Finite Difference Simulations of Seismic Wave Propagation for the 2007 Mw 6.6 Niigata-ken Chuetsu-Oki Earthquake: Validity of Models and Reliable Input Ground Motion in the Near-Field

Finite difference simulations of seismic wave propagation are performed in the Niigata area, Japan, for the 2007 Mw 6.6 Niigata-ken Chuetsu-Oki earthquake at low frequencies. We test three 3D structural models built independently in various studies. First aftershock simulations are carried out. The model based on 3D tomography yields correct body waves in the near field, but later phases are imperfectly reproduced due to the lack of shallow sediment layers; other models based on various 1D/2D profiles and geological interpretation provide good site responses but generate seismic phases that may be shifted from those actually observed. Next, for the mainshock simulations, we adopt two different finite source models that differ in the near-field ground motion, especially above the fault plane (but under the sea) and then along the coastline. Each model is found to be calibrated differently for the given stations. For engineering purposes, the variations observed in simulated ground motion are significant, but for seismological purposes, additional parameter calibrations would be possible for such a complex 3D case.     

A new fault rupture scenario for the 2003 Mw 6.6 Bam earthquake,SE Iran: Insights from the high-resolution QuickBird imagery and field observations

The December 26, 2003 M_w 6.6 Bam earthquake is one of the most disastrous earthquakes in Iran. QuickBird panchromatic and multispectral satellite imagery with 61 cm and 2.4 m ground resolution, respectively provide new insights into the surface rupturing process associated with this earthquake. The results indicate that this earthquake produced a 2–5 km-wide surface rupture zone with a complex geometric pattern. A 10-km-long surface rupture zone developed along the pre-existing Bam fault trace. Two additional surface rupture zones, each 2–5 km long, are oblique to the pre-existing Bam fault in angles of 20–35°. An analysis of geometric and geomorphic features also shows that movement on the Bam fault is mainly right-lateral motion with some compressional component. This interpretation is consistent with field investigations, analysis of aftershocks as well as teleseismic inversion. Therefore, we suggest that the 2003 Bam earthquake occurred on the Bam fault, and that the surface ruptures oblique to the Bam fault are caused by secondary faulting such as synthetic shears (Reidel shears). Our fault model for the Bam earthquake provides a new tectonic scenario for explaining complex surface deformations associated with the Bam earthquake.     

2006年文安Mw4．9级地震的有限震源波形模拟研究

2006年7月4日发生在河北文安的Mw 4.9级地震,由于没有地表破裂并缺乏能够精确定位的余震序列,从而在地震发震构造的确定上存在困难.本文利用首都圈地震台网9个台站的Z分量数字波形记录,通过与有限震源模型的理论波形模拟结果比较,能够快速分辨发震断层面及破裂扩展方式,同时对震源运动学参数提供一定约束.结果显示,在文安地震震源机制解的两组共轭节面中,走向110°、倾角65°、滑动角8°的节面更有可能代表真实的发震面;破裂扩展方式为一向西扩展的单侧破裂.这一结果与本区域构造应力研究及块体相对运动方向观测结果一致.本文的工作,为中等震级地震发震构造的快速确定提出了一种简单而有效的方法.     

日本9.0级大地震前长波辐射异常研究

应用聚类分析方法对日本Mw9.0地震前长波辐射进行了分析,结果表明2010年8月在大范围的西太平洋海域,出现一个自北向南逐渐增强的季节性高温条带,该条带从日本海沟中北段开始,一直向南延伸到伊豆—小笠原海沟.同时日本海沟的地壳垂直运动自2010年8月份开始出现季节性运动消失的异常现象.这两种现象同时出现是否表明地球物理场在大地震发生前可能出现异常？地震发生前半年时间出现的热异常条带是否与此次地震有关？这些问题有待进一步探索.     

2011年M_W9.0东日本大地震动力学破裂过程的数值模拟

力学上,地震可以看作在应力场作用下由于断层带介质的突然损伤或软化导致的断层带失稳事件.本文基于这个地震动力学模型,利用一种可以模拟断层大位错的有限元方法,研究了2011年MW9.0东日本大地震(Tohoku-Oki)的动力学破裂过程.比较了无障碍体和具有不同刚度障碍体的断层带模型产生的断层位移、位错和应力降.主要结果表明,障碍体的存在并不明显地改变障碍体区域的初始构造应力场.对有障碍体情形,准静态结果显示断层上盘最大逆冲位移和最大剪切位错分别为51m和58m,均发生在海底表面海沟处,与无障碍体的结果(最大剪切位错约55m)相比差别不大;下盘最大倾向位移(-10m)并不与上盘最大值出现在同一位置,而是在障碍体处.障碍体处剪应力降(约11 MPa)大于周围非障碍体区域.障碍体处正应力降的最大值约为3 MPa.模拟结果似乎不支持海山是导致本次地震异乎寻常大位错的原因,而倾向于断层带剪切刚度在地震过程中极度损伤或软化.     

