基坑支护的混凝土芯搅拌桩有限元分析

介绍了一种新型的基坑支护形式,即混凝土芯水泥土搅拌桩,它是一种融合了复合地基和桩基础优点的地基处理方法,是一种结合围护挡土结构和防渗止水帷幕功能于一体的支扩结构.笔者还采用有限元方法分析了基坑支护中的混凝土芯水泥土搅拌桩的位移大小分布和方向分布、应力大小分布和方向分布、塑性区的分布和临空面的水平位移.分析结果表明,采用门型结构的混凝土芯水泥土搅拌桩进行支护,既安全可靠,又经济可行.     

Tunnel complex unloaded by a deep excavation

This paper examines the effect of a deep open excavation for an office block on the underlying tunnel complex in the centre of Prague, which was analysed using 2D FEM models. In order to get a proper reference state before excavation, the whole process of construction of the tunnels was modelled and deformation and stress changes induced by open excavation predicted. Bearing capacity, distortion and watertightness of underground structures were then evaluated and recommendations concerning the construction rate and monitoring program given. A good agreement between the pure prediction of tunnel distortion produced by FEM and the measurements undertaken during excavation of the pit and construction of the office block was obtained.     

Finite-element method in modeling geologic transport processes

Deterministic mathematical modeling of complex geologic transport processes may require the use of odd boundary shapes, time dependency, and two or three dimensions. Under these circumstances the governing transport equations must be solved by numerical methods. For a number of transport phenomena a general form of the convective-dispersion equation can be employed. The solution of this equation for complicated problems can be solved readily by the finite-element method. Using quadrilateral isoparametric elements or triangular elements and a computational algorithm based on Galerkin's procedure, solutions to unsteady heat flux from a dike and seawater intrusion in an aquifer have been obtained. These examples illustrate that the finite-element numerical procedure is well suited for solving boundary-value problems resulting from modeling of complex physical phenomena.     

Finite-element 3D modeling of stress patterns around a dipping fault

Stresses in a block around a dipping fracture simulating a damage zone of a fault are reconstructed by finite-element modeling. A fracture corresponding to a fault of different lengths, with its plane dipping at different angles, is assumed to follow a lithological interface and to experience either compression or shear. The stress associated with the destruction shows an asymmetrical pattern with different distances from the highest stress sites to the fault plane in the hanging and foot walls. As the dip angle decreases,the high-stress zone becomes wider in the hanging wall but its width changes negligibly in the foot wall.The length of the simulated fault and the deformation type affect only the magnitude of maximum stress,which remains asymmetrical relative to the fault plane. The Lh/Lfratio, where Lhand Lfare the widths of high-stress zones in the hanging and foot walls of the fault, respectively, is inversely proportional to the fault plane dip. The arithmetic mean of this ratio over different fault lengths in fractures subject to compression changes from 0.29 at a dip of 80°to 1.67 at 30°. In the case of shift displacement, ratios are increasing to 1.2 and 2.94, respectively.Usually they consider vertical fault planes and symmetry in a damage zone of faults. Following that assumption may cause errors in reconstructions of stress and fault patterns in areas of complex structural setting. According geological data, we know the structures are different and asymmetric in hanging and foot walls of fault. Thus, it is important to quantify zones of that asymmetry. The modeling results have to be taken into account in studies of natural faults, especially for practical applications in seismic risk mapping, engineering geology, hydrogeology, and tectonics.     

深开挖工程中邻近建筑物的保护

深开挖工程中邻近建筑物的保护实质上是一系列控制地面变形的多级防护措施,主要包括：危险性评价,预防措施,深开挖监测,修改设计与施工方案和补救措施。     

Dewatering induced subsidence during excavation in a Shanghai soft deposit

Foundation dewatering has become a major cause of land subsidence in Shanghai. The burial depth of foundations in relation to geotechnical construction works is less than 75 m, and the corresponding groundwater includes phreatic, low-pressure artesian, and the first confined aquifers. Based on the geological and hydrogeological conditions beneath Shanghai, methods of dewatering may be divided into three modes and further five patterns according to the insertion depth of the dewatering-retaining system. The most common dewatering mode aims to reduce the water pressure in the confined aquifer by setting the dewatering wells inside the pit, whilst the retaining walls are buried in the confined aquifer and partially cut off the confined aquifer layer. To predict the settlement due to foundation dewatering, numerical models are generally adopted, which are similar to those used to predict land subsidence induced by regional groundwater withdrawal; however, since foundation dewatering is conducted along with the setting of retaining walls and foundation pit excavation, which differs from regional groundwater withdrawal, interactions between the retaining wall-dewatering well, the dewatering-excavation, and dewatering-recharge are important factors affecting the analytical model. Since the grading of the shallow soil layers is different, stratified settlement characteristics of the shallow soil strata and seepage erosion, which results in additional deformation, need to be given particular consideration.     

