A COM-based framework for management,analysis and visualization of large scope digital elevation models

This paper presents a component object model (COM) based framework for managing, analyzing and visualizing massive multi-scale digital elevation models (DEMs). The framework consists of a data management component (DMC), which is based on RDBMS/ORDBMS, a data analysis component (DAC) and a data render component (DRC). DMC can manage massive multi-scale data expressed at various reference frames within a pyramid database and can support fast access to data at variable resolution. DAC integrates many use-ful applied analytic functions whose results can be overlaid with the 3D scene rendered by DRC, DRC provides view-dependent data paging with the support of the underlying DMC and organizes the potential visible data at different levels into rendering.     

A COM-based Framework for Management, Analysis and Visualization of Large Scope Digital Elevation Models

This paper presents a component object model (COM) based framework for managing, analyzing and visualizing massive multi-scale digital elevation models (DEMs). The framework consists of a data manage-ment component (DMC), which is based on RDBMS/ORDBMS, a data a-nalysis component (DAC) and a data render component (DRC). DMC can manage massive multi-scale data ex-pressed at various reference frames within a pyramid database and can support fast access to data at variable resolution. DAC integrates many use-ful applied analytic functions whose re-sults can be overlaid with the 3D scene rendered by DRC. DRC provides view-dependent data paging with the sup-port of the underlying DMC and or-ganizes the potential visible data at dif-ferent levels into rendering.     

制图综合中移位算法概述分析

本文首先对移位算法的发展史进行简要介绍,然后,在其基础上,根据各移位算法的思想特征,对各移位算法进行归纳,将其划分为七类,并对每一类算法的核心思想进行详细论述,最后,对各类移位算法进行评价,分析其优缺点,总结各类算法中的可借鉴思想,为更好地实现移位奠定基础。     

GM(1,1)病态问题求解的调整计量单位法

目的 分析了GM(1,1)模型中信息矩阵产生病态的原因,提出调整实测数据计量单位来降低信息矩阵的条件数。根据GM(1,1)模型原理,证明了调整实测数据计量单位不会影响模型的相对残差、平均残差及预测精度。数值实验分析结果表明,调整计量单位法是一种简单、易实现且精确解决GM(1,1)模型病态问题的实用方法。     

Land surface temperature and emissivity estimation for Urban Heat Island assessment using medium- and low-resolution space-borne sensors: A review

The Urban Heat Island (UHI) phenomenon, a typical characteristic on urban landscapes, has been recognised as a key driver to the transformation of local climate. Reliable retrieval of urban and intra-urban thermal characteristics using satellite thermal data depends on accurate removal of the effects of atmospheric attenuations, angular and land surface emissivity. Several techniques have been proposed to retrieve land surface temperature (LST) from coarse resolution sensors. Medium spatial resolution sensors like the Advanced Space-borne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer and the Landsat series offer a viable option for assessing LST within urban landscapes. This paper reviews the theoretical background of LST estimates from the thermal infrared part of the electromagnetic spectrum, LST retrieval algorithms applicable to each of the commonly used medium-resolution sensors and required variables for each algorithm. The paper also highlights LST validation techniques and concludes by stipulating the requirements for LST temporal and spatial configuration.     

A new trapezoidal-mesh based data model for spatial operations

This paper presents a new spatial data model based on trapezoidal-mesh for implementing spatial operations within geographical information systems (GIS). Based only on the solid foundation of spatial operations, diversified application models can be established to bridge the gap between Digital Earth models and the real world with its real-world problems (‘connecting through location’). In this paper, the involved polygon features are decomposed into a series of trapezoidal-meshes. Then, geo-processing operations are employed on these meshes rather than the original polygon features, resulting in a relatively simple spatial computation. As a kind of model designed by integrating raster with vector, the model presented here has advantages over other models when carrying out spatial operations insofar as providing a solid foundation for achieving the grand goal of Digital Earth. The concept of this data model and the two extensive examples of its application in spatial operations are elaborated upon in this article. As a result, this article and the research that supports it, proves that the adoption of the trapezoidal-mesh model greatly improves the efficiency of spatial operations in GIS.     

