南海北部陆缘OBS2018-H2测线地壳结构初步结果

南海北部陆缘洋陆转换带实施的OBS2018-H2测线的地壳速度结构, 将为探讨南海张裂-破裂机制提供重要证据。文章介绍了OBS2018-H2测线前期数据处理流程, 包括多道反射地震数据处理、海底地震仪OBS (Ocean Bottom Seismometer)数据格式转换、炮点和OBS位置校正, 以及OBS震相的初步识别, 并对地壳结构进行了初步分析。结果表明: 炮点和OBS位置校正效果良好; 多道反射地震数据为建立初始速度模型提供了良好约束; OBS综合地震剖面识别了多组清晰的P波震相, 包括Pw、Pg、PmP和Pn震相。根据测线西侧OBS36、OBS37两台站的震相分布特征初步估算台站下方地壳厚度约为6~7km, 与根据多道地震剖面LW3的双程走时估算的厚度6~9km大致相符。     

Crustal Structures of the Northernmost South China Sea: Seismic Reflection and Gravity Modeling

The South China Sea (SCS) is a marginal sea off shore Southeast Asia. Based on magnetic study, oceanic crust has been suggested in the northernmost SCS. However, the crustal structure of the northernmost SCS was poorly known. To elaborate the crustal structures in the northernmost SCS and off southwest Taiwan, we have analyzed 20 multi-channel seismic profiles of the region. We have also performed gravity modeling to understand the Moho depth variation. The volcanic basement deepens southeastwards while the Moho depth shoals southeastwards. Except for the continental margin, the northernmost SCS can be divided into three tectonic regions: the disturbed and undisturbed oceanic crust (8–12 km thick) in the southwest, a trapped oceanic crust (8 km thick) between the Luzon-Ryukyu Transform Plate Boundary (LRTPB) and Formosa Canyon, and the area to the north of the Formosa Canyon which has the thickest sediments. Instead of faulting, the sediments across the LRTPB have only displayed differential subsidence offset of about 0.5–1 s in the northeast side, indicating that the LRTPB is no longer active. The gravity modeling has shown a relatively thin crust beneath the LRTPB, demonstrating the sheared zone character along the LRTPB. However, probably because of post-spreading volcanism, only the transtension-shearing phenomenon of volcanic basement in the northwest and southeast ends of the LRTPB can be observed. These two basement-fractured sites coincide with low gravity anomalies. Intensive erosion has prevailed over the whole channel of the Formosa Canyon.     

夏季南海东北部和东海陆架浮游植物群落结构昼夜变化的比较研究

于2008年和2009年夏季分别对南海东北部和东海陆架区浮游植物生物量和群落结构的昼夜变化进行了24 h时间序列连续观测和研究。通过高效液相色谱法分析浮游植物特征光合色素可以看出3个测站的叶绿素a浓度均呈现出明显的昼夜变化,最高值出现在夜间,而在中午至午后达到最低值,而这种昼夜变化主要是由于光照和潮汐作用所导致。各站均以硅藻为最主要的优势类群,受上升流影响的S702站硅藻生物量超过80%,S305和DH04站硅藻也占据了35%~50%,且3个测站硅藻生物量昼夜变化与叶绿素a一致,但所占生物量百分比却在叶绿素a高值的时间段较低,表明高生物量对应着更为丰富的浮游植物类群组成多样性。除硅藻外,S305站青绿藻也表现出与叶绿素a同步的昼夜变化规律。而在东海DH04站,由于存在明显层化特征,聚球藻是上混合层的主要优势类群,且表现出与叶绿素a一致的变化。黎明前后,甲藻出现了暴发式的生物量升高,所占生物量超过30%,由于其昼夜变化并不明显,分析可能由于水团的侧向输送所致。     

Crustal Thinning of the Northern Continental Margin of the South China Sea

Magnetic data suggest that the distribution of the oceanic crust in the northern South China Sea (SCS) may extend to about 21 °N and 118.5 °E. To examine the crustal features of the corresponding continent–ocean transition zone, we have studied the crustal structures of the northern continental margin of the SCS. We have also performed gravity modeling by using a simple four-layer crustal model to understand the geometry of the Moho surface and the crustal thicknesses beneath this transition zone. In general, we can distinguish the crustal structures of the study area into the continental crust, the thinned continental crust, and the oceanic crust. However, some volcanic intrusions or extrusions exist. Our results indicate the existence of oceanic crust in the northernmost SCS as observed by magnetic data. Accordingly, we have moved the continent–ocean boundary (COB) in the northeastern SCS from about 19 °N and 119.5 °E to 21 °N and 118.5 °E. Morphologically, the new COB is located along the base of the continental slope. The southeastward thinning of the continental crust in the study area is prominent. The average value of crustal thinning factor of the thinned continental crust zone is about 1.3–1.5. In the study region, the Moho depths generally vary from ca. 28 km to ca. 12 km and the crustal thicknesses vary from ca. 24 km to ca. 6 km; a regional maximum exists around the Dongsha Island. Our gravity modeling has shown that the oceanic crust in the northern SCS is slightly thicker than normal oceanic crust. This situation could be ascribed to the post-spreading volcanism or underplating in this region.     

