挡墙基底换填对弃土场边坡稳定性影响分析

为了研究弃土场边坡挡墙加固中,挡墙基底在不同换填宽度条件下以及在同一宽度条件下不同换填深度对弃土场边坡稳定性的影响。基于有限元强度折减法理论,利用midas GTS有限元软件,依托工程实例建立二维有限元模型。分析了不同换填宽度及换填深度情况下弃土场边坡在暴雨工况下的稳定性系数。研究发现在同一换填宽度条件下,换填深度对边坡稳定性起决定性作用;只有在换填深度达到一定值时,增加换填宽度才对边坡稳定性有提升作用。     

贵州省六盘水至威宁高速公路弃土场稳定性评估

以贵州省六盘水至威宁高速公路K89+250右侧140 m弃土场为研究对象,通过现场调查和计算分析对弃土场的排水能力、拦渣墙和边坡的稳定性进行了复核和验算,综合评估了弃土场的稳定性。结果表明:弃土场的洪峰流量为0.874 m3· s-1,小于截排水沟的最大泄水能力1.95 m3· s-1;弃土边坡在正常运用条件下的局部稳定性系数为1.404,整体稳定性系数为1.360,在非常运用工况条件下局部稳定性系数为1.303,整体稳定性系数为1.172;拦渣墙的抗滑稳定性大于1.3、抗倾覆稳定性大于1.5,基底应力小于地基承载力250 kPa。因此,弃土场的截排水沟尺寸能够满足弃土场排水要求,不同工况条件下弃土场边坡是稳定的,拦渣墙的抗滑移、抗倾覆及地基承载力均能满足稳定安全要求,建议对覆土边坡进行植草绿化,完善弃土场截排水,以减小坡面水土流失。      

Probabilistic slope stability analysis by a copula-based sampling method

In probabilistic slope stability analysis, the influence of cross correlation of the soil strength parameters, cohesion and internal friction angle, on the reliability index has not been investigated fully. In this paper, an expedient technique is presented for probabilistic slope stability analysis that involves sampling a series of combinations of soil strength parameters through a copula as input to an existing conventional deterministic slope stability program. The approach organises the individual marginal probability density distributions of componential shear strength as a bivariate joint distribution by the copula function to characterise the dependence between shear strengths. The technique can be used to generate an arbitrarily large sample of soil strength parameters. Examples are provided to illustrate the use of the copula-based sampling method to estimate the reliability index of given slopes, and the computed results are compared with the first-order reliability method, considering the correlated random variables. A sensitivity study was conducted to assess the influence of correlational measurements on the reliability index. The approach is simple and can be applied in practice with little effort beyond what is necessary in a conventional analysis.     

Shear strength analysis of grouted coal waste materials to improve mine outslope stability: a laboratory analysis

Summary Slope stability problems exist within the Appalachian Basin as a result of the emplacement of coal mine waste materials on mine outslopes. Prevention or elimination of slope instability problems can be costly. In an attempt to test alternative methods of slope stabilization, the United States Bureau of Mines determined some physical characteristics and shear strengths of ungrouted and polyurethenegrouted samples of coal refuse, coal spoil and natural soils collected at a number of mine outslope sites in Pennsylvania and West Virginia. The particle size distribution, per cent field porosity, per cent field water content and shear strengths of the materials were determined in the laboratory. Fifty drained direct shear strength tests were performed with the sample materials using a 0.06 m³ shear box. Tests were done at field moisture, 100% saturation and grout-infused conditions. Normal loads of 103 kN m^–2, 206 kN m^–2 and 416 kN m^–2 were used. The grout-infused tests generally showed strength increases. An infinite slope model was used to demonstrate the potential effectiveness ofin situ grouting for a variety of field slope conditions. This modelling suggests thatin situ grouting has the potential of stabilizing slopes of up to 35° at depths of 14 m for refuse material and 30° at depths of 5 m for spoil and soil materials. The validity of these increases in material strength by grout injection will require field testing for confirmation.     

Mine Overburden Dump Failure: A Case Study

In any open cast mine, the management of stripped spoil during mining is crucial to the mine’s successful operation. The improper management of the overburden (OB) dump can result in stability issues which may affect safety and production of the mine. Various literatures have reported the failure of open pit dumps and the consequences in loss of life, production and impact on neighbouring amenities. Recently, the failure of an out-of-pit OB dump at an Indian Colliery was reported. The failed OB dump displaced spoil approximately 70 m from the original location of the dump toe and impacted on neighbouring amenities. This paper back analyse material properties and investigates the probable mechanism of this OB failure. Well established tools including limiting equilibrium and continuum numerical methods have been used to understand and identify the failure kinematics of this dump. It has been found that the residual friction angle of the material comprising the dump structural unit dominates stability. Mobilisation of residual strength can occur by operational induced strains and/or the presence of water. The shear strength of the foundation was fully mobilised and provided a slip surface for the overlying dump material. The resultant failure is manifest as a bilinear wedge movement of two ridged blocks defined by linear rupture planes.     

