视错觉在地图制图中应用的研究

本文介绍了地图制图中常见视错觉现象的规律和原理,并对此在地图制图应用中作了一些初步探讨。合理地利用视错觉规律,“将错就错”,不仅可减少地图信息传输过程中的噪音,提高地图的传输信息效果;还能提高地图表达力,增强地图信息载负功能,为最佳地图设计提供了科学依据。     

Automatic mapping and innovative on-demand mapping services at IGN France

Mapmaking has become widespread through the Internet, resulting in a wide range of cartographic quality. To achieve better quality, mapmaking needs tools and online services for intuitive and efficient on-demand mapping. A project team at IGN, the French National Mapping Agency, is working on producing a digital cartographic model (DCM) from various existing databases and maps on which such tools and services are based. This DCM ranges from detailed topographic maps to small general road maps. GeoServer Web Map Service capabilities were used extensively to produce quality maps with various legends. Special care was taken to make a default legend suitable for customer data overlays, both on-screen and on paper. Web-based interface prototypes were built to guide users in choosing colors and creating their own original map legends. Users can also rely on a growing catalog of harmonious color palettes and map samples as sources of inspiration.     

互联网地图视觉质量的影响因素和优化对策

本文从地图制图专业视角出发,归纳互联网地图制图体系的要素及其关系,分析目前地图视觉质量仍待优化的必要性,并揭示现状问题的成因。进而结合互联网地图的特点、媒介环境和技术条件、受众认知与交互需求等,提出影响互联网地图视觉质量的用户考量、研究倾向、参与协同和介质技术等四大因素。由此,强调美学属性是地图必要的有机组分,网络地图服务的功能体验、交互体验、视觉体验相辅相成。最后,基于以用户为中心和跨学科协同的理念,回答了制图实践的方向性问题,从宏观指导、具体原则和实施细节三个层面,探讨了互联网地图视觉质量控制和优化设计的对策建议。     

How to Enhance Cartographic Visualisations of Natural Hazards Assessment Results

Abstract

Cartographic visualisations are important tools for the communication of hazard related data among stakeholders. Although these representations are essential for various hazard management tasks, an analysis of existing hazard visualisations showed that they often disregard cartographic principles. This leads to confusion on the part of users through poor representations and consequently to an impairment of the information flow. The objective of this research is to offer suggestions for enhanced hazard visualisations to facilitate hazard management tasks and decision making. Existing cartographic shortcomings are identified based on an extensive analysis of hazard visualisations and an expert survey. These shortcomings are discussed and improvements for important cartographic elements are presented.     

Applying USGS Digital Line Graph Data in a Microcomputer Environment

In this paper I discuss the potential of U.S. Geological Survey Digital Line Graph data for applications to microcomputer-based cartographic and geographic information systems. The DLG-3 data base produced from 1:100,000-scale maps is the principal focus because of its importance in providing the cartographic framework for the 1990 decennial census. Topological relationships inherent in DLG-3 data are reviewed as a basis for discussion of how additional digital cartographic data, including the U.S. Geological Survey Land Use and Land Cover data can be converted to the same DLG-3 data structure. The development and applications of software implemented to manipulate DLG-3 data on a microcomputer are reviewed and illustrated through examples of DLG-3 formatted data.     

Cartography-Oriented Design of 3D Geospatial Information Visualization – Overview and Techniques

In economy, society and personal life map-based interactive geospatial visualization becomes a natural element of a growing number of applications and systems. The visualization of 3D geospatial information, however, raises the question how to represent the information in an effective way. Considerable research has been done in technology-driven directions in the fields of cartography and computer graphics (e.g., design principles, visualization techniques). Here, non-photorealistic rendering (NPR) represents a promising visualization category – situated between both fields – that offers a large number of degrees for the cartography-oriented visual design of complex 2D and 3D geospatial information for a given application context. Still today, however, specifications and techniques for mapping cartographic design principles to the state-of-the-art rendering pipeline of 3D computer graphics remain to be explored. This paper revisits cartographic design principles for 3D geospatial visualization and introduces an extended 3D semiotic model that complies with the general, interactive visualization pipeline. Based on this model, we propose NPR techniques to interactively synthesize cartographic renditions of basic feature types, such as terrain, water, and buildings. In particular, it includes a novel iconification concept to seamlessly interpolate between photorealistic and cartographic representations of 3D landmarks. Our work concludes with a discussion of open challenges in this field of research, including topics, such as user interaction and evaluation.     

