石圈的拆离俯冲作用

根据新提供的Pb同位素组成及岩石地球化学研究成果，本文进一步证实了位于北秦岭北界的明港地区发育的早中生代安山玄武质火山角砾岩岩筒所携带的下地壳捕虏体属于南秦岭。所恢复的南秦岭下地壳剖面自下而上为：底侵成因的变辉长岩-基性麻粒岩(其中含有榴辉岩及辉石岩的透镜体)-酸性麻粒岩。秦岭造山带总体的岩石因模型为：南秦岭(扬子块体)向北拆离俯冲，北秦岭地壳向华北仰冲，华北岩石因呈楔状插入秦岭造山带，拆离面约在中、下地壳之间。南秦岭俯冲岩片延伸的范围在平面上有可能达到400km。     

青藏高原综合观测研究站的回顾与展望

中国科学院青藏高原综合观测研究站从１９８８年建站到１９９８年以来,在各个方面均取得了长足的发展,横向生产性项目的开展和完成不仅解决了部队和地方的实际问题,而且缓和了观测研究站在运行过程中所面临的经费严重不足的问题,同时也为我所冻土专业研究人员提供了在生产中实践的机会,在基础理论研究方面,承担了国家攀登计划项目,国家基金项目,中国科学院重点项目和中国科学院冰冻圈专项项目等的研究工作,在多年冻土变化,     

铀钍的地球化学及对地壳演化和生物进化的影响

本文论述了在含挥发份和贫挥发份条件下Ｕ、Ｔｈ的迁移行为及其对地球和行星演化的影响,并阐述了造成地球独特地质演化历史的原因。提出了Ｕ、Ｔｈ在地球中的迁移模式以及该模式对地壳形成、演化的控制作用和对生物发展演化的可能影响。     

Wavelets and the Generalization of the Variogram

The experimental variogram computed in the usual way by the method of moments and the Haar wavelet transform are similar in that they filter data and yield informative summaries that may be interpreted. The variogram filters out constant values; wavelets can filter variation at several spatial scales and thereby provide a richer repertoire for analysis and demand no assumptions other than that of finite variance. This paper compares the two functions, identifying that part of the Haar wavelet transform that gives it its advantages. It goes on to show that the generalized variogram of order k=1, 2, and 3 filters linear, quadratic, and cubic polynomials from the data, respectively, which correspond with more complex wavelets in Daubechies's family. The additional filter coefficients of the latter can reveal features of the data that are not evident in its usual form. Three examples in which data recorded at regular intervals on transects are analyzed illustrate the extended form of the variogram. The apparent periodicity of gilgais in Australia seems to be accentuated as filter coefficients are added, but otherwise the analysis provides no new insight. Analysis of hyerpsectral data with a strong linear trend showed that the wavelet-based variograms filtered it out. Adding filter coefficients in the analysis of the topsoil across the Jurassic scarplands of England changed the upper bound of the variogram; it then resembled the within-class variogram computed by the method of moments. To elucidate these results, we simulated several series of data to represent a random process with values fluctuating about a mean, data with long-range linear trend, data with local trend, and data with stepped transitions. The results suggest that the wavelet variogram can filter out the effects of long-range trend, but not local trend, and of transitions from one class to another, as across boundaries.     

共和盆地层状地貌系统与青藏高原隆升及黄河发育

利用卫星遥感影像,结合实地调查和测年结果,对共和盆地层状地貌系统进行了解译、分析。研究表明,共和盆地层状地貌系统由山麓剥蚀面、洪积扇面、盆地面以及黄河阶地面构成,其空间结构、物质组成对发生于早更新世早期的青藏运动C幕和中更新世末期的共和运动反映清晰。青藏运动C幕使青藏高原主夷平面在高原差异性隆升中彻底解体,垂直变形量高达1700m。共和运动使黄河在0.11Ma进入共和盆地,其后黄河平均以3.5mm/a的侵蚀速率下切盆地,同时在盆地边部的山前古冲洪积扇以大致相近的速率被抬升,最终导致高差在2000m左右的层状地貌系统的出现。     

