Homalophyllum属的个体演化及其骨骼微细构造的电镜研究

本文通过对采自内蒙古下泥盆统珠斯楞组的Homalophyllum属的系列切片及电镜研究表明:（1）其个体发育早期,主隔壁细长,无中轴,至晚期,上隔壁变短,一级隔壁在轴部膨大形成明显的中轴。（2）骨胳构造以纤状骨骼为主,呈扇状排列,规则完整的晶榍构成隔壁构造。其基本组成单元为向上逐渐展宽的桨状晶条。本属的层状骨骼为方解石晶片,只见于外壁部分。笔者对Homalophyllum colmniferum（新种）也作了描述。     

长刺泡沫状珊瑚(Gyalophylloides Cao 1975)属骨骼微细构造的电镜研究

Gyalophylloides Cao 1975属的电镜研究表明,其骨骼构造以方解石晶片组成的层状骨骼为主,它形成壁部构造和横列构造,在隔壁之间充填联结,在隔壁内包绕隔壁刺,在隔壁刺内联结和包绕杆状体。本属纤状骨骼的组成单元是晶粒和短轴晶柱,它们只见于杆状体轴部。文中还描述了本属的两个新种。     

四射珊瑚属Lophocarinophyllum的骨骼构造兼论Lophophyllidiidae科

Lophocarinophyllum属以中轴粗大,隔壁两侧发育平列脊板,横列构造发育微弱为主要特征。骨骼微细构造属纤状及层纤状类型。隔壁和脊板可由单晶榍组成,也可由轴带不规则细小晶榍与两侧带近平行的晶针和晶束组成。由于Lophocarinophyllum acanthiseptum发育微弱横板,将Lophotabularia列为Lophocarinophyllum的同义名。Lophocarinophyllum共包含8个种,其中1个新种(L. stereoseptum sp.nov.). Lophophyllidiidae科有8个属: Lophophyllidium、Sugiyamaella、Lophocarinophyllum、Stereostylus、Neostereostylus、Timorphyllum、Lophamplexus、Paralophophyllidium.     

泡沫珊瑚目的骨骼构造和系统分类

本文以骨骼微细构造为重要根据,系统地论述泡沫珊瑚目的骨骼构造及分类演化。通过对泡沫珊瑚 目10余属骨骼微细构造的电镜研究,建立了两种不同的骨骼类型:层状骨骼和纤状骨骼。前者基本单元 为方解石晶片,直径15一35林爪,厚度约1.5一2.5卜m。后者则是原始的晶粒(直径2一3卜m)和不规 则短轴晶柱(直径2一3卜m,长度5一10林m)。这些单元以不同的方式组成四种隔壁刺或晶桶类型: 1.全晶椒,几乎完全由晶片环绕构成。2.单杆晶彬,由轴部的晶粒和短轴晶柱以及包绕的层状晶片 组成。3.复式杆晶桶,由单杆晶据丛状集结,其间由层状骨骼连结而成.4.单晶梢,由平行排列的 短轴晶柱或晶针构成.图版及其说明中所歹IJProtoeyst落p而yll。优,R几abdoevel“s,Gyalophvl- Ioides,和Tr夕Plas阴al)是这四种晶掘的代表属。 本文承认了泡沫珊瑚目50属,分属于s科:Primitophyllidae,Pala。oey。lidae,Tryvlasma- tidae,CystiPhyllidae,Mueophyllidae,Holmophyllidae,Goniophyllidae,Ketophyllidae, 对各科提出了简要定义和讨论。 根据各科属的时空分布,概述了泡沫珊瑚目的演化关系。认为最早出现的FrimitoPhvllidae科和 MueohPyllidae科可能源于不同的祖先。Pal3eoevelidae科和Tryplasmatidae科可能是从Primi- tophyllidae科分出的两支.Cystiphyllidae科是由PrimitohPyllidae科分出的另一支,它迅速辐 射形成Goniophvllidae,Holmophyllidae,Ketophyllidae等三科,构成志留纪泡沫珊瑚的主 体。     

