黑龙江三道湾子金矿Au-Ag-Te系列矿物特征及其成矿阶段分析

黑龙江省三道湾子金矿床是碲化物型低硫化浅成低温热液矿床,矿石类型主要为贫硫石英脉型,矿石矿物组合较简单,除了黄铁矿、黄铜矿以外,通过光薄片鉴定以及电子探针、扫描电镜分析,在矿脉中发现大量金银碲化物,主要有斜方碲金矿、针碲金银矿、碲金银矿、碲银矿等;脉石矿物有石英、方解石等,富含碲化物的地段往往是富矿囊的部位。三道湾子金矿床经历了四个成矿阶段：石英-黄铁矿阶段;石英-多金属硫化物阶段;石英-金、碲化物-硫化物阶段,为金矿脉的主体;石英-碳酸盐阶段。     

应用电子探针技术研究%山东金青顶金矿床碲化物特征

对含碲金矿中碲化物物相组成和元素赋存特征开展系统的研究,有助于对此类金矿矿床成因的理解和找矿勘查工作。山东金青顶金矿床伴生的碲化物由于碲化物颗粒较小,不易被发现,以往的研究缺乏对碲化物元素分布的精细刻画。本文通过电子探针背散射图像、波谱分析、能谱分析结合面扫描技术对金青顶金矿床碲化物进行了分析,研究碲化物的种类、共生关系、化学成分以及元素分布特征等。结果表明:碲金银矿与碲银矿密切共生,常形成连生体,Au、Ag在连生体中不均匀分布,面扫描图局部可见碲金矿亮斑;Te总是优先和Ag结合,生成碲银矿,随着Ag的消耗碲金银矿开始出现,Ag被耗尽后Te与Au生成碲金矿,成矿后期热液中多余的金与碲金银矿或碲银矿反应生成非常规碲化物(如本文发现的Ag2.95Au1.83Te),当Te消耗完后生成自然金;金银矿物的生长顺序是碲银矿—碲金银矿—碲金矿—自然金。本研究为含碲金矿的综合利用提供了技术支持。     

内蒙古图古日格金矿床中碲化物的发现及其地质意义

图古日格金矿床是兴蒙造山带内的一个大型石英脉型金矿床,矿床的矿化与矿区内的钙碱性花岗质岩浆活动存在密切的成因联系。与钙碱性岩浆活动有关的富碲金矿床比较少见;具有富碲特征的金矿床,在兴蒙造山带内也鲜有报道。本次研究通过矿相学观察和电子探针分析,在图古日格金矿床矿石中发现了大量碲化物,包括碲金矿、六方碲银矿、碲金银矿和自然碲等,矿床中金的赋存形式主要为碲化物,其次为自然金和银金矿。图古日格金矿床的主成矿阶段(Ⅱ,石英多金属硫化物阶段)从早到晚可划分为Ⅱ₁、Ⅱ₂和Ⅱ₃三个亚阶段。Ⅱ₁阶段的矿物组合为粗粒黄铁矿+六方碲银矿+碲金银矿+自然碲+粒状方铅矿;Ⅱ₂阶段的矿物组合为细粒黄铁矿+碲金矿+碲金银矿+碲铅矿;Ⅱ₃阶段的矿物组合为自然金+银金矿+脉状方铅矿。碲化物和硫化物共生组合显示,Ⅱ₁阶段成矿流体的lgf_S2为-13.5～-10.9,lgf_Te2为-1...     

鲁西铜石地区碲型金矿床中碲化物特征及其成矿机制研究

为探讨鲁西铜石地区归来庄金矿和卓家庄金矿的成矿物质来源及成矿机制,利用显微镜和电子探针对矿石中典型碲化物矿物进行了分析研究。结果显示,碲化物矿物主要为自然碲和碲银矿,其次是针碲金银矿、AgAu_2Te_6、含银自然金和碲铅矿,初步认为AgAu_2Te_6为新矿物。针碲金银矿、AgAu_2Te_6、部分碲银矿、含银自然金可能是在非平衡状态下快速沉淀而成,与含矿流体的间歇性沸腾作用有关。碲化物的沉淀顺序反映了其各自熔化温度的差异,说明熔点高的碲化物将优先沉淀。矿床成矿热液具有多来源性,可能存在含Au、Ag流体和Te流体,二者在一定的条件下发生不混溶;流体沸腾作用可能是导致碲化物和金等成矿物质快速沉淀的主要机制。     