冻融作用对兰州黄土力学性质的影响

以兰州黄土为研究对象,让土样在封闭系统下经历一个冻融循环,再考察土的强度参数（c,φ）和前期固结压力（Pc）在冻融作用下的变化规律。试验表明,冻融循环对不同干容重的土具有强化和弱化的双重作用,并由此导致其力学性质发生相应的变化。相同冻结温度梯度下,随着土样干容重的增大,冻融后Pc和c具有首先增大然后减小的规律,并存在一个临界干容重,在这个干容重下,土样经过冻融后Pc和c不发生变化;干容重较小时,冻融后φ变化不大,随着干容重的逐渐增大,φ有少许增大。同一干容重下,随着冻结温度梯度的增大,冻融后Pc变化量减小,c的变化量增大,而φ的变化不大（呈逐渐增大趋势）。冻结温度梯度对力学性质的影响,主要是孔隙水的不同冻结方式造成的。     

赣北红土区工程堆积体坡面水动力特性

为探明锥状工程堆积体坡面薄层水流剥蚀率与水力要素之间的关系, 室内模拟赣北红土区散乱锥状工程堆积体。通过人工降雨试验, 设计4种降雨强度(1.0~2.5mm/min)和3种砾石含量(10%~30%)完全组合。采用灰色关联度分析法, 评估坡面水力参数与土壤剥蚀率之间的关联度。结果表明:① 在试验条件下, 坡面水流功率与土壤剥蚀率呈幂函数关系;② 当堆积体砾石含量一定时, 以降雨强度为变量能反映堆积体坡面水力参数与土壤剥蚀率之间的关联度;③ 当降雨强度一定时, 大雨强下(≥1.5mm/min)堆积体砾石含量不宜作为灰色关联度分析的变量。综上所述, 水流功率是描述赣北红土区锥状工程堆积体侵蚀过程的最佳水力参数, 可用于建立堆积体侵蚀物理模型。     

千枚岩残坡积土大型直剪试验研究

土体抗剪强度是边坡稳定性分析的重要力学参数,而大型直剪试验是确定粗粒土抗剪强度指标较为有效的方法,但获取所需原状土样较为困难。通过现场挖取边坡残坡积原状土样,开展原状土样和击实土样的室内常规小型直剪对比试验,证明在有效控制密度、干密度和含水率条件下采用击实土样获取的直剪强度指标可替代原状土样试验结果。击实土样的大型直剪与原状土样的常规直剪试验结果对比分析表明,由常规小型直剪试验获得残坡积土的抗剪强度略高于大型直剪试验结果。由于室内常规小型直剪试验获取的抗剪强度指标往往比边坡实际发生滑动时的抗剪强度指标稍大,建议在边坡稳定性分析中对抗剪强度指标选取时,采用以大型直剪试验获得的有效控制密度、干密度和含水率条件下击实土样的峰值强度和残余强度,由此进行的边坡稳定性计算将更为科学合理     

典型红层滑坡滑带土自愈合效应试验研究

在滑坡稳定性分析和设计计算中往往选用滑带土的残余强度值,但许多研究发现滑带土在稳定期会有自愈合现象发生,表现为抗剪强度的提高。对于以蠕滑为主的红层滑坡,自愈合恢复值应该在滑坡稳定性评价中予以考虑。通过对典型红层滑坡滑带土样进行"剪切―保持―剪切"试验,研究处于残余状态下的剪切面在不同法向应力、不同保持时间下的愈合情况,并进行相应的分析与讨论。试验结果表明:(1)残余状态下的土样在保持一定时间后再次剪切出现明显峰值,证明了剪切面自愈合效应存在,但是继续剪切时恢复的强度随位移快速消失;(2)随着保持时间的增长,剪切面的强度恢复值越来越大;(3)剪切面的自愈合相比法向应力更依赖于保持时间。将得到的摩擦系数值运用断层强度恢复经验公式拟合,提出不同法向应力下常数A的取值,可在滑坡安全系数计算中参考。     

对强度折减法若干问题的讨论

强度折减法是数值模拟处理边坡稳定问题的常用方法,由于影响该方法计算精度的因素很多,所以该方法仍未在工程界得到确认和推广。本文采用FLAC（显式拉格朗日有限差分法）进行计算,通过对算例结果进行比较,阐明了在边坡稳定分析中边界范围和网格的疏密对强度折减法结果的影响,特别地,在边界范围上摆脱了数值模拟方法的建模原则的束缚,即边界范围取足够大的原则,并用计算结果极好地证明了结论的可靠性。     

