云南白秧坪银多金属矿集区成矿流体特征及成矿机制

云南白秧坪银多金属矿集区是滇西兰坪盆地内新发现的矿集区,属东特提斯—喜马拉雅成矿域的一部分。通过流体包裹体的类型、均一温度和盐度的研究分析,结合流体包裹体的化学成分和C、H、O同位素资料及成矿地质条件的综合分析,提出流体包裹体主要具有盆地沉积卤水及大气降水的特征,但成矿流体具有壳幔混合来源的特征。这些特征与该区特定的地质背景和演化历史密切相关。兰坪盆地是在澜沧江和金沙江两条深大断裂之间发展起来的一个拉分盆地,这两条深断裂连同盆地中央的中轴断裂,不仅控制了盆地的发生和发展过程,而且也控制了盆地内成矿流体的来源及银、铜等多金属矿床的成矿作用。因此认为成矿作用是流体混合作用、有机质和膏盐地层的还原作用等综合作用的结果。     

云南白秧坪银铜多金属矿集区成矿流体的稳定同位素地球化学研究

白秧坪银铜多金属矿集区位于滇西兰坪中-新生代沉积盆地中北部,由东矿带(上三叠统碳酸盐岩建造内的铅锌银铜矿床)和西矿带(下白垩统碎屑岩建造内的银铜钴铅锌矿床)两部分组成.本研究对该矿集区东、西矿带不同矿段、不同矿化类型矿石样品进行了硫-碳-氧同位素的研究.硫同位素研究表明,东矿带硫主要为地层硫,西矿带热液硫为沉积地层硫、有机硫及深源硫或地幔硫的混合.碳同位素显示,东矿带碳酸盐矿物δ13CPDB值为-3.0‰～+3.1‰,接近于海相碳酸盐,明显区别于其他各类地质体,暗示成矿流体的碳应来自碳酸盐岩;西矿带各矿段的δ13CpDB值变化范围小,除白秧坪少量样品外,其余均为负值(-5.1‰～-1.5‰),表明该区热液流体中碳的来源复杂,存在有机碳、地壳碳酸盐的碳及深源(地幔)碳.综合分析表明,西矿带成矿流体是一种混入深源流体的盆地热卤水,形成了下白垩统碎屑岩建造内的银铜钴铅锌矿床;东矿带成矿流体则是源于大气降水的盆地热卤水,形成了上三叠统碳酸盐岩建造内的铅锌银铜矿床.     

兰坪盆地白秧坪铅锌铜银多金属矿床成矿流体及成矿物质来源

白秧坪矿床位于滇西北兰坪盆地北部, 是一沉积岩容矿的铅锌铜银多金属矿床, 矿体赋存于中生代地层中, 受断裂构造控制明显.通过成矿期方解石、石英、闪锌矿中流体包裹体研究, 以及方解石的C、O和含硫矿物的S、Pb同位素研究, 来探讨成矿流体性质及其来源和成矿物质来源.研究表明, 白秧坪矿床包裹体一般小于10 μm, 气液两相为主, 成矿流体体系为Ca2+-Na+—K+-Mg2+-Cl--F--NO₃-卤水体系, 矿床矿物中冰点温度范围为-26.4~-0.2 ℃, 平均为-14.6 ℃, 均一温度集中于120~180 ℃, 盐度为0.35%~24.73%(NaCl_eq), 平均值16.9%(NaCl_eq), 成矿流体密度在0.84~1.11 g/cm3之间, 平均值1.04 g/cm3, 成矿压力为28.0~46.9 MPa, 平均37.6 MPa, 对应的成矿深度约1 058~2 452 m, 平均1 555 m, 集中于1 200~1 800 m; 碳质的来源较为均一, 矿石中热液方解石中碳源自地层中碳酸盐岩溶解, 成矿流体属于盆地流体系统, 有大气降水的加入; 成矿物质硫来自硫酸盐的热化学还原作用, 或者含硫有机质的热分解, 金属成矿物质来自沉积地层和盆地基底.      

