海洋管线铺设时的静力分析

本文采用奇异摄动方法计算了海洋管线在铺设工况下的静变形和静应力,导得了非线性平衡方程解的二阶近似式。求解中由于考虑了床面的斜度,从而对可能发生的更不利位置作了进一步的分析和讨论。算例表明,用这种方法计算很大范围的一类海洋管线,精度高而且省机时。     

深水S-lay管道形态和内力分析的分段解析方法

考虑深水S型铺设中离散均布托辊对上弯段管道的支撑作用,提出了管道铺设形态和内力的分段解析求解方法,通过迭代搜索算法确定管道最佳反弯点和升离点的位置,结合刚性悬链线理论和欧拉梁弯曲理论,推导了管道的变形和内力的解析表达式。依据所建立的分段解析方法编制了相应的数值计算程序,以某3 000 m水深铺设12英寸管道为例,计算了管道形态和内力响应,与商用有限元软件的数值分析结果进行对比,表明了分段解析方法的准确性和有效性。建立的方法具有较高的计算效率,为进一步开展S型铺设参数的优化或可靠性研究提供了有力的手段。     

卷管铺设的海管曲率模型及残余应力计算

弯曲曲率是使用卷管铺设时首要控制的参数之一。通过对海管的上卷加载、完全卸载、退卷加载及再次卸载等过程的弹塑性分析,建立了各个阶段的曲率模型,并推导了海管完全卸载时残余应力的解析解。在此基础上,分析了曲率、曲率比、残余曲率比及残余应力等参数的影响因素,得到了卷管铺设中海管的最优弯曲曲率及海管截面上的残余应力分布规律,并提出了基于弹塑性理论的海管的残余曲率及残余应力的控制建议。     

基于ABAQUS的卷管式铺管法管道变形敏感性分析

卷管式铺管法在海管铺设中的应用愈发广泛,在铺设作业中管道会发生几何非线性变形,导致出现复杂的力学性能变化。针对管道在上卷、退卷过程中的屈服变化过程,通过弹塑性理论进行分析,推导出管道退卷后残余轴向应力的解析解;随后利用有限元软件ABAQUS建立模型实例,对比解析解与有限元模型,两者的计算结果基本吻合。基于上述有限元模型,研究上卷时的张力和退卷时的后张力对椭圆度、截面轴向应力和剪切应力的影响,并进行敏感性分析。模拟结果表明张力和后张力变化会影响管道截面的变形程度,退卷后截面上残余的轴向应力远高于剪切应力,并且通过敏感性分析,得到了残余椭圆度、残余应力随张力和后张力变化的规律。研究可为卷管铺设过程中张力和后张力的选择提供参考和借鉴。     

蛇形铺设管道触发水平向整体屈曲效果研究

海底管道在深海石油开发工程中有着广泛的应用,管道在工作时受到高温高压会触发水平向整体屈曲变形,蛇形铺管法是控制管道水平向整体屈曲变形的有效手段。采用数值模拟方法,对蛇形铺设管道的关键参数进行研究,分析关键参数对临界屈曲荷载和屈曲后截面应力应变状态的影响。对每一组蛇形铺设管道都设置了直线型铺设管道的对照组,对照组采用引入初始挠曲的方法激发水平向整体屈曲,初始挠曲程度与蛇形铺设管道相同。通过与直线型铺设管道的对比,显示了蛇形铺设管道在激发和控制屈曲方面的优势,并对不同土体阻力情况下蛇形铺设管道的实际效果进行了评估。结果表明,蛇形铺设管道的临界屈曲力和屈曲后的弯矩皆远小于直线型管道。蛇形铺设管道的临界屈曲力随圆心角θ增大而减小,随曲率半径R的增大而增大。增大跨度L、曲率半径R和圆心角θ都能有效减小蛇形铺设管道的截面弯矩。水平向土体阻力对蛇形铺设管道影响较大,水平向土体阻力较小时,蛇形铺设管道控制屈曲的效果更为明显。     

多点支撑托管架支撑下的海洋管道铺设中的静力分析

本文以实际工程中点支撑托管架支撑下的海洋管道为分析对象,采用Ｂ样条函数分段拟合了从张紧器到海床间整段管道在铺设时的空间曲线,利用样条函数配点法求解管道的平衡微分方程,得到了管道在铺设过程中所必须的数据。本方法适用性好,理论简明,求解快,精度高。     