考虑抗剪强度衰减特性的膨胀土边坡稳定性分析

针对传统膨胀土边坡稳定性分析中无法考虑膨胀土在降雨入渗过程中抗剪强度动态衰减的问题,本文开展了室内直剪试验,系统研究了干密度和含水量变化对膨胀土抗剪强度指标的影响;同时,以试验抗剪强度结果为参数,开展了基于强度折减法的膨胀土边坡稳定性分析,获得了抗剪强度动态衰减过程中边坡稳定性的变化规律。结果表明,含水量的增加和干密度降低会造成膨胀土黏聚力和内摩擦角的衰减,黏聚力衰减显著,内摩擦角衰减较少;膨胀土边坡稳定性主要受风化层土体含水量控制,随着膨胀土含水量的增加,膨胀土边坡逐渐由稳定状态演变为欠稳定状态;干密度对膨胀土边坡稳定性的影响则相对较小。     

污泥掺入生活垃圾后的力学特性试验研究

填埋是污泥消化处置的方法之一,由于污泥的工程特性较特殊,填埋会引发很多环境岩土工程问题。考虑到填埋工程会进行分层碾压铺填,在标准击实试验的击实功下制备试样,通过污泥与垃圾土混合后的直接剪切试验、渗透特性试验,考虑淋滤液和降解产气压力共同影响,进行边坡稳定分析。结果表明：污泥和垃圾混合后的强度比垃圾土的强度低,比污泥的强度高,改善了污泥的强度特性;污泥掺入垃圾后的渗透系数与垃圾土的渗透系数相当,没有劣化垃圾土的渗透特性,但比污泥的渗透系数有显著提高;随着污泥掺量的增加,边坡安全系数会先提高后降低,因此,应结合试验和稳定计算结果,确定实际工程的污泥掺入比;考虑降解产气对边坡稳定的影响,安全系数会降低约15%～20%。     

干湿循环下红黏土裂隙演化规律及对抗剪强度影响

应用计算机图像处理技术和三轴试验分析了干湿循环下红黏土裂隙演化规律和抗剪强度指标的变化规律,建立了红黏土的抗剪强度指标与裂隙密度的关系,采用强度指标折减法对边坡稳定性计算参数进行了探讨。结果表明,裂隙密度随干湿循环次数的增加而增大,最终趋于稳定,第一次和第二次干湿循环作用对红黏土的裂隙发育影响最大。干湿循环下红黏土应力-应变为弱硬化型,破坏形式为鼓胀破坏。干湿循环显著降低红黏土抗剪强度指标,第一次衰减幅度很大,最终强度指标趋于稳定状态。黏聚力的衰减幅度比内摩擦角明显大。干湿循环下边坡稳定性计算参数取值建议采用长期强度指标值,即黏聚力稳定值为未经循环值的54%～57%,内摩擦角稳定值为未经循环值的45%～63%。干湿循环下红黏土抗剪强度指标与裂隙密度的关系可用二次多项式来拟合。     

Upper bound finite element analysis of slope stability using a nonlinear failure criterion

In this study, upper bound finite element (FE) limit analysis is applied to stability problems of slopes using a nonlinear criterion. After formulating the upper bound analysis as the dual form of a second-order cone programming (SOCP) problem, the stress field and corresponding shear strength parameters can be determined iteratively. Thus, the nonlinear failure criterion is represented by the shear strength parameters associated with stress so that the analysis of slope stability using a nonlinear failure criterion can be transformed into the traditional upper bound method with a linear Mohr–Coulomb failure criterion. Comparison with published solutions illustrates the accuracy and feasibility of the proposed method for a simple homogeneous slope stability problem. The proposed approach is also applied to a seismic stability problem for a rockfill dam to study the influence of different failure criterions on the upper bound solutions. The results show that the seismic stability coefficients obtained using two different nonlinear failure criteria are similar but that the convergence differs significantly.     

English and Welsh colliery spoil heaps - mineralogical and mechanical interrelationships

Seventy-four post-failure triaxial test specimens from fifteen colliery spoil heaps in England and Wales have been chemically and mineralogically analysed. Three mineral groupings emerged from statistical correlations: clay-minerals, coal and carbonates, with the coal group showing strong inverse relationships with the clay-minerals group.Correlation matrices of physical and mechanical properties versus mineralogical and chemical components have enabled the main mineralogical controls on the physical characteristics to be recognized. Coal is believed to be a major factor which influences not only peak shear strength, but fundamental properties such as natural moisture content, plastic limit and indirectly bulk density which correlates positively with the clay-minerals.     