甘肃党河南山某金矿碲化物的发现及其成因探讨

利用电子探针显微分析技术首次在甘肃党河南山某金矿中发现了碲金银矿、碲银矿、碲金矿、碲铅矿、碲铋矿等碲化物。通过电子探针显微图像观察,发现研究区碲化物均较为细小,赋存状态多以独立矿物形式存在,无连生、交生现象,但空间上与黄铁矿关系密切,多被黄铁矿包裹或产于黄铁矿、石英粒间和黄铁矿裂隙。根据不同碲化物与黄铁矿之间的共生组合关系,推测其形成顺序为碲金矿→碲金银矿→碲铅矿→碲铋矿→碲银矿。依据碲化物矿物组合特征及成矿温度,对其形成时fTe2与fS2进行了限定,lgfTe2范围为-15.2~-11.2,lgfS2范围为-16.7~-14.4。并认为金矿中Au、Te来源与加里东期埃达克质斜长花岗岩体有较大联系,可能为俯冲板片部分熔融形成的埃达克质岩浆与地幔楔相互作用,将成矿元素富集后带入近地表形成含碲化物的金矿床。     

陕西小秦岭镰子沟碲金矿床物质组成特征及矿质沉淀机理研究

镰子沟金矿床是小秦岭驾鹿金矿田内的一个重要金矿床,赋存于太古宇太华群秦仓沟组深变质片麻岩系中,矿石主要为石英脉型。通过显微镜下观察和电子探针分析,确认矿石中存在碲金矿、斜方碲金矿、碲金银矿、碲银矿、碲铅矿、碲镍矿、自然碲等大量含碲矿物。在石英、黄铁矿裂隙中,也存在大量自然金颗粒,它们与硫化物、碲化物共生。结合不同成矿阶段的成矿温压条件和矿物组合研究,构建了该矿床的热力学相平衡关系图,限定了碲化物与其他矿物稳定存在的物理化学条件:即在成矿Ⅱ阶段,f(O2)约为10~(-34.00)~10~(-31.00),f(H2S)约为10~(-1.42)~10~(-0.9),pH值约为6.0~6.8(300℃)。在成矿Ⅲ阶段,f(S2)的范围约在10~(-16.56)~10~(-12.30)之间,而f(Te_2)的范围约在10~(-13.70)~10~(-9.44)(200℃)。碲化物一般晚于硫化物形成,并且高的f(Te_2)值和f(Te_2)/f(S_2)比值是控制碲化物形成的关键因素。     

黑龙江三道湾子金矿Au-Ag-Te系列矿物特征及其成矿流体

本文采用光学显微镜、扫描电镜和电子探针对黑龙江省三道湾子金矿中Au-Ag-Te系列矿物碲银矿、碲金银矿、针碲金银矿、斜方碲金矿和碲金矿进行了详细的矿物学研究,本次研究还发现Au2Te的存在。碲化物矿物多呈粒状或脉状分布于石英或硫化物矿物的裂隙中。Au-Ag-Te系列矿物中,Au含量与Ag含量呈负相关性,与Te含量呈弱的负相关性。结合Au-Ag-Te成分共生图解及镜下特征对金银碲化物矿物共生组合进行分析表明Te优先与Ag结合形成碲银矿或碲金银矿,只有成矿流体中Ag被大量消耗后,Te才与Au结合形成针碲金银矿、斜方碲金矿、碲金矿,最后当成矿流体中Te也被大量消耗后,Au才会形成自然金。氦、氩同位素研究表明石英—黄铁矿阶段流体包裹体中3He/4He值为0.01～0.03Ra,金银碲化物阶段3He/4He值为0.08～1.04Ra,指示金银碲化物阶段有大量地幔物质参与。     