滇西兰坪盆地白秧坪Pb-Zn-Cu-Ag多金属矿床东矿带成矿年代学探讨

白秧坪Pb-Zn-Cu-Ag多金属矿集区夹持于金沙江和澜沧江断裂之间,隶属兰坪盆地北部,分为东、西2个矿带。文章采用闪锌矿、方铅矿的Rb-Sr法和成矿阶段方解石的Sm-Nd法,对白秧坪Pb-Zn-Cu-Ag多金属矿床东矿带华昌山和下区五矿段进行了成矿年代厘定,获得方铅矿以及闪锌矿和方铅矿的矿物组合Rb-Sr等时线年龄为(32.8±1.5)Ma,方解石的Sm-Nd等时线年龄为(33.32±0.43)Ma。研究表明,通过对特定矿床的主要矿石矿物采用Rb-Sr法和Sm-Nd法获得的年龄在误差范围内是一致的,从而起到了相互验证的作用,并对矿床的成矿背景具有一定的指示性。通过成矿年龄的探讨,认为东矿带铅锌为主的矿化期主要产生于青藏高原东缘晚碰撞阶段(40~26)Ma,伴随印度-亚洲大陆碰撞造山,形成逆冲推覆构造和赋矿地层,控制了Pb-Zn矿床的形成和发育。该期Pb-Zn矿床与兰坪盆地金顶和西矿带Pb-Zn矿床、囊谦盆地Pb-Zn矿床和沱沱河盆地Pb-Zn矿床具有一定的可比性。     

兰坪白秧坪铜银多金属矿集区西矿带矿床成因

西矿带受瞎眼山断裂和四十里箐-上下庄断裂控制,矿体产于近NS向断裂旁侧次级断裂中,发育典型的中低温热液矿物组合,成矿流体来源于深部的热卤水.硫、铅同位素反映成矿物质具深源特征,稀土元素组成具有极明显的δEu负异常和δCe负异常,构造热流体为成矿的主导因素.成因类型属于推覆构造有关的中低温浅成热液矿床.     

滇西北兰坪盆地白秧坪多金属矿床流体包裹体研究

白秧坪多金属矿床位于滇西兰坪中-新生代沉积盆地中北部,是著名三江成矿带内新近发现的重要矿床之一。碳酸盐矿物染色法岩相学和矿相学研究表明白秧坪多金属矿床成矿期早阶段共生组合矿物为闪锌矿+方铅矿+白云石+石英±含Ag矿物±含Cu矿物,方解石主要为成矿期晚阶段产物。闪锌矿及与其共生脉石矿物(白云石、石英)中流体包裹体多呈米粒状、椭圆状、负晶形以及不规则状,以孤立产出的原生包裹体为主。流体包裹体显微测温以及激光拉曼探针分析表明,成矿流体为H2O-NaCl-CaCl2流体体系,盐度峰值范围为22.00%～25.00%NaCleqv,成矿温度多数集中在110.0～180.0℃之间,密度大于1.00g.cm-3。该矿床属于低温、高盐度、中等密度热液铅锌多金属矿床。矿床成矿压力介于28.02～70.64MPa之间,成矿深度范围在1.04～2.62km,形成深度较浅。成矿流体始终处于相对还原环境,金属离子和还原硫可能共存于同一流体系统,由于物理化学条件的改变发生沉淀而形成矿床。结合矿床产出背景、矿质来源、控矿构造等因素,白秧坪多金属矿床具有密西西比河谷型(MVT)成矿流体特点。     

