水系沉积物和典型土壤剖面地球化学试验--以江西九岭钨铜多金属矿集区为例

为了在成矿区带和矿集区找矿工作中有所突破,开展工作区内水系沉积物和土壤剖面地球化学的试验是一项不容忽视的工作。江西九岭钨铜多金属矿集区水系沉积物、典型土壤剖面地球化学试验表明：①在赣北九岭地区寻找岩浆热液型钨、铜多金属矿床的最佳指示元素是W、Sn、Cu、Mo、Bi、Ag、Cd、F;②地球化学普查（1∶25万-1∶5万）水系沉积物的采样位置应以一级水系的采样为主,辅以少量二级水系,采样粒度以10～60目的水系沉积物为宜;③地球化学详查（1∶5000-1∶10000）土壤地球化学测量采样层位为残积土壤B层,采样深度为20～40cm,采样粒度20～40目,或小于40目均可显示出较好的异常。     

江西武宁县石门寺钨铜矿区风化作用过程中W、Cu等元素的表生地球化学行为(之一)

以江西省武宁县石门寺钨铜矿区燕山期和晋宁期岩体风化作用过程中W、Cu等元素的表生地球化学行为为研究对象,通过反映风化程度的化学风化指数CIA、风化作用过程中组分得失的估算、不同介质中W、Cu等成矿元素的含量变化及大离子亲石元素表生地球化学行为等方法的研究表明,石门寺钨铜矿区2个时期岩体元素淋失与风化强度有关,土壤剖面中碱金属、碱土金属元素大量淋失,而W、Cu等成矿元素在土壤B层中显著富集;从岩石到土壤、再到水系沉积物风化过程中,W、Cu等成矿元素含量逐渐升高,为此,一级水系沉积物和B层土壤是赣北九岭W、Sn、Cu、Mo多金属矿集区地球化学找矿的绝佳采样介质,是矿集区内找矿新突破的有效手段。     

江西武宁县石门寺钨铜矿区风化作用过程中W、Cu等元素的表生地球化学行为（之一）

以江西省武宁县石门寺钨铜矿区燕山期和晋宁期岩体风化作用过程中W、Cu等元素的表生地球化学行为为研究对象,通过反映风化程度的化学风化指数CIA、风化作用过程中组分得失的估算、不同介质中W、Cu等成矿元素的含量变化及大离子亲石元素表生地球化学行为等方法的研究表明,石门寺钨铜矿区2个时期岩体元素淋失与风化强度有关,土壤剖面中碱金属、碱土金属元素大量淋失,而W、Cu等成矿元素在土壤B层中显著富集;从岩石到土壤、再到水系沉积物风化过程中,W、Cu等成矿元素含量逐渐升高,为此,一级水系沉积物和B层土壤是赣北九岭W、Sn、Cu、Mo多金属矿集区地球化学找矿的绝佳采样介质,是矿集区内找矿新突破的有效手段。     

吉林省敦化尔站矿区地球化学异常与钼矿体的相关性分析北大核心CSCD

吉林省敦化尔站矿区位于吉黑东部多金属成矿带中南部,以往资料表明有Mo、Cu等元素地球化学异常和斑岩体存在。为查明该区成矿条件,明确勘探思路,开展了水系沉积物、土壤元素地球化学和地物化综合剖面测量工作。通过对各元素分布、相关性和异常特征研究,发现水系和土壤地球化学异常具有较好重现性,R型聚类分析表明Mo与As、W元素相关性较好,主成矿元素为Mo元素,在地球化学高异常和低阻高极化率区域进行异常查证,发现钼矿体6条。钼矿体产于晚二叠世蚀变似斑状二长花岗岩体及其与围岩接触带,主要受北东向构造带控制,Mo和As等元素地球化学异常与矿体和蚀变带的辉钼矿、黄铁矿等关系密切。综合分析尔站矿区成矿地质条件,在已发现矿体北东和南东圈定靶区2个,区域上含前寒武系残片呈北东向展布的晚古生代花岗岩区是重点找矿地段。     

内蒙古北山额勒根乌兰乌拉一带土壤测量地球化学特征及找矿方向

研究区位于内蒙古北山北带,成矿地质条件优越,1∶20万水系沉积物测量异常明显,且分布有额勒根乌兰乌拉斑岩型钼(铜)矿。以1∶5万土壤地球化学测量成果为依据,以地质认识为基础,研究了区内元素地球化学数据特征、地球化学场特征及综合异常特征。认为区内主成矿元素为Mo、Cu、Au,主要的控矿层位为咸水湖组火山岩段,成矿有利侵入体为石炭纪花岗闪长岩。划分出5种综合异常类型,其中与斑岩钼(铜)矿系统有关的综合异常和与奥陶系建造有关的综合异常是今后解剖找矿的重点。     