2017年精河MS6.6地震的断层参数和破裂过程

利用远震资料、近场强震资料和合成孔径雷达干涉同震形变资料确定了2017年8月9日精河M_S6.6地震的断层面参数及震源破裂细节。为得到可靠的断层几何参数,发展了一套基于InSAR数据滑动分布反演的三维格点搜索流程,对本次地震断层面的走向、倾角和震源深度进行了格点搜索。结果显示,地震断层面走向为95°,倾角为47°,震源深度为14 km。基于搜索得到的断层模型进行破裂过程联合反演的结果显示:精河M_S6.6地震为一次单侧破裂事件,最大滑动量约为0.8 m,滑动区域集中在断层面上震源以西5—15 km,沿倾向15—25 km,破裂主要发生在10 km深度以下区域。断层面上的平均滑动角为106°。整个破裂过程释放的标量地震矩为3.6×1018 N·m,对应矩震级为M_W6.3。破裂过程持续约9 s,期间的破裂速度约为2.1—2.6 km/s。由于地震破裂主要集中在10 km以下,未来可能需要关注该区域0—10 km发生潜在地震的可能性。      

Source rupture model of the 2018 Mw6.7 Iburi,Hokkaido earthquake from joint inversion of strong motion and InSAR observations

The 2018 Mw6.7 Iburi earthquake shocked the eastern Iburi region to the west of the Hidaka Collision Zone in Hokkaido,which is a destructive inland earthquake.We resolved the kinematic rupture process of the event by combining strong motions(SM)and synthetic aperture radar(SAR)images in a joint inversion.The results reveal that the duration of the whole rupture is about 17s,yielding a total seismic moment of 1.4×1019 N·m(Mw=6.7).The main slip area is located at a depth of approximately 24 km with a peak slip of～0.8m above the hypocenter.The comparison with the regional velocity model shows the earthquake was initiated in the upper mantle,while the majority of slips are located in the lower crust,which is an"aseismic"domain in the typical sandwich model.The location of the major slip area is consistent with a high-conductivity volume.We proposed a mechanism of low frictional property(＜0.3)produced by high pore pressure to explain the abnormal high dip angle and centroid depth located in the ductile lower-crust.Aftershocks are distributed in areas where the Coulomb frictional stress increases due to co-seismic displacement with a mechanism conjugating to the mainshock.     

Comparison of a complex rupture model with the precursor asperities of the 1975 HawaiiM s-7.2 earthquake

A simplified multiple source model was constructed for the 1975 HawaiiM _s=7.2 earthquake by matching synthetic signals with three component accelerograms at two stations located approximately 45 km from the epicenter. Six major subevents were identified and located approximately. The signals of these are larger by factors of 1.4 to 3.2 than that of theM _L=5.9 foreshock which occurred 70 minutes before the main rupture and also triggered the SAM-1 recorders at the two stations. Dividing the rupture length (40 km) by the duration of strong ground shaking ( 50 sec) an, average rupture velocity of 0.8 km/sec (about 25% of S-velocity) is obtained. Thus it is likely that the rupture stopped between subevents. The approximate epicenters of the 6 major subevents, and of the foreshock, support the hypothesis that they were located in high stress asperities which rupture during the main shock, except for the last events which is interpreted as a stopping phase generated at a barrier. These asperities have been previously defined on the basis of differences in the precursor pattern before the mainshock. Thus, it appears that both the details of the precursors and of the main rupture depended critically on the heterogeneous tress distribution in the source volume. This suggests that main rupture initiation points and locations of high rupture accelerations may be identified before the mainshock occurs, based on precursor anomaly patterns. A satisfactory match of synthetic signals with the observations could be obtained only if the aximuth of the fault plane of subevents was rotated from N60°E to N90°E and back to N30°E. These orientations are approximately parallel to the nearest Kilauea rift segments. Hence the slip directions and greatest principal stresses were oriented perpendicular to the rifts everywhere. From this analysis and other work, it is concluded that this fault surface consisted of three types of segments with different strength: hard asperities (radius 5 km), soft but brittle segments between the asperities (radius 5 km), and a viscous half (10×40 km) which slipped during the mainshock, but where microearthquakes and aftershocks are not common.     