兰坪盆地北部白秧坪铅锌铜银多金属矿床地质特征

兰坪盆地白秧坪铅锌铜银多金属矿床由数条矿脉构成,进而划分为多个矿段,过去对不同矿段的矿床地质及矿体矿化特点缺乏研究。本文在分析前人资料基础上,结合野外地质调查显示,矿区主要发育中生代地层和呈近南北向、北西西向、北东向3组断裂。不同矿段矿体均受断裂控制,对围岩岩性的选择性不强,矿体直接赋存于断裂带内(主要),局部容矿于裂隙、劈理和热液岩溶垮塌形成的空间中,后生充填成矿,形成角砾状、块状、脉状、浸染状矿石。不同矿段矿物组成和元素组合有差别,李子坪和吴底厂矿段以闪锌矿、细硫砷铅矿、方铅矿、灰硫砷铅矿、雄黄、雌黄为主,构成Pb-Zn-As-Sb-Ag组合;富隆厂矿段矿石矿物以闪锌矿、灰硫砷铅矿、方铅矿、黝铜矿系列矿物、车轮矿、辉银矿、汞银矿为主,构成Pb-Zn-Cu-Ag组合;白秧坪矿段矿石矿物以黝铜矿系列矿物、辉铜矿、黄铜矿、灰硫砷铅矿、辉砷钴矿、硫钴镍矿、含钴毒砂、方铅矿、闪锌矿等为主,构成Cu-Co-As-Zn-Pb组合。综合分析认为,白秧坪矿区发生过两次热液成矿事件,一期为古新世末—始新世初期以铜为主的矿化,另一期是始新世末—渐新世早期以铅锌为主的矿化,含铅锌成矿流体活化前期铜矿化在富隆厂和白秧坪矿段形成铅锌铜等多金属组合;成矿很可能出现在区域强烈挤压后的应力转换阶段,此阶段围岩开放空间发育,成矿流体灌入成矿。     

白秧坪铅锌多金属矿集区东矿带成矿地球化学作用与成矿年龄

通过成矿期方解石的C、O、Sr和含硫矿物的S、Pb同位素,成矿期方解石Sm-Nd测年研究,探讨白秧坪矿集区东矿带矿床成因。测试结果表明,白秧坪矿集区东矿带方解石δ13C_PDB值变化范围-4.0‰~2.3‰,平均值-0.2‰,δ18O_PDB值范围-27.2‰~20.4‰,平均值-14.1‰,δ18O_SMOW值范围2.9‰~24.4‰,平均值16.4‰;方解石Sr同位素值变化范围0.707669~0.710115,平均值0.709320;硫化物δ34S_V-CDT值分布范围-20.2‰~1.3‰,平均值约-8.8‰,天青石δ34S_V-CDT值分布范围为17.1‰~19.4‰,平均值约18.0‰;Pb同位素测试结果中,206Pb/204Pb的变化范围为18.553~18.857,207Pb/204Pb变化范围为15.501~15.826,208Pb/204Pb变化范围为38.54~39.456;成矿阶段方解石Sm-Nd等时线年龄为29.5±1.7 Ma。对测试结果的研究表明,白秧坪矿集区东矿带碳质的来源较为均一,矿石中热液方解石碳质源自地层中碳酸盐岩溶解,成矿流体来自地层水和大气降水,属于盆地卤水流体系统;成矿物质硫来自海水硫酸盐的还原作用,成矿早期以有机质还原硫为主,成矿后期以生物还原硫为主;金属成矿物质来自沉积地层和盆地基底;测定白秧坪矿集区东矿带铅锌成矿年龄为29.5±1.7 Ma,与地质年龄限定的较为吻合。      

云南兰坪白秧坪银多金属矿集区成矿流体研究

对云南兰坪白秧坪银多金属矿集区流体包裹体的岩相学、均一温度、盐度、密度及其关系和流体包裹体氢、氧同位素特征的研究表明,该矿集区主成矿期温度均低于200°C,属中低温流体作用范畴.其中三山-河西矿带(东矿带)的成矿流体为中低温(110～180°C)、低盐度[w(NaCl)为7%～17%]、低密度(0.717～0.967 g/cm3)流体,以NaCl-H2O二元体系为主;富窿厂-白秧坪矿带(西矿带)成矿流体为中低温(120～150°C)、较高盐度[w(NaCl)为17%～25%]、中低密度(1.010～1.156 g/cm3)流体,主要为MgCl2-NaCl-H2O和CaCl2-NaCl-H2O三元体系.流体包裹体氢、氧同位素组成表明成矿流体主要为大气降水补给的地下水,主成矿期有效水岩比值较小(0.01～0.10),岩石与成矿流体间存在较强烈的同位素交换.结合矿石矿物组合及矿床的硫、铅、碳同位素组成,说明白秧坪矿集区的成矿流体总体来源于深部循环的热卤水溶液.     