岳阳市环境地球化学影响及其综合防治

1:20万蒲圻幅化探水系沉积物测量,发现岳阳市东北区的F、As、Hg、Pb、Mo、U、Cu、Be、Sb等9种元素的过高或过低含量,有碍于人体健康,容易诱发相应的地球化学疾病;该环境中的B、Zn及Mo、Cu、As等5种元素,以及Cu/Mo比值的过高或过低,均有碍农业和林业的发展,会出现某些植物病虫害。因此,本文研究了该区的地球化学特征,划分出6个有碍人体健康、5个有碍农业与林业发展的综合预测区,并提出了防治措施与建议。     

西秦岭常家山地区水系沉积物地球化学特征及其地质意义

西秦岭成矿带北亚带是重要的多金属成矿单元。为缩小找矿靶区,在常家山地区开展了1:2.5万水系沉积物测量工作,对采集到的1 141件样品中的Au、Ag、As、Sb、Bi、Cu、Pb、Zn、W、Mo 10种元素进行核密度估算等数理统计分析,结果显示它们的浓度高于全国水系和区域水系沉积物的平均值,表明研究区成矿潜力大。通过因子分析得到F1(Bi、Cu、Zn)、F2(Au、As、Sb)、F3(Ag、Pb)、F4(W、Mo)4个主因子。使用浓度-面积(C-A)分形模型得到各元素和因子的异常阈值,并利用克里金插值法得到相应的地球化学空间分布图;结合区域控矿因素和异常分布特征圈定出Hz1、Hz2、Hz3 3处综合异常,前缘晕、近矿晕和尾晕显示出自西北向东南分布的趋势。水系沉积物地球化学异常分析结果表明,区内构造控矿特征明显,北西方向的礼县—闾井断裂是常家山地区有利的找矿部位。     

High resolution regional hydrogeochemical baseline mapping of stream water of Wales,the Welsh borders and West Midlands region

The stream water hydrogeochemical database, produced by the Geochemical Baseline Survey (GBASE) of the British Geological Survey, has recently been enhanced in the light of experimental pilot studies in North Wales, to meet a wider range of economic and environmental objectives which require modern, integrated and strategic geochemical surveys for their implementation. Hydrogeochemical data are therefore now collected, in conjunction with geochemical data for stream sediments, soil samples and mineral concentrates. The density of sampling, based on the collection of stream water at near-baseflow conditions during the late summer period each year, has been increased to one site per 1.75 km² and a broader spectrum of geochemical determinants introduced. Provisional regional datasets are being prepared for an extensive region covering Wales, the Welsh Borders, and part of the West Midlands representing over 17 000 sample sites. Bedrock geology and base metal sulphide mineralisation are particularly well reflected in the stream water chemistry at the regional scale. The influence of secondary factors, such as geomorphology, atmospheric controls, and anthropogenic contamination due to agriculture, urban, industrial and military developments, can also be readily distinguished.The data obtained by systematic high resolution sampling of first and second order streams, vary in concentration over three or four orders of magnitude for many of the analytes studied here. This compares with a range of only one or two orders of magnitude for many of the analytes in stream sediment samples. The extended range in values for stream water is an important factor in the gridding, plotting and production of relatively stable maps. They are relatively unaffected either by short temporal changes in stream water flow, which are attributable either to storm events noted during the sampling campaign, or by annual differences between wet and dry summers in different years. This has enabled a series of robust surface hydrogeochemical maps to be prepared for analytical data collected during the summer sampling campaigns conducted annually from 1989 to 1994. These maps provide a unique source of synoptic baseline information for a wide range of economic and environmental applications especially, when combined with other geoscience datasets in a GIS environment.     

长江三角洲地区土壤地球化学基准值及其应用探讨

通过对基准值、背景值概念的进一步分析,确定了以沉积环境作为土壤地球化学基准值求取的基本单元,以各基本单元的面积加权法求取区域土壤地球化学基准值的方法。利用长江三角洲地区完成的多目标区域地球化学调查数据,求取了该区的土壤地球化学基准值,并对基准值特征进行了分析和应用探讨。结果表明:各沉积环境有其特征的指示元素或组合,F、Cl、Br、I、Ca和Mg元素组合可反映海相沉积物的新老和比例;N、S、OrgC组合,I、Hg组合和Y、Ce、La等稀土和稀有元素组合分别指示湖相、泻湖相和陆相沉积环境。Hg、Cd等为全区富集的污染元素;土壤中亲石元素、稀有和稀土元素稳定;I和CaO易流失。部分元素的土壤清洁级界限值采用X0+2S0能较好地反映土壤污染的分布。研究区土壤中养分Co、Na2O几乎全部为适宜区,K、N、Fe、B、Cu、Cl、Mg、S含量丰富,Zn、Mn和P、Mo、Si相对缺乏。     