从榴辉岩与围岩的关系论苏鲁榴辉岩的形成与折返

位于华北和扬子两板块碰撞带中的苏鲁榴辉岩形成的温压条件不但是超高压，而且是高温。榴辉岩的PTt轨迹表明其为陆-陆磁撞俯冲带的产物。榴辉岩的区域性围岩花岗质片麻岩为新元古代同碰撞期花岗岩，榴辉岩及其他直接围岩皆呈包体存在于其中，并见新元古代花岗岩呈脉状侵入榴辉岩包体中。区域性围岩新元古代花岗岩的锆石中发现有柯石英、绿辉石等包裹体，表明新元古代花岗岩的组成物质也经受过超高压变质作用，且榴辉岩与围岩新元古代花岗岩的锆石U-Pb体系同位素年龄基本相同。但新元古代花岗岩所记录的变质作用和变形作用期次（或阶段）却少于榴辉岩。椐上述可得如下推断：超高压榴辉岩与新元古代花岗岩岩浆是同时在碰撞带底部（俯冲板块前部）形成的；榴辉岩的第一折返阶段是由新元古代花岗岩岩浆携带上升的，其第二折返阶段是和新元古代花岗岩一起由逆冲及区域性隆起而上升，遭受剥蚀。     

南海的形成演化与新特提斯在南海的重新活化

南海位于印度板块、欧亚板块和太平洋板块之间,是世界上最大的边缘海,其构造位置处于太平洋构造域和特提斯构造域,地质构造复杂.关于南海形成演化的动力学机制存在有多种不同观点,其中最重要的一个观点是印度板块与欧亚板块的碰撞致使华南地块和印支地块地幔物质沿东南方向蠕动,从而导致南海的海底扩张.从特提斯的演化规律,以及新特提斯的闭合过程来看,南海并不是特提斯洋的残留海,而是新特提斯在闭合过程中配合印度板块与欧亚板块碰撞导致华南地块和印支地块地幔物质东南方向蠕动的动力学机制下,在南海重新活化的结果.     

Principles of spatial organization and evolution of the biosphere and the noosphere

In his last lifetime essay, “A Few Words about the Noosphere”, Academician V.I. Vernadsky (1944) wrote that all living organisms on the planet, including man, are integral to the biosphere of the Earth, its material and energy structure and cannot be physically independent of it even for a minute. However, the substrate that generates all living beings and is no less tightly bound to the biosphere has always been characterized by a significant geochemical heterogeneity, traced both in the vertical and in the lateral structure of all geospheres.

The present work is devoted to three most important aspects of modern geochemistry and biogeochemistry:

• — evolution of the ecological and geochemical state of the environment under conditions of a virgin (anthropogenically untouched) biosphere;
• — structural features of the geochemical organization of the modern noosphere;
• — specificity of the interaction of living matter with the environment under increasing anthropogenic load.

On the basis of theoretical concepts of biogeochemistry and geochemical ecology, formulated in the works of V.I. Vernadsky, A.P. Vinogradov, A.E. Fersman, B.B. Polynov, A.I. Perel’man, M.A. Glazovskaya, V.V. Kovalsky, E. Odum, B. Commoner, E.I. Kolchinskii and others, the author puts forward a hypothesis that there exist two qualitatively different stages in the evolution of the biosphere.The first stage is recognized as the period of natural evolution of the biosphere during which it evolves successively into a more complex and more biogeochemically specialized object. In the course of the geological time, this constantly results, on the one hand, in an increase in species diversity and the perfection of individual species, and, on the other hand, to directed improvement and a greater differentiation of the geochemical conditions of the environment. At this stage, the evolution of all systems of the biosphere that were controlled by the mechanisms of self-organization and self-regulation resulted in the establishment of a dynamic equilibrium, which was responsible for the cycling of all essential chemical elements and therefore providing ecologically optimal geochemical conditions in all ecological niches and for all species and biocenoses inhabiting the biosphere at any given moment.The beginning of the second stage is related to the appearance of reason and qualitative changes in the biosphere caused by the goal-directed activity of the human mind, as an entirely new geological force that appeared to be able not only to disrupt the functioning of natural mechanisms of self-regulation and selforganization, but also to transform the environment in the intersts of a single biological species, Homo sapiens. A direct consequence of this change was the uncontrolled transformation of the natural environment, during which the primary structure (geochemical background) created in the course of billions of years was eventually superimposed by a qualitatively new layer of anthropogenically-derived chemical elements and compounds, thus building an interference pattern of a new geochemical field with which practically all modern living organisms are now forced to interact.An outstanding feature of the new evolutionary stage of the natural environment, called by Vernadsky the noosphere, is that biogeochemical changes at this stage proceed at a rate which exceeds that required for the living matter to adapt to these changes. The result is the disruption of the existing parameters of the biological cycle, leading to the emergence of a significant number of endemic diseases of geochemical nature.The proposed approach was used to prove the anthropogenic genesis of existing geochemical endemic diseases and explain the mechanisms of their appearance. In addition, this approach allowed us to develop a new methodology for mapping zones of ecological and geochemical risk and noticeably simplify the procedure of monitoring distribution and prevention of all diseases of geochemical nature.