GNSS-R研究进展及其关键技术

利用全球导航卫星系统反射(global navigation satellite system reflectometry, GNSS-R)信号对海面风速进行反演时,连续地球物理模式函数常用于建立时延-多普勒图像(delay/Doppler map, DDM)特征值与风速之间的映射关系。该模型在DDM较少的风速范围内(0~5 m/s及12~20 m/s)存在较大系统偏差。为解决该问题,提出了一种自适应累积分布函数(cumulative distribution function, CDF) 匹配方法。该方法将反演风速序列与参考风速序列进行CDF匹配,并利用最小二乘自适应地寻找最优阶数多项式,对风速偏差序列进行拟合和改正。公开数据实验验证结果表明,在0~5 m/s和12~20 m/s内,改正后的反演风速均方根误差分别减小了6%和15%,系统偏差分别减小了45%和25%,明显提升了少样本情况下的反演精度,反演风速更符合自然界中风速分布。     

Geospatial web services pave new ways for server-based on-demand access and processing of Big Earth Data

ABSTRACT

Big Earth Data has experienced a considerable increase in volume in recent years due to improved sensing technologies and improvement of numerical-weather prediction models. The traditional geospatial data analysis workflow hinders the use of large volumes of geospatial data due to limited disc space and computing capacity. Geospatial web service technologies bring new opportunities to access large volumes of Big Earth Data via the Internet and to process them at server-side. Four practical examples are presented from the marine, climate, planetary and earth observation science communities to show how the standard interface Web Coverage Service and its processing extension can be integrated into the traditional geospatial data workflow. Web service technologies offer a time- and cost-effective way to access multi-dimensional data in a user-tailored format and allow for rapid application development or time-series extraction. Data transport is minimised and enhanced processing capabilities are offered. More research is required to investigate web service implementations in an operational mode and large data centres have to become more progressive towards the adoption of geo-data standard interfaces. At the same time, data users have to become aware of the advantages of web services and be trained how to benefit from them most.     

细节层次模型特点与使用条件

简要介绍了细节层次模型的特点,建立了几种定量描述细节层次模型使用条件的关系式,并给出了选择该模型的充要条件。     

A general framework for error analysis in measurement-based GIS Part 1: The basic measurement-error model and related concepts

This is the first of a four-part series of papers which proposes a general framework for error analysis in measurement-based geographical information systems (MBGIS). The purpose of the series is to investigate the fundamental issues involved in measurement error (ME) analysis in MBGIS, and to provide a unified and effective treatment of errors and their propagation in various interrelated GIS and spatial operations. Part 1 deals with the formulation of the basic ME model together with the law of error propagation. Part 2 investigates the classic point-in-polygon problem under ME. Continuing to Part 3 is the analysis of ME in intersections and polygon overlays. In Part 4, error analyses in length and area measurements are made. In this present part, a simple but general model for ME in MBGIS is introduced. An approximate law of error propagation is then formulated. A simple, unified, and effective treatment of error bands for a line segment is made under the name of covariance-based error band. A new concept, called maximal allowable limit, which guarantees invariance in topology or geometric-property of a polygon under ME is also advanced. To handle errors in indirect measurements, a geodetic model for MBGIS is proposed and its error propagation problem is studied on the basis of the basic ME model as well as the approximate law of error propagation. Simulation experiments all substantiate the effectiveness of the proposed theoretical construct.This project was supported by the earmarked grant CUHK 4362/00H of the Hong Kong Research grants Council.     