The Last Piece Is You

Abstract

This article presents the cartographic outcome of a 3-year collaboration with Penobscot Nation Cultural & Historic Preservation to map the traditional place names of Penobscot territory in the state of Maine. After a consideration of the challenges of mapping Indigenous place names, I describe my cartographic contribution to the project, to transform the map design using the tools of narrativity and translation. Initial insights about Penobscot place names then led to wider insights regarding Indigenous place names and traditional cartography, through a comparison to similar practices in the place name traditions of other communities. I then explain how these insights influenced the design of the map itself.     

设计模式在地图制图软件开发中的应用

数字地图制图实际上是建立在海量空间数据管理基础之上的图形编辑过程。因此,开发数字制图软件的核心工作是要完成地图数据管理和通过对鼠标与键盘的控制以完成灵活的图形编辑操作。设计模式是大型软件架构设计的基础,恰好能满足这些基本的要求。文中从数字地图制图软件的需求出发,对制图软件设计中常用设计模式（包括MVC模式、C嶙ERvER模式、COMPOSITE模式、COMMAND模式）的一般原理和结构进行简要介绍,并通过实例进行具体的说明。     

An Integrated Approach to Map Design and Production

Creative, productive human activity is often associated with a melding of rational-analytical thinking and intuitive-holistic thought. In this paper the common sense basis of map design and production is related to the integration of these two distinct but complementary ways of processing information. A variety of internal (physiological/psychological) and external (data, materials, tools, working conditions, map audience) circumstances that influence cartographic education are viewed within the framework of these two cognitive styles. This balanced approach to cartographic education is less frustrating and potentially more effective for students than much contemporary course work with its strong rational-analytical emphasis.     

Adaptive Relative Motion Representation of Space–Time Trajectories

Abstract

In this article the author explains how military geography information is being exploited by modern Armed Forces. In doing so he highlights some of the underlying principles of surveying and cartographic that define paper mapping, and that are still applicable in the digital era.

This article reflects the personal views of Lieutenant Colonel Prain who is currently serving in the Headquarters of the Defence Geographic and Imagery Intelligence Agency.     

地图学的恒常性和易变性

在历次科技革命的推动下,地图由曾经的无所不能的珍稀品逐渐演变成无所不在的生活必需品,服务于不断增加的移动人口,而地图学依然是制作和使用地图的科学、艺术和技术。本文重访地图学4个恒常的核心议题:何为地图,地图何用,如何制图,谁在制图,笔者回顾了自20世纪70年代计算机引入地图学以来地图品种、地图功能价值、制图流程以及制图者角色的发展过程,举例说明贯穿其中的恒常性和易变性,并指出在云计算平台支持下,一个可持续的制图生态环境正在形成。     

Cartographic Consequences of a Planned Economy—50 Years of Soviet Cartography

For half a century all cartography in the Soviet Union has been under centralized control. It was recognized early that mapmaking was an activity of prime importance. All phases of the activity—from cartographic education and the preparation of topographic and thematic maps to the development of regional atlases and school maps—have been managed by and for the benefit of the state in accordance with its economic and social objectives. This has had a significant effect on the development of cartography, the degree of its standardization, and the relative emphasis placed on its various aspects.     