滇西北兰坪盆地白秧坪多金属矿床成矿物质来源:C、H、O、S和Pb同位素制约

白秧坪多金属矿床位于滇西兰坪中—新生代沉积盆地中北部,是在著名的三江成矿带内新近发现的重要矿床之一。为确定该矿床成矿流体特征和成矿金属元素来源,对白秧坪多金属矿床开展了系统的C、H、O、S和Pb同位素地球化学研究。白秧坪多金属矿石硫化物δ34S为-5.6‰～11.2‰,具有兰坪盆地中—新生界蒸发岩硫酸盐的热化学还原性质;矿石与盆地中—新生界沉积岩铅同位素组成相似,成矿金属源于盆地沉积地层。成矿流体中水的δDV-SMOW=-122‰～-86‰,δ18OV-SMOW=-4.52‰～-15.34‰,为大气降水补给的盆地热卤水。研究区热液成矿早阶段白云石δ13CV-PDB=-3.4‰～0.5‰,δ18OV-SMOW=4.8‰～20.3‰,晚阶段方解石δ13CV-PDB=-3.1‰～0.5‰,δ18OV-SMOW=4.1‰～18.6‰,说明成矿流体中CO2来自盆地地层中灰岩的溶解。     

兰坪盆地白秧坪铅锌铜银多金属矿床:成矿年代及区域成矿作用

针对沉积岩容矿铅锌矿床的定年难题,选用闪锌矿的Rb-Sr法和成矿阶段方解石的Sm-Nd法,对白秧坪铅锌铜银多金属矿床3个矿段(吴底厂、李子坪、富隆厂)分别测定,取得了较好的定年效果。测得白秧坪铅锌多金属矿床的铅锌成矿年龄为30~29Ma,而且3个矿段结果可互相印证。进而通过成矿年龄的探讨,认为矿区发生过2次矿化事件,一期为以铜为主的矿化,发生于古新世末-始新世初期,印度板块-欧亚板块强烈挤压后的应力松弛阶段成矿;另一期是以铅锌为主的矿化,发生于30~29Ma,对应于始新世末-渐新世早期挤压后应力松弛阶段。两期矿化事件在上千千米的"三江"成矿带上普遍存在,但在不同部位铅锌成矿时代略有不同,印度板块的东北角首先对接欧亚板块,位于岬角处正碰位置铅锌成矿要稍早于两侧的铅锌矿化事件。     

Ore-forming material sources of the Baiyangping Cu-Co-Ag polymetallic deposit in the Lanping Basin,western Yunnan Province

The ore-forming material sources of the Baiyangping copper-cobalt-silver polymetallic deposit have been studied in view of the S, Pb, C, O and H isotopic characteristics and the ratio of Co/Ni of cobaltite. The results showed that sulfur in metallic sulfides may have come from a mixed sulfur-source consisting of the sulfur-source from metamorphic rocks in the basin basement with basic volcanic rocks and the sulfur-source from basin sulfates; lead in the ores was provided by the sedimentary rocks and basement rocks; CO2 in ore-forming fluids was derived from thermolysis of altered and normal marine facies carbonates and decarboxylation of sedimentary organic matter respectively; the ore-forming fluids belong to the SO4-Cl-Na-Ca-type basin thermal brines derived from paleo-meteoric waters; cobalt in the deposit may also be derived from the metamorphic rocks in the basin basement with basic volcanic rocks.     