荔湾3-1气田深水脐带缆竖直铺设技术研究与应用

随着海洋油气开发逐步走向深海,深水脐带缆的应用越来越广泛。我国在脐带缆安装工程中仅具备浅水(300 m以内)水平铺设的能力,深水脐带缆的铺设技术在国内尚属空白。本文以荔湾3-1气田深水脐带缆铺设工程为例,首先介绍铺设方法的选取原则,提出深水脐带缆竖直铺设的技术要求,随后基于Orca Flex软件,对脐带缆铺设进行静力和动力分析,为铺设期间脐带缆长度和张力的监控、作业气候窗的选取提供参考依据。最后制定脐带缆起始抽拉、正常铺设以及末端铺设的作业流程。该工程为我国首次采用脐带缆竖直铺设技术,本文研究成果和计算方法可为国内其它同类工程提供重要借鉴意义。     

太湖悬浮质对湖面反照率及水体光吸收的影响

本文根据Mie散射理论,利用太湖水中悬浮质粒径谱分布的实测资料,计算了湖水的光散射相矩阵,消光系数和吸收系数等光学参量,并采用Monte Carlo方法,研究了湖面反照率和水体光吸收以及太阳高度角、入射光波长、底泥反射、悬浮质浓度和粒径分布变化的影响。数值计算结果表明:在研究湖泊水体对太阳辐射能量的反射和吸收时,水中悬浮质是一个不可忽视的重要因素。     

波浪作用下斜坡上护面块体内部应力分布数值模拟

基于3D FEMDEM方法建立三维原型尺度数值模型,模拟波浪荷载作用下斜坡上护面块体内部的应力分布。波浪作用下结构物的水动力荷载采用微幅波理论模拟,护面块体之间的运动、碰撞接触以及块体内部的应力变化采用3D FEMDEM方法模拟。块体之间的接触力采用基于势函数的罚函数法计算,有限元的变形采用中心差分的显式方法求解。应用该数值模型与ANSYS软件程序对自重作用下混凝土扭王字块的内部应力分布特性进行了比较分析,验证了数值模型应力计算的可行性和计算精度。通过数值模拟计算给出了波浪作用下斜坡上护面块体之间的相对运动和块体内部的应力分布及应力历时曲线,探讨了块体内部应力变化特性。     

非淹没刚性植物对海啸作用下海堤水动力特性影响数值模拟研究

基于非静压单相流模型NHWAVE建立了高精度数值波浪水槽。通过设计不同的计算工况,系统研究了非淹没刚性植物对海啸作用下海堤周围水动力特性的影响。着重分析了不同入射波高、不同植物分布密度以及不同植物分布宽度条件下海啸波沿程波形特征以及海堤堤顶越浪流空间分布特征。结果表明:不同入射波高、植物分布密度以及植物宽度条件下,堤顶流厚度和水体流速具有明显单调的变化趋势,并且随着植物分布密度和宽度增大,波能衰减增大;随着入射波非线性增强,植物分布密度和分布宽度对堤顶前段水流厚度的影响也随之增强,而对堤顶后段水流厚度的影响则减弱,且堤顶后缘水流厚度约为堤顶前缘厚度的二分之一;在波浪非线性较大情况下,植物的存在对堤顶流速度的空间分布趋势几乎没有影响,但相对堤顶流速度增加程度均大于无植物情况,且堤顶后缘水流速度约为堤顶前缘的1.6倍。     

浮式钻井平台钻具卡点深度计算分析

自升式平台的转盘面相对井眼是固定不变的,而浮式平台受风浪潮涌等影响,相对井筒上下浮动,尤其是在钻具卡钻时超拉或钻具下压相当于平台载荷瞬间改变,平台会上下起伏,这样在超拉计算卡点时测量钻柱伸长量和实际卡点深度相差甚远。为了消除因平台上下浮动的影响,根据物理学原理详细阐述了浮式平台卡点深度超拉计算方法。此方法能较准确的计算出浮式平台卡钻时钻柱卡点,在计算卡点深度上有很好的借鉴意义。     