基于EPS平台的地形图缩编方法研究

结合生产实际,提出了1∶500-1∶2 000地形图缩编处理方法.在清华山维EPS 2008地理信息工作站上定制开发了1∶500-1∶2000地形图缩编平台,对现有1∶500 EDB数据源进行图元对照转换和制图综合完成复杂的地形图的编辑工作,其中制图综合采用全自动批处理、人机交互式,以及手工编辑相结合的处理模式.     

From taxonomies to ontologies: formalizing generalization knowledge for on-demand mapping

Automation of the cartographic design process is central to the delivery of bespoke maps via the web. In this paper, ontological modeling is used to explicitly represent and articulate the knowledge used in this decision-making process. A use case focuses on the visualization of road traffic accident data as a way of illustrating how ontologies provide a framework by which salient and contextual information can be integrated in a meaningful manner. Such systems are in anticipation of web-based services in which the user knows what they need, but do not have the cartographic ability to get what they want.     

地图符号的认知语义分析与动态生成

面向位置服务背景下地图符号按需和动态表达的需求,提出了一种基于认知语义分析的地图符号结构化描述模型,以及建立在此基础上的地图符号动态生成方法。结构化描述模型立足"现实—认知—符号"的认知语义原理,以地图符号语素为基本单元、以语义结构为描述框架,侧重描写符号图形和语义之间的关联映射机制。动态生成方法的核心是一种规则控制语素组合构造符号的上下文无关文法模型,通过对图形语素、形态结构语素以及符号生成规则系统进行建模,重构了地图符号动态生成的文法编译器。以个性化导航路径符号为例,通过面向不同情境和语义结构的符号动态生成试验,验证了本文方法的可行性。本文研究将有助于进一步理解地图符号的认知和结构原理,并促进相关行业和应用领域地图符号化的按需和动态表达的水平。     

Towards the Automated Map Factory: Early Automation at the U.S. Geological Survey

This paper is concerned with changes in map work at the U.S Geological Survey during the period from 1950 to 1974. At the start of this period, mapmaking at USGS was dominated by manual techniques organized to conform to twentieth-century advances in photogrammetry, drafting techniques, materials, and industrial organization. During the 1950s and 1960s, technologies that had been developed in other sectors of American science and industry were inserted into mapping processes with hopes of huge productivity gains and added efficiencies. The development paths of two in-house devices, Autoplot and Autoline, illustrate the ways in which cartographic automation became an agency policy as well as a powerful ideology.     

一种图式符号快速评价方法研究

图式符号色值和式样的评价是地图制图赛项中的一项重要内容,为提高评价效率,本文提出了一种快速评价方法。首先根据标准数据和对应地图图式进行数据预处理和矢量控制文件的制作;然后通过改进的Harris角点检测算法实现角点检测,并进行特征点匹配和几何校正;最后利用缓冲区分析进行符号色值评价,并基于图像矩理论结合GrabCut算法实现符号式样评价。本项技术成果已应用于地图制图赛项中图式符号的快速评价,在测绘地理信息行业职业技能竞赛中发挥了重要作用。     

Contemporary Statistical Maps—Evidence of Spatial and Graphic Ignorance

Statistical maps are now produced in greater numbers and by persons in a wider range of disciplines than ever before. It is unfortunate that this increased production has not been accompanied by an improvement in map quality. All too frequently, contemporary mapmakers evidence a lack of understanding of the primary function of statistical maps, the symbolic language of mapping, and the effect that data manipulation plays in map communication. Coupled with these deficiencies there is a general lack of appreciation of the basic elements of graphic design. Furthermore, the expanded use of the computer in mapmaking seems to be related to and may even foster low quality since programmers are generally untutored in cartographic design and communication.     

面向网络地图发布的电子地图制图模板设计方法

以基础地理数据为基础,从多尺度数据分级分类组织方法、地图制图表达方法设计以及要素表达中的空间冲突关系处理3个方面对面向网络电子地图的制作方法进行分析研究,并提出各类问题的处理原则和解决方案,得出模版制作方法。该方法已在项目中得到应用,取得了很好的效果。