山东乳山金矿中金-银碲化物的矿物学特征与沉淀机理

通过显微鉴定和应用电子探针微束分析,查明乳山金矿中碲化物主要为碲银矿和碲金银矿,少量碲铅矿和碲铋矿,它们呈密切共生的集合体或联生体产出在黄铁矿等硫化物及石英等脉石矿物粒问或裂缝中。碲银矿和碲金银矿中Au含量变化较大,w（Au）为痕量至26．1％,与银呈负相关,与铋为正相关,可能是以类质同象形式替代Ag进入到碲银矿中;碲铅矿中未检测到金。金在金-银碲化物中的含量随温度降低而升高,相关矿物的形成顺序为碲银矿-碲金银矿-（碲金矿）。将金银碲化物成分投到Au-Ag-Te三元成分,共生图解上发现,它们都不是标准成分的端元矿物,推测这些碲化物（尤其是金银碲化物）是在非平衡状态下快速沉淀形成的,可能与含矿浠体的闻歇忡沸腾作用有关。     

北山成矿带霍勒扎德盖金矿床碲化物的发现及其地质意义

甘肃省霍勒扎德盖大型金矿床位于北山造山带的黑鹰山弧内,含金石英脉主要赋存在早石炭世英云闪长岩内的裂隙或断裂中。流体成矿过程从早到晚划分为Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ三个阶段,分别形成(磁铁矿)-黄铁矿-石英脉、石英-多金属硫化物脉和石英-方解石脉。本次研究通过矿相学观察、扫描电镜/能谱及电子探针分析,在该矿床Ⅱ阶段矿石样品中首次发现大量碲化物,该矿物系列主要产出在黄铁矿、石英中或其裂隙内。矿区已发现的碲化物包括碲金矿、斜方碲金矿、针碲金银矿、碲金银矿、碲银矿、碲铅矿、碲汞矿、碲铋矿等;金银矿物仅以碲化物的形成存在。Ⅰ阶段流体的硫逸度(logfS2=-11.1~-9.5)较高、碲逸度(logf Te2≤-12.8)较低,Ⅱ阶段流体显示低硫逸度(logfS2=-13.5~-10.2)、高碲逸度(logfTe2=-11.1~-7.8)特征。碲化物的发现揭示了矿床与深部幔源的紧密联系,但同时不能排除矿区英云闪长岩提供成矿物质的可能。     

胶东牟平-乳山金矿带金青顶金矿碲化物矿物的特征及沉淀机制

通过光学显微镜、电子显微镜并结合能谱分析,在金青顶金矿Ⅱ号矿脉深部除含碲化物碲银矿、碲金银矿和碲铋矿外,首次发现碲金矿的存在,进一步证实了前人对于该矿床中存在碲金矿这一新矿物的推测,也打破了该金矿深部无碲金银矿的传统认识。这些碲化物呈连生体或者细脉状产于黄铁矿等硫化物、石英与黄铁矿裂隙中。在金银碲化物矿物中,Te含量变化较小,Au含量变化较大,与Ag呈负相关,与Bi为正相关。结合金-银-碲矿物成分-共生图解,对金银碲化物矿物的共生组合特征进行了研究。研究表明,Te总是优先与Ag结合形成碲银矿或碲金银矿,只有热液中Ag被消耗后才与Au结合形成碲金矿,最后Te被耗尽,矿液中残留很多的Au,从而形成自然金,说明随着成矿过程的演化,成矿热液可能逐渐富金,具体表现为碲银矿-碲金银矿-碲金矿-自然金的析出顺序。     

Mineral Paragenesis and Ore‐Forming Processes of the Dongping Gold Deposit,Hebei Province,China

The Dongping gold deposit is located near the center of the northern margin of the North China Craton. It is hosted in the Shuiquangou syenite and characterized by large amounts of tellurides. Numerous studies have addressed this deposit; the mineral paragenesis and ore‐forming processes, however, are still poorly studied. In this contribution, a new mineral paragenesis has been evaluated to further understand ore formation, including sulfides (pyrite, chalcopyrite, galena, sphalerite, molybdenite, and bornite), tellurides (altaite, calaverite, hessite, muthmannite, petzite, rucklidgeite, sylvanite, tellurobismuthite, tetradymite, and volynskite), and native elements (tellurium and gold). Molybdenite, muthmannite, rucklidgeite, and volynskite are reported for the first time in this deposit. We consider the Dongping gold deposit mainly formed in the Devonian, and the ore‐forming processes and the physicochemical conditions for ore formation can be reconstructed based on our newly identified ore paragenesis, that is, iron oxides → (CO₂ effervescence) → sulfides → (fTe₂/fS₂ ratio increase) → Pb‐Bi‐tellurides → (condensation of H₂Te vapor) → Au‐Ag‐tellurides → (mixing with oxidizing water) → carbonate and microporous gold → secondary minerals → secondary minerals. The logfO₂ values increase from the early to late stages, while the fH₂S and logfS₂ values increase initially and then decrease. CO₂ effervescence is the main mechanism of sulfides precipitation; this sulfidation and condensation of H₂Te vapor lead to deposition of tellurides. The development of microporous gold indicates that the deposit might experience overprint after mineralization. The Dongping gold deposit has a close genetic relationship with the Shuiquangou syenite, and tellurium likely originated from Shuiquangou alkaline magmatic degassing.     