考虑海床变形的裸露悬跨海底管道静力分析

针对裸露悬跨海底管道,考虑线弹性海床刚度,利用梁的小挠度理论,研究管道在自重作用下的变形和内力,推导给出了未脱离海床的管道段和悬跨管道段的变形和内力公式。在跨度较大的悬跨情况下,悬跨管道段较大的向下弯曲变形可能引起海床上管道脱离海床而翘起。建立管道翘起的判定准则,对于翘起情况推导相应的计算公式,通过算例给出翘起情况下管道的变形和内力。通过计算分析发现:工程上多数悬跨是翘起情况,没有翘起的计算公式只适应于跨度较小的悬跨管道。同时翘起情况下不同海床刚度对悬跨管道无量纲内力影响不大。     

1000 m long gas blow-out pipes

This study presents seismic observation of pipe anomalies from offshore Nigeria, outcrops of blow-out pipes from Rhodes, Greece, and geophysical modelling of an acoustic pipe. The studies give insight into how pipes form, their internal structure, the seismic image and geophysical artefacts related to the pipes. Over one hundred seafloor craters, 100 m-700 m wide and up to 30 m deep, have been observed on the seafloor offshore Nigeria. They are underlain by interpreted cones and seismic pipe anomalies that can be traced down to reservoir zones at 1000 m-1300 m below the seafloor. The seismic pipe anomalies are 50 m-150 m wide and almost vertical. They are interpreted as up-scaled pipes found in outcrops on Rhodes, Greece. The outcrops show pipe-related structures at three levels. Lowest, the reservoir rock contains metre-sized cavities which are filled with a mixture of clay derived from the overlying cap rock. In the middle, several circular to oval structures in plane view of pipes are observed in the lowest part of the cap rock. Highest, 15 m into the clay cap rock, strongly sheared country rock forms circular structures with a core of structureless clay. Based on outcrop observation on Rhodes we constructed an acoustic model of a 50 m wide and 1000 m long pipe. Seismic modelling proves that such pipes would be expressed in seismic data, that they are similar to the seismic pipe anomalies offshore Nigeria but this study also revealed that prominent intra-pipe reflections are artefacts. A formation model for the pipes is suggested: High fluid overpressure in the reservoir generated hydro fractures from the reservoir to seafloor where a mixture of gas and fluid flowed at high speed to form pipes, cones and seafloor craters. After hours to weeks of gas and fluid flow through the pipe the pore pressure in the reservoir dropped and the blow-out terminated. Muddy slurry fell back and plugged the cavity in the reservoir and the pipe.     

改进型中心管模型能量转换性能试验及样机设计

为了提高中心管振荡水柱波浪能利用技术能量转换效率,基于新的认识和目前常用的2.4米导航灯标,对中心管尾部设计了三种模型并在造波水槽中进行能量转换性能试验。试验结果表明:直管型中心管俘获宽度比最高达到了70.25%,但通频带宽度窄;加长喇叭口型中心管略好于喇叭口型中心管;在喷咀比为0.02条件下,加长喇叭口型中心管浮体有较高双峰俘获宽度比,波峰为40.0%,波谷为31.6%,通频带宽,为随机波下高效转换创造了条件。最高俘获宽度比和双峰通频带特性实验数据结果都优于历史文献值。根据试验数据对一些适合小型海洋仪器供电的样机进行了设计,设计的样机具有较高的性价比。     

Analysis on shock wave speed of water hammer of lifting pipes for deep-sea mining

Water hammer occurs whenever the fluid velocity in vertical lifting pipe systems for deep-sea mining suddenly changes. In this work, the shock wave was proven to play an important role in changing pressures and periods, and mathematical and numerical modeling technology was presented for simulated transient pressure in the abnormal pump operation. As volume concentrations were taken into account of shock wave speed, the experiment results about the pressure-time history, discharge-time history and period for the lifting pipe system showed that: as its concentrations rose up, the maximum transient pressure went down, so did its discharges; when its volume concentrations increased gradually, the period numbers of pressure decay were getting less and less, and the corresponding shock wave speed decreased. These results have highly coincided with simulation results. The conclusions are important to design lifting transporting system to prevent water hammer in order to avoid potentially devastating consequences, such as damage to components and equipment and risks to personnel.     