浙江萧山“一刀切”萝卜产地土壤地球化学特征

浙江“萧山萝卜干”肉质鲜美、产量高、抗逆性强,易于种植和加工。这些优良品质除了与品种有关外,还与其产地的土壤地质和地球化学背景密切相关。与浙江平原土壤元素平均值对比,产地的MgO、B、P、CaO、Mn含量较高,N、K、Mo、Fe、Zn含量较低;从该区土壤养分和微量元素有效态分析结果来看,碱解氮、Fe、Mn、Cu含量丰富,速效磷、有机质和Zn含量一般。由于产地土壤成熟度不高,加上该区复种指数高等问题,造成土壤N、K流失和B、Mo缺乏,影响和制约了萝卜产量和质量。建议及时追加微肥和有机肥,做到科学养地。     

粤北某铀矿勘查区深部铀矿找矿潜力分析

基于大比例尺区域地质调查工作,在粤北某铀矿勘查区通过分量化探和土壤氡气测量开展深部铀矿找矿工作。已知的隐伏铀矿区测量结果表明,铀矿赋存在断裂之中,在含矿断裂上方形成U的分量化探异常和土壤氡气异常;在该异常区内,同时伴随W、Be、Ba、Mo、Li、Ni的分量化探异常。综合分析分量化探和土壤氡气资料,勘查区内北北东向F_2、F_1处的分量化探和土壤氡气异常具备已知隐伏铀矿区的全部异常特征,推测该处异常具有较大的深部找矿前景,进一步的钻探工作正在进行中。     

地表微量元素含量对环境及农业的影响

本文利用1：20万区域化探资料，研究了微量元素在土壤和水系沉积物中的分布，明确了元素含量在水系沉积物中基本能反映土壤中元素含量的变化趋势。通过研究微最元素含量分布对人体健康及农作物的影响，确定了Γ、Cu、Sn、MgO、Be、Mn、Ni、Sr、Cd等元素过剩或缺乏与地方病的关系，明确了Zn、Cu、Mo、P、K_2O、Mn等元素对农作物产量的影响。对区内与地球化学环境直接有关的疾病进行了预测。     

地表微量元素含量对环境及农业的影响

本文利用1:20万区域化探资料,研究了微量元素在土壤和水系沉积物中的分布,明确了元素含量在水系沉积物中基本能反映土壤中元素含量的变化趋势。通过研究微最元素含量分布对人体健康及农作物的影响,确定了Γ、Cu、Sn、MgO、Be、Mn、Ni、Sr、Cd等元素过剩或缺乏与地方病的关系,明确了Zn、Cu、Mo、P、K₂O、Mn等元素对农作物产量的影响。对区内与地球化学环境直接有关的疾病进行了预测。     

Geochemical Baselines of Nickel and Chromium in Various Surficial Materials in the Barents Region, NW Russia and Finland

The geochemical baselines of nickel and chromium were studied from the data produced by the Barents Ecogeochemistry project, a large international regional geochemical mapping exercise. The project surveyed major and trace element distributions in stream water, organic and mineralogically-modified soil horizons, and terrestrial moss in the northwestern part of Russia and in Finland. Other materials were collected during the pilot phase and later from thirty special sites. The results on respective materials by XRF, ICP-MS and ICP-AES showed that both geological and anthropogenic factors have an influence on the geochemical baseline concentrations of Ni and Cr in organic soil and stream water. The main explanation of the observed distribution patterns in terrestrial moss is human activity, but geological factors can also affect the baselines. The variation of geochemical baselines in the mineral-rich soil horizon depends only on variations in bedrock. The mineralogy of samples mainly controls the leachability properties of soil samples.     

西藏恰我铁钨多金属矿床物化探异常特征及找矿效果

西藏恰我铁钨多金属矿床是近年来在冈底斯成矿带上首次发现的矽卡岩型铁钨多金属共生矿床。通过1∶5万水系沉积物异常区开展大比例尺土壤化探测量,圈定了4个成矿元素以W、Pb为主综合异常;经物探高磁和激电测量进一步缩小了找矿范围和圈定了靶区,并通过工程验证找到了资源量达中型规模矽卡岩型铁多金属矿床。采用物化探方法找寻矽卡岩型铁多金属矿体可取得良好的找矿效果。实践证明,在冈底斯成矿带上寻找矽卡岩型铁矿或铁铜矿的同时,还应注意矽卡岩型铁钨(钼)多金属共伴生矿床的寻找。     