Ore petrography and chemistry of the tellurides from the Dongping gold deposit,Hebei Province,China

The Dongping gold deposit is a mesothermal lode gold deposit hosted in syenite. The ore petrography and chemistry of the tellurides from the alteration zone of the deposit have been studied in detail using optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, electron probe micro-beam and X-ray diffraction facilities. The tellurides, consisting mostly of calaverite, altaite, petzite tellurobismuthite and tetradymite, are hosted irregularly in pyrite fractures and voids. In the ore bodies, the species and quantity of tellurides decrease from the top downwards, accompanied with lowering of gold fineness, and the existence of tellurides exhibits a positive correlation with gold enrichment. Mineral paragenesis and chemical variations suggest that during evolution of the ore-forming fluids Te preferably incorporated with Pb to form altaite, followed in sequence by precipitation of petzite, and calaverite when Ag has been exhausted, and the residue fluids were enriched in Au, giving rise to formation of native gold. Calculation with reference of the fineness of native gold coexisting with the tellurides indicates that at 300 °C, log f (Te₂) varied between − 8.650 and − 7.625. Taking account of the Au–Ag–Te mineral paragenesis, it is inferred that log ƒ (Te₂) varies from − 9.12 to − 6.43, log ƒ (S₂) − 11.47 to − 8.86. In consideration of the physicochemical conditions for formation of tellurides, with comparison to some known telluride deposits, it is suggested that high log ƒ (Te₂) is a key factor for high fineness of native gold as well as precipitation of abundant tellurides.     

Gold and silver tellurides in the Shirokinsky ore-and-placer cluster,the Sette-Daban Ridge,Yakutia

The first findings of Au and Ag tellurides (sylvanite and petzite) in sulfide-quartz ore of the Shirokinsky ore and placer cluster located in the Sette-Daban Horst-Anticlinorium are described. These minerals were found for the first time at the gold deposits of East Yakutia. The chemical compositions (wt %) of sylvanite (23.65–24.61 Au, 12.7–13.13 Ag, 59.3–59.97 Te, 96.26–97.97 in total) and petzite (23.17–25.24 Au, 42.27–44.40 Ag, 31.26–33.37 Te, 98.19–102.55 in total) are reported. Galena as a host mineral is associated with native gold, electrum, hessite, and stützite. The finding of Au-Ag and Ag tellurides provides evidence for the development of Au-telluride mineralization in the Sette-Daban Horst-Anticlinorium.     

Au–Ag–Te Mineralization of the Low‐Sulfidation Epithermal Aginskoe Deposit,Central Kamchatka,Russia

Mineralogic studies of major ore minerals and fluid inclusion analysis in gangue quartz were carried out for the for the two largest veins, the Aginskoe and Surprise, in the Late Miocene Aginskoe Au–Ag–Te deposit in central Kamchatka, Russia. The veins consist of quartz–adularia–calcite gangue, which are hosted by Late Miocene andesitic and basaltic rocks of the Alnei Formation. The major ore minerals in these veins are native gold, altaite, petzite, hessite, calaverite, sphalerite, and chalcopyrite. Minor and trace minerals are pyrite, galena, and acanthine. Primary gold occurs as free grains, inclusions in sulfides, and constituent in tellurides. Secondary gold is present in form of native mustard gold that usually occur in Fe‐hydroxides and accumulates on the decomposed primary Au‐bearing tellurides such as calaverite, krennerite, and sylvanite. K–Ar dating on vein adularia yielded age of mineralization 7.1–6.9 Ma. Mineralization of the deposit is divided into barren massive quartz (stage I), Au–Ag–Te mineralization occurring in quartz‐adularia‐clays banded ore (Stage II), intensive brecciation (Stage III), post‐ore coarse amethyst (Stage IV), carbonate (Stage V), and supergene stages (Stage VI). In the supergene stage various secondary minerals, including rare bilibinskite, bogdanovite, bessmertnovite metallic alloys, secondary gold, and various oxides, formed under intensely oxidized conditions. Despite heavy oxidation of the ores in the deposit, Te and S fugacities are estimated as Stage II tellurides precipitated at the log f Te₂ values ?9 and at log fS₂ ?13 based on the chemical compositions of hypogene tellurides and sphalerite. Homogenization temperature of fluid inclusions in quartz broadly ranges from 200 to 300°C. Ore texture, fluid inclusions, gangue, and vein mineral assemblages indicate that the Aginskoe deposit is a low‐sulfidation (quartz–adularia–sericite) vein system.     