甘肃迭部早石炭世异珊瑚的发现及Radiciphyllia的微细构造

本文描述早石炭世异珊瑚类５属６种,包括ＨｅｘａｐｈｙｌｌｉａｆｌｏｒｉｆｏｒｍｉｓＷａｎｇｅｔＹｅ,Ｈｅｔｅｒｏｐｈｙｌｌｉａｔｅｗｏｅｎｓｉｓ（ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．）,Ｈｅｔｅｒｏｐｈｙｌｌｏｉｄｅｓｃｆ．ｙｕｎｎａｎｅｎｓｉｓ（Ｄｕａｎ）,Ｆｏｓｓｏｐｈｙｌｌｉａｓｐ,,Ｒａｄｉｃｉｐｈｙｌｌｉａｇｉｇａｎｔｅａ（ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．）．以上标本产自甘肃法部益哇沟、东支沟部面下石炭统大塘价上部,此外Ｒａｄｉｃｉｐｈｙｌｌｉａｓｐ．产自益哇沟下石炭统德坞阶．笔者对Ｒａｄｉｃｉｐｈｙｌｌｉａｇｉｇａｎｔｅａ个体的骨骼微细构造进行扫描电镜研究,其隔壁、横板、外壁均为纤状组织,并由短轴晶柱及晶粒组成．本文还简要讨论Ｒａｄｉｃｉｐｈｙｌｌｉａ的分类位置及其亲缘演化关系．     

铜陵新桥矿田褐铁矿矿物组成及成因

褐铁矿是铁帽型金矿和铁矿的重要矿产类型,但目前对其从矿物学的微观角度研究较少。本文采用粉晶X射线衍射(XRD)以及场发射扫描电镜(SEM)矿物学研究手段,对铜陵矿集区新桥矿田褐铁矿的矿物组成、微结构进行研究。根据矿物组成及微结构将新桥褐铁矿分为两种成因类型:Ⅰ型褐铁矿,该类型褐铁矿主要起源于黄铁矿矿石,矿石多具蜂窝状构造。主要组成矿物为针铁矿,次要矿物为赤铁矿,含有少量石英,针铁矿晶体长度一般介于500 nm~2μm,长度/半径比值(长径比)较大;Ⅱ型褐铁矿,由原生菱铁矿矿石风化而成,矿石多具肾状构造。矿物组成主要为针铁矿,其次为赤铁矿、锰氧化物和伊利石等粘土矿物,针铁矿晶体长度一般小于500 nm,具有较小的长径比。褐铁矿矿物学和微结构不仅可以初步确定原生矿物和矿石类型,而且对寻找铁帽金矿床也具有重要指示意义。     

西藏定日一带三叠系新发现的鱼龙化石

中国地质大学西藏队在西藏定日县进行 1∶ 2 5万区域地质调查时 ,在定日县海拔 470 0 m的卡贡三叠系曲龙共巴组上部采获两块西藏喜马拉雅鱼龙( H imalaysaurus tibetensis)化石。该类化石除董枝明 [1] 在西藏聂拉木县土隆剖面上首次报道之后 ,在其它地区还未见报道。两块化石均为鱼龙前肋骨 ,大者长 2 0 cm,直径 4cm,横切面上可清楚地见到脊椎动物骨骼的哈佛氏构造。肋骨中密质骨部分具明显的纤层骨组织 ,且具分层现象。松质骨部分被密质骨包围 ,由放射状的方解石晶针组成 ,晶针一般长 0 .1～ 0 .3cm。与董枝明[1] 发现的个体进行比较后发…     

铂双峰矿—双峰矿的新变种

铂双峰矿产在纯橄榄岩铝矿体中。在铝矿石及矿体邻近的砂矿中均可找到。呈块状聚集体或板片状自形晶,与疏钻矿、含锇自然铱紧密共生。脉状的宽20～301μm,长400～500μm,一般10μm×20μm。金属光泽。条痕黑色。HM=3．05。VHN20=92kg／mm2（平均）。{0001}解理完全。性脆。计算密度为10．21g／cm2。反射色;亮黄白带淡蓝色。内反射无。非均质性中等,偏光色为淡蓝或淡黄。双反射或反射多色性在空气中或油中均未见。5个电子探针分析数据平均（wt％）：Cu0．2,Te57.2,Ir24.5,Pt17．2,Bi0．4,总量99．5。实验式为：（IR0．57Pt0.39Cu0.01）0．98（Te1.99Bi0.01）2.00。简化理论式为（11,Pt）Te2。4条最强X射线粉晶衍射线hkl,d,I为：101,2．87（100）;102,2．10（70）;110,1．98（60）;103,1．58O（50）。根据X射线粉晶数据进行指标化,获得铂双峰矿晶胞数据：三方晶系,P3ml,a=0．3973（5）,c＝0．5315（5）um,V＝0．0727nm3,Z=1。铂双峰矿是笔者对双峰矿研究的继续与补充。     