Metallogeny of the Baiyangping Lead‐Zinc Polymetallic Ore Concentration Area,Northern Lanping Basin of Yunnan Province,China

The Lanping Basin in the Nujiang‐Lancangjiang‐Jinshajiang (the Sanjiang) area of northeastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau is an important part of eastern Tethyan metallogenic domain. This basin hosts a number of large unique sediment‐hosted Pb‐Zn polymetallic deposits or ore districts, such as the Baiyangping ore concentration area which is one of the representative ore district. The Baiyangping ore concentration area can be divided into the east and west ore belts, which were formed in a folded tectogene of the India‐Asia continental collisional setting and was controlled by a large reverse fault. Field observations reveal that the Mesozoic and Cenozoic sedimentary strata were outcropped in the mining area, and that the orebodies are obviously controlled by faults and hosted in sandstone and carbonate rocks. However, the ore‐forming elements in the east ore belt are mainly Pb‐Zn‐Sr‐Ag, while Pb‐Zn‐Ag‐Cu‐Co elements are dominant in the west ore belt. Comparative analysis of the C‐O‐Sr‐S‐Pb isotopic compositions suggest that both ore belts had a homogeneous carbon source, and the carbon in hydrothermal calcite is derived from the dissolution of carbonate rock strata; the ore‐forming fluids were originated from formation water and precipitate water, which belonged to basin brine fluid system; sulfur was from organic thermal chemical sulfate reduction and biological sulfate reduction; the metal mineralization material was from sedimentary strata and basement, but the difference of the material source of the basement and the strata and the superimposed mineralization of the west ore belt resulted in the difference of metallogenic elements between the eastern and western metallogenic belts. The Pb‐Zn mineralization age of both ore belts was contemporary and formed in the same metallogenetic event. Both thrust formed at the same time and occurred at the Early Oligocene, which is consistent with the age constrained by field geological relationship.     

兰坪白秧坪铜银多金属矿床成矿物质来源的铅和硫同位素示踪

白秧坪铜银多金属矿床主要产于白垩系下统景星组石英砂岩、粉砂岩中,矿石铅同位素组成特征与景星组砂岩的铅同位素组成比较接近,表明壳源物质参与了成矿作用。作ZartMan图解和Δγ-Δβ图解表明,矿石铅属于壳幔混合来源。矿石铅μ值介于9.43~9.65之间,Th/U比值介于3.72~3.87之间,表明矿石铅为壳幔混合铅。该矿床硫同位素组成表明,硫来源于深部地幔硫遭受地壳硫的混入。该矿床的成矿作用发生于开放体系之中,成矿物质来源为深部幔源物质混合了壳源物质。     

云南白秧坪银多金属矿床微量元素地球化学特征

云南白秧坪银多金属矿床是滇西兰坪盆地内新发现的矿床,属东特提斯喜马拉雅成矿域的一部分。矿床主要产于下白垩统景星组石英砂岩、粉砂岩中。本文从微量元素地球化学研究入手,与滇西喜马拉雅期富碱岩体相比较,它们具有相同的物质来源区,这种源区被认为是壳幔物质混合的一种"EMⅡ型"富集地幔源。     