Tellurium-Bearing Mineralization in Clastic Ores at the Yubileynoe Copper Massive Sulfide Deposit (Southern Urals)

At the well-preserved Yubileynoe VMS deposit (Southern Urals), sulfide breccias and turbidites host abundant tellurides represented by hessite, coloradoite, altaite, volynskite, stützite, petzite, and calaverite, as well as phases of the intermediate tellurobismuthite → rucklidgeite solid solution. Three telluride generations were highlighted: (1) primary hydrothermal tellurides in fragments of chalcopyrite and sphalerite of chalcopyrite-rich black smoker chimneys; (2) authigenic tellurides in pseudomorphic chalcopyrite and chalcopyrite veins after fragments of colloform and granular pyrite; and (3) authigenic tellurides in pyrite nodules. Authigenic tellurides are widespread in pyrite-chalcopyrite turbidites. Primary hydrothermal and authigenic tellurides are less common in sulfide turbidites and gritstones with fragments of sphalerite-pyrite, pyrite-sphalerite paleosmoker chimneys and clasts of colloform and fine-grained seafloor hydrothermal crusts. Siliceous siltstones intercalated with sulfide turbidites contain pyrite nodules, whose peripheral parts contain inclusions of epigenetic tellurides. It is assumed that Te for authigenic tellurides originated from fragments of colloform pyrite and hydrothermal chalcopyrite of pyrite-chalcopyrite chimneys, which dissolved during the postsedimentation processes. The main Te concentrators in clastic ores include pseudomorphic chalcopyrite, which inherits high Te, Bi, Au, Ag, Co, Ni, and As contents from the substituted colloform pyrite, and varieties of granular pyrite containing microinclusions of tellurobismuthite (Bi, Te), petzite (Au, Ag, Te), altaite (Pb, Te), coloradoite, and hessite (Ag, Te).

     

Bonanza-grade accumulations of gold tellurides in the Early Cretaceous Sandaowanzi deposit,northeast China

The Sandaowanzi epithermal gold deposit (0.5 Moz or ca. 14 tons), located at the northern edge of the Great Xing'an range, NE China, is unique in that nearly all the gold (> 95%) is contained in gold tellurides mostly in bonanza grade ore shoots (the highest grade being up to 20,000 g/t). The bonanza ores are hosted in the central parts of large-scale (> 3 m wide, 200 m long) quartz veins which crosscut Early Cretaceous andesitic trachyte and trachytic andesite, and are, in turn, crosscut by diabase dykes of similar age. There are two ore types: low-grade disseminated ores and high-grade vein ores. In the former, very fine grains of Ag-rich tellurides (mainly hessite and petzite) coexist with sulfides (pyrite, sphalerite, galena and chalcopyrite), occurring as disseminated grains or sometimes as grain aggregates. In the high-grade vein ores, coarse-grained Au–(Ag)–tellurides (calaverite, sylvanite, krennerite, and petzite) form a major part of quartz–telluride veins. Chalcopyrite forms separate monomineralic veins emplaced within the quartz–telluride veins. Spectacular textures among coarse-grained (up to 3 cm in diameter) tellurides, and micron-scale bamboo shoot-like grains are observed. Two- and three-phase telluride symplectites are common in the vein ores.Fluid inclusion studies suggest that the mineralizing fluids are a mixture of magmatic and meteoric fluids, that homogenized in the temperature range of 260–280 °C. Sulfur isotope compositions of pyrite and chalcopyrite (δ³⁴S − 1.64 to 1.91‰) support the origin of fluids from a deep source. It is suggested that faulting, temperature changes and variation in fS₂ and fTe₂ were major factors contributing to the two main types of mineralization and the differences between them. Early rapid cooling and subsequent slow cooling of the later fluids along fault and fracture zones were instrumental in formation of the two superposed ore types. Open-space filling and crack-sealing along fractures predominates over replacement during telluride mineralization. The Sandaowanzi deposit is a unique bonanza-grade accumulation of gold tellurides genetically related to subalkaline magmatism, which was genetically associated with Early Cretaceous regional extension.     