俄罗斯穆伦地区查罗石玉结构及构造特征研究

本文对俄罗斯穆伦地区查罗石玉进行了系统的结构及构造特征的研究,查罗石玉的主要矿物查罗石(紫硅碱钙石)是一种富钙、钾、钠的硅酸盐矿物,根据镜下观察发现:查罗石玉显微结构特征可以分成5种类型:纤维变晶结构、放射状或帚状结构、柱状变晶结构、包含变晶结构、交代残余结构等。各种类型的查罗石玉的矿物组分以及表现形式具有很大的差异。常见的构造类型为:块状构造、片状构造、弧性构造等。扫描电镜下观察分析得出:查罗石主要由细长矩形的片状查罗石组成,查罗石晶体呈定向排列,晶体大小平均长约150~200μm,宽约10~20μm,发育良好的多组波状弯曲的片状查罗石晶体及其纤维变晶结构是查罗石玉具有丝绢光泽的原因。结合前人资料,以及本文对查罗石玉的测试研究,初步判断查罗石成因为热液交代型。     

山西耿庄黄铁矿晶须形貌的显微观测及其标型意义

黄铁矿的晶须状生长是一种特殊的结晶类型,本次运用激光显微镜,对耿庄重晶石晶体中不同部位黄铁矿晶须,进行了微形貌三维观测.数据显示:在重晶石晶体的不同部位,晶须尺度差异较大.长度一般150～1700μm,直径3.504～113.720μm;晶须表面起伏程度从0.349～35.128μm.从a到d区表现出晶须长度逐渐均匀,...     

吉林中部早二叠世皱纹珊瑚一新属Huadianophyllum

本文描述了产于吉林中部的皱纹珊瑚1新属2新种。这些珊瑚化石除具皱纹珊瑚的一般特征之外,还具有六射珊瑚的特点。它对研究六射珊瑚与皱纹珊瑚之间演化关系具有重要意义。     

渤海湾西部浅海区活牡蛎礁调查结果及资源保护建议

采用旁侧声呐、浅地层剖面仪和单波束水深测量多种物探仪器联机,同步调查天津大神堂浅海区的水下活牡蛎礁资源,为合理保护活牡蛎礁资源提供科学依据。调查结果表明,该区活牡蛎资源由3个分散礁体组成,总面积仅约3km2,礁体最大厚度1.2m,平均厚度0.6m;调查区海底地形平坦,水深介于3.4~5.6m之间,因受人类活动严重破坏,仅在有礁体发育的局部范围内有高程约1m的起伏波动。为了生态资源的完整,必须对现存的活牡蛎礁体进行保护和恢复。     

雅砻江谷底卸荷松弛现象与深厚覆盖层特征

雅砻江河床覆盖层厚度多在30m以上,最厚可达51.6m。覆盖层横向上厚度变化较大,纵向上可明显分为3层,上、下部以正常河流相为主,厚度较薄;中部以洪积、崩积、坡积、湖泊沉积堆积与冲积混合堆积为主的加积序列,厚度相对较大。在谷底基岩面以下,岩体通常存在20m厚左右的卸荷松弛带,弱风化,具有透水性好,岩体完整性较差,工程力学性状差等特征,其潜在的工程效应是坝基渗漏。覆盖层深厚是第二层加积序列所致,谷底形成时间长,以致谷底有足够的时间卸荷松弛和风化。     

Temporal and spatial sedimentation rate variabilities in the eastern Gotland Basin, the Baltic Sea