柔性管卷管式铺管上卷有限元模拟

采用卷管法进行海底管道铺设过程中,管道首先通过牵引作用上卷于卷筒进行储存。管道与卷筒发生非线性接触,可能会产生复杂的塑性变形和局部屈曲。通过全尺寸柔性管力学性能试验获得柔性管轴力—应变以及弯曲—曲率等非线性力学性能关系,将试验所得的非线性材料性能参数导入建立的两种柔性管上卷ABAQUS有限元模型（梁—实体单元模型与壳和桁架—实体单元模型）,实现柔性管较大轴向抗拉刚度和较小抗弯刚度的同步模拟以及管道与卷筒的非线性接触响应特征。通过对比分析两种有限元模型数值模拟得到的管道弯矩、弯曲曲率、管道轴力、管道与卷筒的接触压强等数据,发现在管道上卷过程中管道沿副法线方向的SM3弯矩占据其弯曲变形主导地位;管道与卷筒之间的摩擦效应对于管道轴力的影响较为显著;管道与卷筒的最大接触压强主要发生在卷管过渡段区域。     

Trial and Numerical Analysis of Specimen Pipelay

Subsea pipelay has a relatively long history. In recent years, there has been a domestic need for the laying of large diameter thin wall pipes. A land-based trial for the large diameter thin wall specimen pipe is described in this paper. Re-gression analysis is performed for the trial data and the formula derived can express the trial data very well. Numerical analysis is adopted to compute various trial conditions. Then the numerical model is revised with the trial results, which are consistent with each other. After summarization of the results of trial and numerical analysis, the characteristics are described of the spatial configuration during the laying of the pipe and it is concluded that the maximum strain appears around the center of the raised pipeline. In the end, a reference Standard, which limits the maximum stress below the yield stress is provided.     

三种不同管土相互作用模型在触地区立管运动模拟中的比较研究

选择恰当的管土相互作用模型,对于准确描述海洋悬链线立管在触地区的动力响应至关重要。首先总结分析了国内外已有的三类典型管土作用模型,并基于三种模型计算模拟了触地区管道的竖向运动过程,计算结果与试验数据进行了对比验证。选用的三类模型均包括四个管土作用状态,即未接触、初始贯入、上拔和再贯入。研究发现:RQ模型对管道远端管道埋深的预测结果远比试验值小,明显低估了管道的触地区范围;AB模型可以考虑管道的开槽效应,但对于土体强度弱化估算不准,预测的管道埋深远低于试验值;ABY模型能够考虑土体强度的循环弱化,但在模拟管土相互作用时会严重低估土体的强度,预测的管道远端的埋深远大于试验值,这可能导致对管道疲劳寿命的估计错误,需对其进行必要的修正。     

Dynamic Analysis of Deep-Ocean Mining Pipe System by Discrete Element Method

The dynamic analysis of a pipe system is one of the most crucial problems for the entire mining system.A discrete element method(DEM)is proposed for the analysis of a deep-ocean mining pipe system,including the lift pipe,pump,buffer and flexible hose.By the discrete element method,the pipe is divided into some rigid elements that are linked by flexible connectors.First,two examples representing static analysis and dynamic analysis respectively are given to show that the DEM model is feasible.Then the three-dimensional DEM model is used for dynamic analysis of the mining pipe system.The dynamic motions of the entire mining pipe system under different work conditions are discussed.Some suggestions are made for the actual operation of deep-ocean mining systems.     

OTEC cold-water pipe research

Shelf-mounted Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) plants require installation of cold-water pipes (CWP) on slopes of40degto depths of 1000 m. In addition, tower platforms containing OTEC power systems may be located on lesser sloped terrain near shore and exposed to special environmental loading problems affecting foundation design. Shelf-mounted installations require careful attention to site selection and geotechnical considerations for foundation integrity on sloped surfaces. This paper primarily discusses research associated with cold-water pipe and foundation installations on steep slopes, although research continues on tower platforms located on the shelf. At least five nations are in various stages of development of OTEC systems for island applications. Each of their systems is either shelf mounted or land based and requires that a large diameter cold-water pipe be installed on a steep slope to provide cold water from 1000-m depths. In addition to the installation and deployment of the large cold-water pipe, the most significant problem is the design and installation of suitable foundations that will last for several decades. To date there is very little experience in the offshore industry for large installations on steep slopes. A major scale-model research project is underway on the slopes of the island of Hawaii. A section of pipe 2.4 m in diameter and 24 m long was installed using combination concrete foundations and joints. The pipe and foundations are fully instrumented to measure environmental loading forces due principally to currents and waves. Environmental measurements will also be taken in the test area. The measurement data will be used to validate available analytical models for subsequent use in aiding industry in providing more cost-effective designs for OTEC pipes and foundations.