Mineralogy and formation conditions of ores in the Bereznyakovskoe ore field,the Southern Urals,Russia

The Bereznyakovskoe ore field is situated in the Birgil’da-Tomino ore district of the East Ural volcanic zone. The ore field comprises several centers of hydrothermal mineralization, including the Central Bereznyakovskoe and Southeastern Bereznyakovskoe deposits, which are characterized in this paper. The disseminated and stringer-disseminated orebodies at these deposits are hosted in Upper Devonian-Lower Carboniferous dacitic-andesitic tuff and are accompanied by quartz-sericite hydrothermal alteration. Three ore stages are recognized: early ore (pyrite); main ore (telluride-base-metal, with enargite, fahlore-telluride, and gold telluride substages); and late ore (galena-sphalerite). The early and the main ore stages covered temperature intervals of 320–380 to 180°C and 280–300 to 170°C, respectively; the ore precipitated from fluids with a predominance of NaCl. The mineral zoning of the ore field is expressed in the following change of prevalent mineral assemblages from the Central Bereznyakovskoe deposit toward the Southeastern Bereznyakovskoe deposit: enargite, tennantite, native tellurium, tellurides, and selenides → tennantite-tetrahedrite, tellurides, and sulfoselenides (galenoclausthalite) → tetrahedrite, tellurides, native gold, galena, and sphalerite. The established trend of mineral assemblages was controlled by a decrease in $ f_{S_2 } $ f_{S_2 } , $ f_{Te_2 } $ f_{Te_2 } and $ f_{O_2 } $ f_{O_2 } and an increase in pH of mineral-forming fluids from early to late assemblages and from the Central Bereznyakovskoe deposit toward the Southeastern Bereznyakovskoe deposit. Thus, the Central Bereznyakovskoe deposit was located in the center of an epithermal high-sulfidation ore-forming system. As follows from widespread enargite and digenite, a high Au/Ag ratio, and Au-Cu specialization of this deposit, it is rather deeply eroded. The ore mineralization at the Southeastern Bereznyakovskoe deposit fits the intermediate- or low-sulfidation type and is distinguished by development of tennantite, a low Au/Ag ratio, and enrichment in base metals against a lowered copper content. In general, the Bereznyakovskoe ore field is a hydrothermal system with a wide spectrum of epithermal mineralization styles.     

Composition and conditions of formation of gold-telluride mineralization in the Tissa-Sarkhoi gold-bearing province (East Sayan)

The structure and petrologic composition of new gold-ore provinces in southeastern East Sayan (Tissa-Sarkhoi cluster) are considered. Several morphogenetic types of gold mineralization have been established: quartz veins with beresitization zones, veinlet-disseminated ores in granitoids, and listwaenitization and sulfidation zones in effusions of the Sarkhoi Group and intrusive rocks of the Late Riphean Khorin-Gol complex. According to geochronological dates and some mineralogical and geochemical features, the gold mineralization is close in age to these Precambrian island-arc complexes. Parageneses of two stages of ore formation have been recognized: early high-temperature (250–460 °C) gold-pyrite and late low-temperature (110–280 °C) gold-telluride. The latter mineralization is widespread and is represented by tellurides of Au, Ag, Pb, Bi, and Ni — petzite, calaverite, hessite, tellurobismuthite, altaite, and melonite. Native gold associated with these tellurides is characterized by a fineness of 750–900‰. The intimate temporal and spatial relationships of the gold mineralization with island-arc volcanoplutonic complexes and the wide occurrence of its veinlet-disseminated type suggest that this is porphyry gold mineralization related to the Late Riphean-Vendian island-arc magmatism.