The present study examines sedimentation rates in the eastern Gotland Basin using a variety of methods that reveal considerable heterogeneity in the rates, both spatially and temporally. High-resolution seismic recordings and correlation with long sediment cores indicate increased thickness of strata and higher sedimentation rates (0.75 mm a -1 ) in the eastern part of the basin than in the western part (0.23 mm a -1 ) since the Littorina transgression some 8000 14 C years BP. This difference is apparently a consequence of a counterclockwise near-bottom circulation in the basin with periodically high current speeds that cause winnowing on the steep SE slope of the basin and differential settling of sediments in areas of low current speeds. On shorter time scales, recent sediment accumulation rates based on radiometric dating ( 210 Pb) are in general twice as high as those observed 25 years ago using the same method. The higher modern rates, compared to those of the 1970s, may partly be due to increased eutrophication, as more carbon is buried in the sediment, and partly due to increased erosion in shallow water areas. However, strong lateral variations are evident. The average sediment accumulation rates vary between 119 and 340 g m -2 a -1 (corresponding to sedimentation rates of 2.1-2.5 mm a -1 ) in the deepest part of the basin. Very high rates (6100 g m -2 a -1 , corresponding to sedimentation rates of 30 mm a -1 ) are observed on an intraslope basin site (offshore Latvia) at a water depth of only 70 m. The radiometrically determined sediment accumulation rates are up to three times higher than those estimated from average water column concentrations of suspended matter and from sediment trap flux rates. The discrepancy suggests that sedimentation in the deep basin may have a substantial contribution from near-bottom lateral transport.     

致密砂岩储层骨架砂体构型特征——以鄂尔多斯盆地合水地区延长组长6段砂体为例

合水地区长6油层组深水重力流沉积厚层砂体发育,但砂体较为致密,石油多赋存于其中某一段,连片性差。为更好预测优势砂体分布,基于野外剖面、测井解释成果、铸体薄片、高压压汞、物性等资料,结合前人对湖盆演化、物源等相关问题的研究成果,根据不同成因、单砂体在空间上的叠置关系,将长6段骨架砂体组合类型划分为连续叠加型、间隔叠加型、侧向尖灭型、砂泥互层型四类。并在此基础上,定量表征了长6段四类复合砂体的结构特征,确定了优势砂体组合类型,探讨了优势砂体的分布规律。结果表明:1）连续叠加型砂体以砂质碎屑流为主,单砂体平均厚度为8.20 m,以砂体内夹层为主,砂体连通性好,多发育在湖底扇内扇;间隔叠加型砂体以砂质碎屑流为主,浊流次之,单砂体平均厚度为4.10 m,隔夹层均有发育,砂体连通性由隔夹层厚度决定,多发育在湖底扇内扇、中扇;侧向尖灭型砂体以浊流为主,滑塌岩次之,单砂体平均厚度为1.10 m,以砂体间隔层为主,砂体不连通或连而不通,多发育在湖底扇中扇、外扇;砂泥互层型砂体以浊流为主,单砂体平均厚度为0.38 m,以砂体间隔层为主,砂体不连通,多发育在湖底扇外扇。2）从连续叠加型到砂泥互层型,砂体发育规模减小,非均质性增强,物性变差,含油性降低。最终,确定了研究区连续叠加型与间隔叠加型为优势砂体的组合类型。在平面上,大规模优势砂体以片状、条带状在研究区东北部沿东北-西南向展布,而在西南部基本不发育。     

哈尔滨荒山岩芯重矿物特征对松花江第四纪水系演化的指示

松花江水系演化研究对于理解该区域的构造-气候-地貌演化具有重要意义,但其研究相对较为薄弱,特别是对于第四纪松花江中上游流向是否存在反转,一直存在争论,也没有确切的证据。河流沉积物是河流地质过程的产物,是研究水系演化的重要地质档案。对哈尔滨荒山岩芯(深度101.11 m,底界年龄1.68~1.70 Ma)沉积物进行了古地磁、磁化率和重矿物分析,结果表明:岩芯62.3 m(0.94 Ma)深度的上、下地层的磁化率和重矿物特征存在明显不同。62.3 m以下地层的磁化率极低(甚至为0),且重矿物特征和依兰方向的河流相近;而62.3 m以上地层的磁化率突然增大,并呈现出周期性的高低变化,重矿物特征与松原方向的现代河流相似。磁化率和重矿物组合特征反映的沉积物物源变化指示了松花江中上游水系的反转。早更新世早期,松花江肇源-依兰段的水流从依兰方向向西注入松嫩湖盆;早更新世中晚期,佳依分水岭不断抬升,三江平原和松嫩平原不断下降,导致分水岭两侧河流溯源侵蚀加剧;在0.94 Ma B.P.,佳依分水岭被切穿,松花江水流发生反转,自西向东流经佳依峡谷进入三江平原。     