The problem of defining geochemical baselines. A case study of selected elements and geological materials in Finland

Although the term ‘geochemical baseline’ appears in the international geochemical mapping programmes IGCP 259 and 360, it has never been well defined. Several considerations relevant to such a definition are discussed. A geochemical baseline for an element refers to its natural variations in concentration in the surficial environment. Geochemical baselines were studied in Finland by comparing results from regional geochemical mapping programmes based on samples of till, clay and organic stream sediment. The geochemical background changes regionally with the basic geology and locally with the type and genesis of the overburden. Baseline concentrations depend on sample material collected, grain size and extraction method. In Finland, concentrations of potentially harmful elements tend to be higher in fine-grained marine and lacustrine sediments than in glacial till. Concentrations are also systematically higher in the < 0.06 mm fraction than in the < 2 mm size fraction of till samples. Only small proportions of the total heavy metal concentrations in Finnish marine clays are bioavailable. Geochemical baselines are needed for environmental legislation and political decision-making, especially in the assessment of contaminated soil. In many areas of Finland, natural concentrations of several heavy metals exceed the guide or limit values designated for contaminated soils. Thus baselines must always be verified in any assessment of sites for contamination.     

陕西商洛马角寺钼矿区土壤地球化学特征及找矿前景——地球化学找矿的典型实例

陕西商洛马角寺钼矿位于小秦岭多金属成矿带西部,矿区出露元古界至新生界地层,区内褶皱和断裂较为发育。1∶50 000水系沉积物测量在本区圈出Mo、Pb、Zn等元素异常,指示有多金属找矿前景。在区内开展1∶10 000土壤测量工作,并对取得的大量数据进行统计分析,研究总结矿区土壤地球化学特征,显示本区Mo、(Au)为成矿元素,Ag、Pb、Zn等为指示元素;同时,在区内再次圈出Mo、Ag、Pb、Zn等元素异常,异常再现性较好。运用1∶2 000地球化学剖面对土壤异常进行查证,发现一条含钼矿化构造带(Q1),从中圈出Mo矿体多条。综合研究1∶10 000地球化学特征显示,本区仍有Mo、(Au)矿床的找矿前景。     

黄河流域（济南段）土壤元素地球化学组合特征研究

为查明黄河流域土壤元素地球化学组合特征及重金属元素异常分布区域,采集该流域济南段表层土壤、不同土壤类型样品,以及重金属异常区域水平剖面-垂向剖面土壤样品,测定N、P、Mn、Mo、Zn、As、Cr、Hg、Pb、Ni和V等29项土壤指标,通过元素聚类分析（皮尔逊相关系数法）、因子分析（Bartlett球度检验,KMO检验验证,最大方差旋转）和重金属元素异常区域立体化分析进行评价。研究表明：受人类活动影响较明显的元素有第一簇群元素（Pb、Zn、Cu、Mo、Cr、V、Co）及Hg元素,第一族群元素在街道中心区域各元素含量普遍较高;As、F等元素受人为影响较小,与河流分布有一定的关系。另外,不同土壤类型中各元素丰缺情况有一定差异性。重金属元素异常区分布相对分散,较为集中的两个异常区域是大桥街道东北部和太平街道与孙耿街道交界处。在调查区东西方向上,各重金属峰值分布有明显差异性,纵向剖面元素分布情况各异。黄河流域（济南段）大部分地区元素含量受背景值控制,小部分区域(面积<0.3%)存在轻度的人为重金属污染,整体土壤环境较好,适合发展农业。     

发射光谱法测定区域化探样品中的Pb、Sn、Mo、V元素

采用发射光谱法测定区域化探样品中Pb、Sn、Mo、V元素,以焦硫酸钾、氟化钠、三氧化二铝和碳粉的混合物为固体缓冲剂,采用外加内标法以锗（Ge）作为内标元素,选择合适的分析线对,选取国家一级地球化学标准物质（GBW水系沉积物、土壤）平行测定（n=12次）.测试结果准确度达到规范要求,满足区域化探样品的检测要求.     

Baseline geochemical mapping of Sardinia (Italy)

A total of about 20,000 stream sediment samples from about 13,000 km² were collected in Sardinia and analysed for eleven elements (Ag, Co, Cr, Cu, F, Hg, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, Sb and Zn) by Ente Minerario Sardo (EMS), aimed at mineral exploration. We have reutilized 16,890 samples (covering an area of 7987 km²) of the above data to compile geochemical baseline maps for all single elements as well as maps showing the regional variability of factor scores resulting from R-mode factor analysis. This type of maps has a particular relevance to environmental issues, especially in a region such as Sardinia which has been mined since pre-Roman times.