GNSS/INS多传感器组合高速铁路轨道测量系统

高速铁路轨道必须保持高平顺性、高稳定性和高可靠性,这直接关系到高速列车高速、安全且平稳运行。高速铁路轨道测量至少包括控制测量、线路测量和变形测量等工作。传统高速铁路轨道测量方法存在测量周期长、维护成本高、检测效率低等问题。为此,本文提出了一种基于全球导航卫星系统(global navigation satellite system,GNSS)/惯性导航系统(inertial navigation system,INS)多传感器组合的高速铁路轨道测量方法,并研制了相应的轨道测量系统。本文详细介绍了其主要构成和方法流程,并在实际高速铁路轨道精调工程中进行了应用示范。结果表明:该系统实现了轨道路基变形监测和高速铁路轨道不平顺绝对测量与相对测量的一体化,其轨道横向偏差精度2 mm、垂向偏差精度2 mm,变形点水平方向精度1 mm、垂直方向精度1.5 mm,显著提高了测量效率。     

中国大地测量数据处理60年重要进展第二部分: 大地测量参数估计理论与方法的主要进展

部分变量含误差(partial errors-in-variables, PEIV)模型是变量含误差(errors-in-variables, EIV)模型的更一般形式, 因其适用性强等优势, 近十年来被广泛应用于全球导航卫星系统(global navigation satellite system, GNSS)数据处理、坐标转换、变形监测和数据拟合等测量数据处理中。概述了PEIV模型的发展过程, 从PEIV模型参数估计算法、精度评定、随机模型估计、扩展算法和数据处理应用5个核心问题进行综述和分析。对PEIV模型的应用进行了展望, 指出有待进一步研究的问题, 旨在进一步推动测绘数据处理的发展, 并为读者提供参考和建议。     

北斗卫星钟差异常值处理的似然比方法

北斗卫星导航系统(BDS)星载原子钟由于受到空间环境的影响和各种不确定因素的干扰,导致获取的卫星钟差数据中经常会出现异常扰动,从而降低了卫星钟性能分析的可靠性、破坏了钟差建模和预报的有效性、影响导航定位结果的精准度,需要对BDS卫星钟差数据中存在的异常值进行探测和处理。基于求和自回归移动平均模型建立BDS卫星钟差异常值探测的方差膨胀模型;运用似然比方法对BDS卫星钟差时间序列中的异常值进行探测;推导了Score检验统计量,运用最小二乘法对异常扰动的大小进行估计。试验结果表明,似然比方法能够准确探测BDS卫星钟差数据中异常值的位置,精确估计异常扰动的大小。     

矿化信息提取定量遥感模型的建立——以鹰嘴山硅化蚀变为例

研究选择围岩蚀变复杂,种类丰富的甘肃鹰嘴山金矿,目的是建立该区硅化信息提取的定量遥感模型。通过对实测地物光谱数据、岩矿石化学组分分析、微量金分析结果等岩矿石多元数据的聚类分析、相关分析和因子分析,找到了提取硅化蚀变的最佳组合变量,并通过建立它们之间线性回归方程的方式,建立了该区硅化蚀变的定量遥感模型:S iO2=85.047TM5/TM7-4.348TM5/TM4 16.51TM5/TM3-41.866 R=0.703。以该模型为指导,对Landsat TM遥感影像数据进行增强处理,定量提取出了该区金矿化异常信息。经实际验证,其结果与实际情况吻合度好,可为与该区地质背景类似的阿尔金东段和北祁连西段早古生代海相火山岩地区的金矿普查与勘探提供参考依据。     

一种综合利用像方和物方信息的多影像匹配方法

A novel method for multi-image matching by synthesizing image and object-space information is proposed. Firstly, four levels of image pyramids are generated according to the rule that the next pyramid level is generated from the previous level using the average gray values of the 3 by 3 pixels, and the first level of pyramid image is generated from the original image. The initial horizontal parallaxes between the reference image and each searching image are calculated at the highest level of the image pyramid. Secondly, corresponding image points are searched in each stereo image pair from the third level of image pyramid, and the matching results in all stereo pairs are integrated in the object space, by which the mismatched image points can be eliminated and more accurate spatial information can be obtained for the subsequent pyramid image matching. The matching method based on correlation coefficient with geometric constraints and global relaxation matching is introduced in the process of image matching. Finally, the feasibility of the method proposed in this paper is verified by the experiments using a set of digital frame aerial images with big overlap. Compared with the traditional image matching method with two images, the accuracy of the digital surface model (DSM) generated using the proposed method shows that the multi-image matching method can eliminate the mismatched points effectively and can improve the matching success rate significantly. Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 40771176, 40721001).     