利用近场强震记录反演2016年日本熊本县地震震源破裂过程

2016年4月15日16时25分（UTC）,日本熊本县发生M_W7.1强烈地震,给当地人员、建筑及经济造成严重灾难和巨大损失.日本地震观测网F-net给出的震源机制解显示此次地震的震源位置为130.7630°E,32.7545°N,深度12.45 km,节面Ⅰ：走向N131°E、倾角53°、滑动角-7°;节面Ⅱ：走向N226°E、倾角84°、滑动角-142°.与此同时,余震的震中分布及其震源机制结果显示主震的震源机制在破裂过程中有可能发生了变化,单一的震源机制不足以充分解释观测数据.本文依据GNSS和InSAR地表形变反演结果为约束,并结合活动构造资料为参考,构建了震源机制变化的有限断层模型,采用水平层状介质模型,利用日本强震观测台网K-NET和KiK-net的近场加速度观测记录,通过多时间窗线性波形反演方法反演了此次地震的震源破裂过程.研究结果显示,这是一次沿Futagawa-Hinagu断层带发生的右旋走滑破裂事件,发震断层分为南北两段,其中北段走向N235°E、倾角60°,南段走向N205°E、倾角72°,断层深度范围和余震深度分布基本一致,断层面上滑动主要集中于断层北段,最大滑动量约7.9 m,整个断层的破裂过程持续约18 s,释放地震矩5.47×10¹⁹ N·m（M_W7.1）.

     

2010年墨西哥Baja Mw7.2地震与中国玉树Mw6.9地震强地震动特征的对比研究

2010年4月4日墨西哥Baja地区发生Mw7.2地震,2人遇难;同年4月14日中国青海省南部玉树地区发生Mw6.9地震,截至2010年4月25日,已造成2220人遇难.有报道指出,玉树地震矩震级小于Baja地震,人员伤亡却远大于后者,主要原因在于玉树地区抗震设防标准低、建筑物抗震性能差.地震造成破坏程度的大小并非仅仅取决于矩震级的大小,而同时与其释放的地震波辐射能及发震后造成的强地面运动的大小有关.玉树地震释放的地震波辐射能约相当于Baja地震的10倍,目前玉树地震尚无实测的强震记录.针对玉树地震和Baja地震建立动态复合震源模型,分别模拟基岩上及浅层速度结构(V30,地下30 m平均剪切波速)下近断层区域的强地面运动.结果表明,基岩上及V30下玉树地震近断层区域强地面运动整体约相当于Baja地震的2倍.因此,玉树地震造成发震区域内建筑物损毁程度及人员伤亡情况均严重于Baja地震,重要原因之一在于其地震波辐射能大,且强地面运动较强.本文中所应用的动态复合震源模型,在地震矩守恒和地震波辐射能守恒的条件约束下,可以作为地震发生后补充强地面运动数据的有效手段之一.     

根据地表破裂位移测量估计古地震的震级(摘要)

本文提出一种利用位移资料估计古地震 (史前地震 )震级的方法。现在估计古地震震级通常是根据地表破裂长度与矩震级的关系 ,需要确定同震地表破裂的总长度或者断层分段模型。但地表破裂总长度很少能够准确地测量 ,断层分段模型则有很大的不确定性而不可定量化。虽然在表示历史地震震级时用地表破裂长度比用位移好 ,但古地震研究能较好地提供断层某一位置的位移量。本文提出的方法的关键是考虑了对 1 4个现代地震观测得到的位移量的可变化性 ,这样可估计出古地震震级的不确定性。分析表明 ,这种不确定性以渐近线方式靠近破裂的自然可变化性 ,于是有 5至 1 0个点的位移测量值便足以判定古地震的特征。本文结论是由相当于原始破裂长度 1 0 %的断层崖采样就可提供合理估计地震震级所需要的数值。用1 992年ＬａｎｄｅｒｓＭｗ7 3地震和 1 95 4年ＤｉｘｉｅＶａｌｌｅｙＭＳ6 8地震的随机采样资料对该方法进行了检验 ,所得到的震级估计值与实际值很接近。根据地表破裂位移测量估计古地震的震级(摘要)@Mark A.Hemphill-Haley @Ray J.Welodn     