兰坪盆地白秧坪银铜多金属矿集区中银、钴、铋、镍的赋存状态与成因意义

白秧坪银铜多金属矿集区位于兰坪盆地北部。矿集区可分为东、西两个成矿带。赋矿地层主要为上三叠统三合洞组碳酸盐岩、第三系始新统保相寺组碎屑岩和下白垩统景星组碎屑岩。矿体主要以脉状、网脉状及透镜状形式产出。作者通过显微镜观察、电子探针和扫描分析等综合分析技术,确认白秧坪银铜多金属矿集区中矿物组成相当丰富,已鉴定出的矿物超过50种,既有大量硫化物、硫盐、氧化物、硫酸盐、碳酸盐,又有自然金属及金属互化物、卤化物等。除常见矿物为黄铁矿、毒砂、白铁矿、黄铜矿、方铅矿、闪锌矿、黝铜矿、砷黝铜矿、铜蓝、斑铜矿、辉铜矿、雌黄、菱铁矿、方解石、铁白云石、重晶石、天青石和石英外,作者还鉴定出一些银、钴、铋、镍、砷、锑的矿物,如自然铋、辉铋矿、辉银矿、辉砷钴矿、硫钴镍矿、硫铜铋矿、硫铋铜矿、辉砷镍矿、车轮矿、硫砷铜矿、单斜硫砷铅矿、灰硫砷铅矿等。矿石中矿物种类较多,组成较复杂,存在Co,Bi,Ni等元素的矿物,构成白秧坪银铜多金属矿集区的一大特色。在兰坪盆地白秧坪银铜多金属矿集区各矿段内,除了Cu、Pb、Zn构成工业矿体外,矿石中Ag、Co、Ni、Bi及As、Sb、Ba等元素的含量也相当高,可作为Cu-Pb-Zn-Ag-Co-Ni-Bi矿石来综合开发利用。白秧坪银铜多金属矿集区中Ag、Co、Ni、Bi等元素富集条件为低温、中低盐度,形成压力较小的浅成环境;成矿流体是一种富含CO2的Ca2+-Na+-SO24-Cl-类型、由大气降水演化而成的盆地热卤水。成矿物质主要来源于含有基性火山岩的兰坪盆地基底变质岩系。     

Fluid inclusion,rare earth element geochemistry,and isotopic characteristics of the eastern ore zone of the Baiyangping polymetallic Ore district,northwestern Yunnan Province,China

The Baiyangping Cu–Ag polymetallic ore district is located in the northern part of the Lanping–Simao foreland fold belt, which lies between the Jinshajiang–Ailaoshan and Lancangjiang faults in western Yunnan Province, China. The source of ore-forming fluids and materials within the eastern ore zone were investigated using fluid inclusion, rare earth element (REE), and isotopic (C, O, and S) analyses undertaken on sulfides, gangue minerals, wall rocks, and ores formed during the hydrothermal stage of mineralization. These analyses indicate: (1) The presence of five types of fluid inclusion, which contain various combinations of liquid (l) and vapor (v) phases at room temperature: (a) H₂O (l), (b) H₂O (l) + H₂O (v), (c) H₂O (v), (d) C_mH_n (v), and (e) H₂O (l) + CO₂ (l), sometimes with CO₂ (v). These inclusions have salinities of 1.4–19.9 wt.% NaCl equivalents, with two modes at approximately 5–10 and 16–21 wt.% NaCl equivalent, and homogenization temperatures between 101 °C and 295 °C. Five components were identified in fluid inclusions using Raman microspectrometry: H₂O, dolomite, calcite, CH₄, and N₂. (2) Calcite, dolomitized limestone, and dolomite contain total REE concentrations of 3.10–38.93 ppm, whereas wall rocks and ores contain REE concentrations of 1.21–196 ppm. Dolomitized limestone, dolomite, wall rock, and ore samples have similar chondrite-normalized REE patterns, with ores in the Huachangshan, Xiaquwu, and Dongzhiyan ore blocks having large negative δCe and δEu anomalies, which may be indicative of a change in redox conditions during fluid ascent, migration, and/or cooling. (3) δ³⁴S values for sphalerite, galena, pyrite, and tetrahedrite sulfide samples range from −7.3‰ to 2.1‰, a wide range that indicates multiple sulfur sources. The basin contains numerous sources of S, and deriving S from a mixture of these sources could have yielded these near-zero values, either by mixing of S from different sources, or by changes in the geological conditions of seawater sulfate reduction to sulfur. (4) The C–O isotopic analyses yield δ¹³C values from ca. zero to −10‰, and a wider range of δ¹⁸O values from ca. +6 to +24‰, suggestive of mixing between mantle-derived magma and marine carbonate sources during the evolution of ore-forming fluids, although potential contributions from organic carbon and basinal brine sources should also be considered. These data indicate that ore-forming fluids were derived from a mixture of organism, basinal brine, and mantle-derived magma sources, and as such, the eastern ore zone of the Baiyangping polymetallic ore deposit should be classified as a “Lanping-type” ore deposit.