A geospatial hybrid cloud platform based on multi-sourced computing and model resources for geosciences

Cloud computing has been considered as the next-generation computing platform with the potential to address the data and computing challenges in geosciences. However, only a limited number of geoscientists have been adapting this platform for their scientific research mainly due to two barriers: 1) selecting an appropriate cloud platform for a specific application could be challenging, as various cloud services are available and 2) existing general cloud platforms are not designed to support geoscience applications, algorithms and models. To tackle such barriers, this research aims to design a hybrid cloud computing (HCC) platform that can utilize and integrate the computing resources across different organizations to build a unified geospatial cloud computing platform. This platform can manage different types of underlying cloud infrastructure (e.g., private or public clouds), and enables geoscientists to test and leverage the cloud capabilities through a web interface. Additionally, the platform also provides different geospatial cloud services, such as workflow as a service, on the top of common cloud services (e.g., infrastructure as a service) provided by general cloud platforms. Therefore, geoscientists can easily create a model workflow by recruiting the needed models for a geospatial application or task on the fly. A HCC prototype is developed and dust storm simulation is used to demonstrate the capability and feasibility of such platform in facilitating geosciences by leveraging across-organization computing and model resources.     

多源数据融合的高时空分辨率植被指数生成

高时空分辨率的植被指数VI(Vegetation Index)数据是农业和生态研究的重要基础数据集,目前常用的VI数据的时空分辨率存在不可调和矛盾。考虑VI时序变化对数据融合的影响,提出一种新的VI数据时空融合模型VISTFM(Vegetation Index Spatial and Temporal Fusion Model),VISTFM采用模糊C聚类算法,对存量时序VI数据按土地利用类型划分为若干子类,从高低分辨率影像中随土地覆被类的变化规律提取子类,结合低分辨率影像提取的土地覆被类变化规律融合生成高时空分辨率的VI数据。用常用的Landsat和MODIS数据验证该算法,测试表明,VISTFM能够较好的捕获VI的中间变化过程,与常用的基于线性混合模型的模型和时空自适应反射率融合模型及其改进模型相比,利用VISTFM获得的植被指数数据集具有更高的时空分辨率。     

Integrating Sketch Maps with GIS to Explore Fear of Crime in the Urban Environment: A Review of the Past and Prospects for the Future

Understanding the spatial dimension of fear of crime in the urban environment is important to understanding behaviors in response to this concern. Making this connection between perception and action has long been a goal of scholars in the social and health sciences, though this complex relationship has yet to be fully elucidated. Specifically, in studies on fear of crime and its influence on behavior, a variety of definitions and methods have been employed. This situation has yielded insights, as well as inconsistencies. In the past decade, Geographic Information Systems (GIS) has been added to this methodological mix, though it too has contributed limited understanding of the environmental perception-behavior nexus. During this time, some scholars have integrated a traditional technique for accessing environmental perception, the sketch map, with this newer technology. This article provides a review and critical assessment of the way GIS has been used to understand fear of crime, specifically through the integration of sketch maps. This focus is framed by an overview of substantive and methodological concerns and concludes with a discussion of continued research needs. As behavioral responses to fear of crime are acknowledged to impact physical and mental health and overall well-being, in addition to the viability of neighborhoods, research in this area will continue apace. However, for integration of sketch maps in GIS to be a valuable methodological contributor to this line of inquiry, users of the approach must understand its complexities. This article outlines these issues so that they may be considered in future research and may improve the ability for this approach to yield new understanding of fear of crime.