南海东北海域海面高度的多尺度变异

利用8a的TOPEX/Poseidon高度计资料,采用小波分析方法,研究南海东北部海域海面高度的多尺度变异.研究得出,南海东北部海域的海面高度变化主要受3个不同时间尺度因素的影响,其中最强的是季节变化(V_a)的影响,其周期范围为0.60～1.20a,它主要与海面高度的年循环相联系;其次是周期在0.17～0.45a(即2～5个月)的变化(V₂₅)的影响,它主要与中尺度时间周期引起的海面高度变化相联系.较小的一个因素是周期在1 50～5 00a的年际变化(V_i)的影响,它主要与El Niño事件引起的海面高度变化相联系.分析表明对8a平均而言,海面高度变化所引起的能量偏差V₂₅的高值区主要分布在吕宋海峡以西海域,在1995,1996和1999年出现最大值;偏差V_a的高值区分布在吕宋岛西北海域,在1995年出现最大值;年际偏差V_i的高值区位于台湾的西南海域,在1997～1998年El Niño事件期间达到最大.     

南海东北部亚中尺度过程时空分布特征

基于高分辨率模型2009-2012年的模拟结果,本文对南海东北部亚中尺度过程的时空分布特征进行了研究。模拟结果表明,南海东北部上层广泛存在着相对涡度接近于局地行星涡度的亚中尺度过程。统计结果发现,亚中尺度过程的相对涡度的分布具有着明显的非对称性,即正涡度明显强于负涡度。这意味着相比于负涡度,具有正涡度的亚中尺度过程要更为活跃,而这主要是由离心不稳定导致。同时,亚中尺度过程在时间分布上表现出明显的冬强夏弱的季节变化特征。通过对该海区亚中尺度过程可能生成机制的分析发现,该季节变化与流场拉伸和混合层的厚度有着密切关系,冬季更强的流场拉伸和更深的混合层有利于通过锋生过程和混合层不稳定为亚中尺度过程生成提供更多的能量。     

南海东北部分粒级叶绿素a和超微型光合生物的周日变化

分别于2014年春、秋和2015年夏3个季节对南海东北部A站位(118°E,21.5°N)分粒级叶绿素a浓度和超微型光合生物(原绿球藻、聚球藻和超微型真核藻类)细胞丰度的昼夜变化进行了24 h时间序列连续观测和分析。通过萃取荧光法分析叶绿素a浓度,发现叶绿素a浓度呈现明显的昼夜变化,春季正午最高,秋季和夏季基本变化趋势为白天升高,夜晚降低;而因夏季中午的光抑制作用,叶绿素a的浓度相对较低。超微型光合生物(0.2~3μm)对总叶绿素a的贡献最高(71.49%),小型浮游植物(20μm)贡献率最低(10.41%)。通过流式细胞技术检测到3个超微型光合生物类群;其中,原绿球藻为优势类群,最大细胞丰度达1.05×10~5cells/m L,其次是聚球藻,超微型真核藻类的细胞丰度最低,但由于其单位细胞内的叶绿素a含量高,所以可能对叶绿素a的贡献最大。聚球藻丰度基本上白天下降,傍晚到午夜上升;秋季和夏季,超微型真核藻类的丰度白天高,夜晚低,而春季则相反;原绿球藻在秋季和春季的昼夜变化规律和超微型真核藻类相似。在多种因素共同影响下,光照是调控叶绿素a浓度和超微型光合生物丰度昼夜变化的一个关键因素。季节变化上,原绿球藻的细胞丰度季节间没有统计学差异(P0.05),聚球藻的季节变化为秋夏春,超微型真核藻类的季节变化规律和聚球藻相反。     