石灰改良高液限土强度特性的函数模型研究

针对广西荔玉高速路基沿线产生的大量高液限土弃方问题,采用生石灰对高液限土进行改良处理。选取弃土场的高液限土,分别配制不同初始含水率、不同石灰掺量的试样进行侧限压缩试验和快剪试验,采用基本初等数学函数模型拟合不同饱和状态、不同初始含水率下石灰掺量对试件压缩特性和抗剪强度影响。结果表明：(1)高液限土的压缩系数随石灰掺量增加呈指数形式减小;(2)不同饱和状态试件的黏聚力和内摩擦角随石灰掺量增加呈二次函数形式变化;(3)高液限土具有水敏性,饱和素土试件最大抗剪强度对应的含水率较击实试验最大干密度对应的含水率高3%～6%;(4)当初始含水率不高于26.73%时,建议石灰掺量不低于6%,否则改良高液限土的石灰掺量不低于8%,可在满足经济性的前提下达到较好的改良效果。     

击实黏土单轴拉伸特性试验研究

为研究土的拉伸特性,对击实黏土进行直接拉伸试验。试验表明,不同抗拉强度的击实黏土具有不同的拉伸应力-应变曲线型式,即应变软化型、应变硬化型和应变强化型;在试验涉及的干密度和含水率范围内,击实黏土的抗拉强度随干密度的增加而增加,随含水率的增加而减小,且具有较好的线性关系;拉伸速率对击实黏土的抗拉强度和应力-应变曲线的型式也有明显影响,对同一干密度和含水率的土样,低拉伸速率测得的抗拉强度往往较小,且应力-应变曲线为软化型,而较高的拉伸速率测得的抗拉强度较大,且应力-应变曲线为强化型。     

Relationships between wetland fragmentation and recent hydrologic changes in a Deltaic Coast

Patterns in coastal wetland loss in the northern Gulf of Mexico were examined using aerial imagery from 1955–56 and 1978. Five qualitative types of wetland changes are evident: (1) spoil bank-parallel pond formation, (2) pond formation with apparent random distribution for the smallest ponds, but very clumped distribution for larger ponds, (3) semi- or complete impoundment resulting in open water formation, (4) cutting off of stream channels upstream of where a spoil bank crosses a natural channel, and (5) erosion at the land-water interface. Only ponds <20 ha formed and disappeared in the interval, and it is clear that wetland breakup, not erosion at the pond-lake edge, is the dominant form of wetland-to-open water conversion. Canals and their spoil banks are spatially related to wetland-to-water conversion which is evident up to 2 km away from those man-made features. The indirect impacts of canals and spoil banks vary regionally, for example, with sediment compaction rates that increase with increasing sediment deposition. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that canals and spoil banks are a major factor driving wetland loss rates because they change wetland hydrology.     

水力压裂模拟用煤岩体相似材料基础力学特性实验研究

煤层水力压裂模拟实验是研究煤矿井下水力压裂煤岩体致裂增透、弱化机理的有效手段。然而,大尺寸煤岩体原位保真取样技术不成熟,已有大尺寸煤样块多取自卸压区,其在运输和制备过程中会发生二次破坏,导致实验结果失真。因此,使用煤岩体相似材料代替大尺寸原煤执行室内水力压裂模拟实验成为一种可行的选择。煤岩体相似材料试样的力学特性是影响水力压裂效果最重要因素。为精确表征煤岩体相似材料的基础力学特征,选择煤粉、水泥、石膏、砂子为相似材料,设计制作7种配比试样,进行超声波与力学特性耦合响应规律研究。结果表明:煤岩体相似材料试样超声波波速(P波和S波)和强度(单轴抗压和抗拉强度)随着密度的增大而增大,随着孔隙率的增大而减小;相似材料对于超声波波速、强度和密度增大幅度的影响为水泥>砂子>石膏,孔隙率正相反;相似材料水泥和石膏分别在调节试样强度和变形特性方面起主要作用;根据超声波P波波速与强度之间的二次多项式数学模型,通过测定超声波P波波速可提前预测试样的强度;试样力学参数可调整范围大,通过改变相似材料配比可以调整试样的力学性质,精确模拟煤岩体,且试样制作方法简单。此研究可为煤层水力压裂模拟用煤岩体相似材料力学特征相似设计提供依据,促进矿井瓦斯防治技术的发展,具有广泛的应用价值。      

危岩主控结构面强度参数计算方法

主控结构面强度参数c、是危岩稳定性分析的关键问题,目前仅根据贯通段和非贯通段的长度进行c、线性加权计算,与实际情况误差在40%左右。本文对主控结构面设计11种贯通率(10％、30％、50％、55％、60％、65％、70％、75％、80％、85％和90％),预制20cm10cm5cm的M15砂浆试件并进行直剪试验,获得了c、值与贯通率之间的非线性实验曲线,据此建立了考虑不同贯通率和防治工程安全等级的危岩主控结构面c、值计算方法,即贯通率法;实际应用中,只需量测主控结构面的贯通率并采用常规试验确定危岩完整岩石的单轴抗压强度和内摩擦角,因此,该方法易于操作,计算结果与实际情况基本一致。