1976年M_S7.8唐山地震断层动态破裂及近断层强地面运动特征

采用美国南加州地震委员会(SCEC)Steven Day博士提供的三维有限差分断层瞬态破裂动力学模型(3D-FDM),以1976年唐山M_S7.8地震为例,从简化的断层双侧破裂模式出发,对该地震发震断层的动态破裂过程及近断层地表运动特征进行了仿真模拟和计算.研究区域为围绕发震断层200 km×140 km×40 km(深度)的长方形块体组成,模拟计算的空间分辨率和时间分辨率分别为200 m和0.012 s,形成的空间网格节点数为1051×701×201.在DELL小型上作站上,我们实现了对源程序的移植和并行计算.同时,通过引进计算机可视化技术,对模拟数据进行了3D/4D解释分析.另外,在对源程序修改过程中,实现了对京津唐地区三维地壳速度结构的嵌入,在一定程度上增强了对地震波传播以及地面运动模拟的真实性,并讨论了地震破裂的方向性对近断层地表运动的影响.最后根据初步研究结果结合京津唐地区活动断层构造特征,对唐山M_S7.8级主震后随之而来的1976滦县M_S7.1级余震及宁河M_S6.9级余震的动态触发机制提出了新的解释.由于受主震破裂方向性作用的影响,使得主震对后续两个较大余震产生的动态应力变化的峰值在断层的走滑方向上较大,为2～3 MPa,在逆冲方向上较小,为0.1～0.2 MPa.即唐山主震的发生使得其周边的应力场有一个瞬态的应力调整,唐山主震对后续余震的发生有促发作用.     

2010年新西兰Mw7.0主震与2011年Mw6.1余震近场强地面运动特征比较分析

2010年9月3日16时35分46秒新西兰南岛Greendale附近发生了Mw7.0地震,震源深度约10.0 km.2011年2月21日新西兰南岛又发生了Mw6.1地震,为2010年Mw7.0主震后最大的一次余震,震源深度约5.0 km,发震断层为Christchurch南约9 km一条近东西走向逆冲的隐伏断层,该地震造成Christchurch城内多处建筑物严重损毁.本文分析了2010年新西兰地震事件Mw7.0主震与Mw6.1余震强地面运动的特征.新西兰Mw6.1余震近场强地面运动整体高于Mw7.0主震.将主震和余震的强震观测记录分别与新一代衰减关系(NGA)进行对比,发现余震强震观测数据整体高于其震级对应的NGA.分别选取距离主震和余震震中最近且强震观测记录最高的两个台站(GDLC台站和HVSC台站)作为参照台站,建立动态复合震源模型(DCSM)及有限断层随机振动模型(SFFM)进行强地面运动的模拟计算,分析两种模型的模拟结果并对比二者的优势及局限,以便在未来工作中更好地通过模型计算强地面运动特征,实现区域化特征快速、实时分析及局部重点、细致分析相结合的目标.     

2020年西藏尼玛Mw6.3地震InSAR同震形变特征与破裂滑动分布

2020年7月22日(UTC)西藏尼玛发生Mw6.3地震.为准确确定地震的发震断层、反演破裂滑动分布以及评估地震危险性,本文利用合成孔径雷达差分干涉(DInSAR)技术对Sentinel-1A/B数据进行处理,获取视线向(line of sight,LOS)同震形变场,形变场显示以沉降为主,长轴呈NE向,升、降轨最大沉...     

2007年8月15日秘鲁M_W8.0地震的破裂震相记录特征

对2007年8月15日秘鲁近海MW8.0地震在全球数字地震仪台网(GSN)83个台的宽频带数字记录进行分析,在短周期(SP)、中长周期(SK)和长周期(LP)记录上均识别出在震源破裂过程中由主要破裂激发出的破裂震相。由破裂震相分析结果可以看出:该地震是一个由4次主要破裂构成的地震事件,第2次破裂、第3次破裂和第4次破裂与第1次破裂之间的时间间隔平均约9.1 s、48.5 s和63.3 s,与震源破裂时间函数的结果一致。4次主要破裂激发的破裂震相在GSN台站可识别的震中距范围为1.4°—153.8°。本文给出的破裂震相记录特征,为分析识别其他地震的破裂震相提供了参考。从地震记录图上直接识别破裂震相有助于快速判断震源破裂过程,有助于快速判断震灾损失。     