南海东北部陆坡区中上层浮游动物的垂直分布*

根据2016年3月和9月南海东北部陆坡区浮游动物垂直分层采样, 比较浮游动物种类组成、丰度和生物量的垂直分布和季节变化, 探讨影响其差异的原因。文中共鉴定浮游动物225种, 其中3月和9月分别出现150种和169种; 桡足类种数达132种, 其次是毛颚类和管水母类, 各18种; 浮游动物种数在50~100m水层最高, 一般随水深增加而减少。浮游动物丰度和生物量主要集中在0~100m, 二者在100m以深水层随深度增加而降低, 而水柱生物量在100~1000m占总水柱生物量的60%以上。浮游动物优势种季节和垂直变化明显, 3月近海种如普通波水蚤(Undinula vulgaris)和微刺哲水蚤(Canthocalanus pauper)等在100m以上水层丰度较高; 9月外海种如达氏筛哲水蚤(Cosmocalanus darwinii)和黄角光水蚤(Lucicutia flavicornis)等在100m以浅水层相对于3月丰度增加; 隆线似哲水蚤(Calanoides carinatus)在3月丰度和平均体长高于9月, 并且体长较大者主要分布在深层。浮游动物可分0~100m、100~400m和400~1000m三个群落, 因不同水层种类组成和丰度差异引起。浮游动物丰度和生物量的垂直变化与温度、叶绿素a质量浓度等因子呈显著正相关。南海东北部陆坡浮游动物季节和垂直变化受季风、沿岸流和中尺度涡的影响。     

南海东北部大陆坡地震反射异常体的属性分析与岩性识别*

南海北缘属于非火山型大陆边缘。过去的研究在洋陆转换带北部的地震剖面上曾观测到一些疑似岩席和火山体的高振幅异常体, 但对这些高振幅异常体的属性却缺乏进一步的研究。本文在南海东北部大陆坡上的两个多道地震剖面(SO1E和SOY)中也发现了一个长度超过15km、厚度约为1.2km的巨大高振幅异常体, 它为研究者提供了一个探究洋陆转换带北部是否存在岩浆活动的机会。本研究对该高振幅异常体进行了速度分析与AVO(amplitude variation with offset)分析。结果表明, 与周围岩层相比, 该高振幅异常体内部有较高的P波速度和泊松比。结合区域地质背景和异常体内部的反射特征及大小形状, 推测该高振幅异常体为火成侵入岩, 并将其进一步归类为岩盖, 揭示了中新世以后南海北部洋陆转换带北部曾发生过多期次的岩浆活动。     

Crustal structure and inferred rifting processes in the northeast South China Sea

TAIGER project deep-penetration seismic reflection profiles acquired in the northeastern South China Sea (SCS) provide a detailed view of the crustal structure of a very wide rifted continental margin. These profiles document a failed rift zone proximal to the shelf, a zone of thicker crust 150 km from the shelf, and gradually thinning crust toward the COB, spanning a total distance of 250–300 km. Such an expanse of extended continental crust is not unique but it is uncommon for continental margins. We use the high-quality images from this data set to identify the styles of upper and lower crustal structure and how they have thinned in response to extension and, in turn, what rheological variations are predicted that allow for protracted crustal extension. Upper crustal thinning is greatest at the failed rift (β_uc ≈ 7.5) but is limited farther seaward (β_uc ≈ 1–2). We interpret that the lower crust has discordantly thinned from an original 15–17 km to possibly less than 2–3 km thick beneath the central thick crust zone and more distal areas. This extreme lower crustal thinning indicates that it acted as a weak layer allowing decoupling between the upper crust and the mantle lithosphere. The observed upper crustal thickness variations and implied rheology (lower crustal flow) are consistent with large-scale boudinage of continental crust during protracted extension.     

基于重矿物地球化学手段的南海东北部陆架沉积物物源研究

物源是研究大陆架沉积物搬运过程、重建陆架古环境以及海洋砂矿资源勘查的重要信息。然而,陆架砂质沉积物普遍经历过多次搬运、分选和混合,这给物源识别带来极大的困难。南海东北部陆架砂质沉积物分布广泛,本文首次采用单矿物化学方法对其物源进行了新的解析。研究区表层砂质沉积物中电气石与角闪石为优势重矿物,两者含量呈现此消彼长的关系。电气石和石榴子石的电子探针数据显示：珠江、韩江沉积物影响海域,火成岩成因的电气石占60%左右,其主要来源为区内广泛发育的燕山期花岗岩的风化产物;莲花山断裂带和长乐−南澳断裂带附近的南海东北部沿岸小河沉积物中变质岩成因的电气石含量显著增高,最高可达70%,其来源为区内与断裂带伴生的变质岩风化物;矽卡岩成因的钙铝榴石在南澳岛以东的陆架沉积物中发现最多,这与华南陆域矽卡岩的分布区吻合。综合分析认为,重矿物的矿物化学方法可以减少分选效应的影响,利用多种矿物的矿物化学分异可以获得多维的信息,为陆架沉积物的物源判定提供便利。