A comparison of selective extraction soil geochemistry and biogeochemistry in the Cobar area, New South Wales

In parts of the deeply weathered and semi-arid environments of the Cobar area (NSW, Australia), detection of mineralisation using conventional soil sampling and total metal analysis is impeded. This is due to the intense leaching of trace elements within the weathered profile, discontinuous coverage of transported materials and the existence of diffuse regional geochemical anomalies of ill-defined source. Selective chemical extractions, applied to various regolith components, and biogeochemistry offer a means of isolating localised geochemical patterns related to recent dispersion of trace elements through the overburden. Lag geochemical patterns across the McKinnons deposit (Au) and Mrangelli prospect (Pb–Zn–As) reflect mechanical dispersion processes and minor hydromorphic effects. Concentrations of more mobile elements tend to be higher in the non-magnetic fraction, due to higher proportions of goethite and poorly crystalline hematite than in the magnetic fraction. The subdued soil geochemical responses for metals extractable by cold 40% hydrochloric acid (CHX) and for total element concentration reflect the leached nature of the residual profile, low grade of mineralisation, dilution by aeolian components and disequilibrium of fine fractions with coarser, relict Fe-oxides. The stronger contrast for CHX for most metals, compared with total extraction, indicates surface accumulation of trace elements derived from underlying mineralisation. Enzyme leach element anomalies are intense but generally located directly over bedrock sources or major structural breaks, irrespective of the nature of the overburden. Though mechanisms for the dispersion of trace elements extracted by enzyme leaching are not well established, the lack of lateral transport suggests vertical migration of volatile metal species (atmimorphic dispersion). The strong, multi-element response to mineralisation in cypress pine needles indicates significant metal recycling during the present erosional cycle. However, a comparison of the trace element concentrations in vegetation (cypress pine needles) and selective extractions of soils indicates that recycling by the plants is not the dominant mechanism for transportation of metals through the overburden. The vegetation may be responding to hydromorphic dispersion patterns at depth. The use of selective extractions may be useful in detecting mineralisation through deeply leached profiles, but offers even greater potential when integrated with biogeochemistry to detect targets buried by significant thickness of transported cover.     

西藏发现的旋齿鲨一新种

1975年珠峰登山科考队的同志们在珠穆朗玛峰以北的高寒地区工作时,采到两件有价值的脊椎动物化石标本。化石产自定日县帕卓区曲布下三迭统底部白云质灰岩中,该地海拔4880米,是已知脊椎动物化石产地中最高的地点之一。     

Magnetic Mapping of Banded Iron Formation of Sandur Schist Belt,Dharwar Craton,India

High ground magnetic anomalies are observed at western basin of the Sandur schist belt (SSB) near Muraripura village, Karnataka. Sources for these anomalies are inferred due to presence of exposed banded iron formations hosted by metabasalts, arenaous and argillaceous rocks associated with the Donimali Formation of the schist belt. Two varieties of BIF bands are observed in the study area viz. Band 1 and Band 2. The bands 1 and 2 are displaced by lateral strike-slip fault. Band 1 is dominantly composed of banded iron formation, rich in iron ore minerals and silica chert. Band 2 is largely composed of ferruginous quartzite and quartz arenites. Qualitative analysis of the magnetic data indicates that the study area can be divided into three lithologically important BIF/BQ formations. Spectral and quantitative analysis of the magnetic data indicates, the average depth of band 1 is 70 m and band 2 is 130 m. The magnetic data results are well correlated with chemical analysis of borehole and surface rock samples data.