2011年新西兰Mw6.1地震震源过程及强地面运动特征初步分析

2011年2月21日新西兰南岛发生M_w6.1地震,震中位置43.58°S,172.70°E,震源深度约5.0 km,发震断层为新西兰第三大城市克赖斯特彻奇(Christchurch)南约9 km一条近东西走向的未知隐伏断层,为逆冲断层机制.地震已经造成163人遇难,Christchurch城内多处建筑物严重损毁,距震中约1 km的Heathcote Valley Primary School (HVSC)台站强地面运动峰值加速度(PGA)高达2.0g.针对新西兰M_w6.1地震近场强地面运动偏高这一现象,利用HVSC台站的强震观测记录,计算地震震源谱参数,应用Brune圆盘模型估算其近场强地面运动的理论值,并建立动态复合震源模型进行模拟计算.研究结果表明,新西兰M_w6.1地震近断层强地面运动偏高的主要原因为复杂震源破裂过程中有效应力降(动态应力降,Δσ_d)过高造成的.未来工作中,需要加强对可能发生的、距离城市较近的中小型地震的重视,防止地震对城市的加强型破坏.     

1976年MS7.8唐山地震断层动态破裂及近断层强地面运动特征

采用美国南加州地震委员会（SCEC）Steven Day博士提供的三维有限差分断层瞬态破裂动力学模型（3D-FDM）,以1976年唐山M_S7.8地震为例,从简化的断层双侧破裂模式出发,对该地震发震断层的动态破裂过程及近断层地表运动特征进行了仿真模拟和计算.研究区域为围绕发震断层200 km×140 km×40 km（深度）的长方形块体组成,模拟计算的空间分辨率和时间分辨率分别为200 m和0.012 s,形成的空间网格节点数为1051×701×201.在DELL小型工作站上,我们实现了对源程序的移植和并行计算.同时,通过引进计算机可视化技术,对模拟数据进行了3D/4D解释分析.另外,在对源程序修改过程中,实现了对京津唐地区三维地壳速度结构的嵌入,在一定程度上增强了对地震波传播以及地面运动模拟的真实性,并讨论了地震破裂的方向性对近断层地表运动的影响.最后根据初步研究结果结合京津唐地区活动断层构造特征,对唐山M_S7.8级主震后随之而来的1976滦县M_S7.1级余震及宁河M_S6.9级余震的动态触发机制提出了新的解释.由于受主震破裂方向性作用的影响,使得主震对后续两个较大余震产生的动态应力变化的峰值在断层的走滑方向上较大,为2~3 MPa,在逆冲方向上较小,为0.1~0.2 MPa.即唐山主震的发生使得其周边的应力场有一个瞬态的应力调整,唐山主震对后续余震的发生有促发作用.     

日本俯冲带地震发生过程的数值模拟研究

了解地震发生的动力学机制是研究地震发震原因的关键,而数值模拟的方法是高速、有效的手段.2011年3月11日日本东北部宫城县发生9.0级大地震,文中以该次大地震所在的日本俯冲带为研究对象,通过使用黏弹性有限元数值模拟,并引用接触对,建立了研究区二维数值模型,模拟俯冲带与上覆板片之间的滑动、黏滞到再滑动的过程,亦即断层失稳发生地震的过程.模拟结果显示,随着太平洋板块不断俯冲,在俯冲带上自发出现了断层闭锁、解锁到再闭锁的黏滑过程,且这种过程呈现一定的准周期性,大事件主要集中分布在20~30 km的深度范围内.根据俯冲带可能在俯冲过程中角度的变化,建立了不同的模型,进行模拟对比研究,结果表明,俯冲带的几何形态,以及俯冲角度变化所在的不同深度,对模拟的结果有不同的影响.     

A new fault rupture scenario for the 2003 Mw 6.6 Bam earthquake, SE Iran: Insights from the high-resolution QuickBird imagery and field observations

The December 26, 2003 M_w 6.6 Bam earthquake is one of the most disastrous earthquakes in Iran. QuickBird panchromatic and multispectral satellite imagery with 61 cm and 2.4 m ground resolution, respectively provide new insights into the surface rupturing process associated with this earthquake. The results indicate that this earthquake produced a 2–5 km-wide surface rupture zone with a complex geometric pattern. A 10-km-long surface rupture zone developed along the pre-existing Bam fault trace. Two additional surface rupture zones, each 2–5 km long, are oblique to the pre-existing Bam fault in angles of 20–35°. An analysis of geometric and geomorphic features also shows that movement on the Bam fault is mainly right-lateral motion with some compressional component. This interpretation is consistent with field investigations, analysis of aftershocks as well as teleseismic inversion. Therefore, we suggest that the 2003 Bam earthquake occurred on the Bam fault, and that the surface ruptures oblique to the Bam fault are caused by secondary faulting such as synthetic shears (Reidel shears). Our fault model for the Bam earthquake provides a new tectonic scenario for explaining complex surface deformations associated with the Bam earthquake.