上海市深基坑工程地面沉降评估理论与方法

深基坑工程是高层建筑、地铁隧道、地下空间开发利用等城市建设中的重要基础工程。随着土地节约集约化利用不断加强,基坑的深度与规模日渐提高。深基坑工程对区域地面沉降有明显影响。但针对性的地面沉降危险性评估尚属空白。根据深基坑工程地面沉降效应的理论分析与案例剖析,不同的设计施工方案对地面沉降有直接影响。含水层的疏干或降压是主要因素。地面沉降主要集中在开挖深度2倍的平面范围内,最远可达10~15倍开挖深度。地面沉降基本呈指数型衰减。现行的技术规程将2倍开挖深度范围作为基坑工程沉降监测与控制的重点。因此深基坑工程对区域地面沉降的影响评估应着重于15倍的开挖深度区间范围。提出了深基坑工程地面沉降评估的技术准则与主要技术环节的工作要点。     

某深基坑开挖对周围环境影响的监测

介绍了南京某超高层建筑深层坑开挖的周围环境监测结果，分析了该深基坑开挖所引起的环境问题，包括地下水水位下降；建筑物和土层变形和裂缝，得到了一些有益的结论。认为基坑地质条件较好且开挖满足支护系统安全稳定的条件时，仍可能对周围环境造成较大的影响。     

复合土钉在深基坑支护中的应用

土钉支护对基坑变形的调节和控制能力较差,不适于对变形控制要求较严格的深基坑工程.采用微型桩＋预应力锚索配合土钉支护的新型复合土钉支护方案,经有限元计算对复合土钉和一般土钉的两种方案变形曲线进行对比、分析.结果表明,对基坑变形要求严格时,该复合土钉支护方案能有效地控制基坑变形.     

A case study on the behaviour of a deep excavation in sand

A complete case record of an excavation in sand is explored in this study. Numerical analyses were conducted to evaluate the influences of soil elasticity, creep and soil–wall interface. Back-analyses indicate small strain parameters should be used if an elastic–perfect plastic model is selected. In addition, excavation-induced seepage has only a limited effect on vertical displacements. Delayed installation of 3rd level struts and base slab construction caused significant time-dependent (creep) movements during the excavation. Back-analyses show that the dynamic viscosity (D_v) used in the visco-elastic model for creep simulation is in the range of 1.5 × 10¹⁵–2.0 × 10¹⁵ Pa, but there are still inconsistencies in movements both near to and far from the excavation. Interpreting from observation data, the creep rate of wall movement caused in the non-supported stage of the excavation varies between 0.14 and 0.38 mm/day. Finally, parametric studies of interface elements indicate that the most sensitive parameters are the normal (K_n) and shear stiffness (K_s) of the interface. Back-analyses using an elastic–perfect plastic model indicate that using 3 × 10⁶ Pa for K_n and K_s produces more acceptable results.     

Poroplastic modelling of the excavation and ventilation of a deep cavity

A plastic deviatoric model with hardening is developed on the basis of geomechanical tests performed in the saturated case on low permeable porous material such as argillite. This model is a generalized Mohr–Coulomb plastic criterion combined with a Drucker–Prager plastic potential and the hardening parameter is the plastic distortion. Three different hardening functions have been introduced on the basis of triaxial tests: an increase of friction angle, a decrease of cohesion after a threshold and a contractancy to dilatancy transition for volumetric plastic strain. This plastic model has been adapted to the partially saturated case. The effective stress is expressed thanks to the equivalent interstitial pressure π. Numerical results are presented for the excavation and monotonous ventilation of a deep cylindrical cavity. A first plastification due to excavation is followed by a second one due to desaturation. The extent of the non-saturated zone provokes an extent of a plastic zone in the rock mass. Analysis shows that the origin of the plastification can be found in the deviatoric stresses because mean effective stresses are compressive during drying. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

深基坑复合喷锚支护技术探讨

工程实践表明,复合喷锚支护是一种有效的深基坑支护型式,它可用于土层条件差、安全性要求高、变形控制严格的基坑工程中。复合支护中锚杆为主要受力构件,竖向花管为辅助受力构件,可起到限制、减小土体变形的作用。由于竖向注浆花管的加入,花管及注浆体抗剪作用加强,使基坑的整体稳定性得以大幅度提高。探讨了复合喷锚支护整体稳定性分析方法,建议将滑动区域分为加固土和原土两部分,将锚管注浆形成的注浆体等效为一层加固土,按喷锚支护模型计算复合喷锚支护整体稳定性。     

软土深基坑中的角落效应

在对软土深基坑档墙与土体的变形、破坏等基坑支护失事原因分析的基础上,提出基坑角落效应的概念,指出角落效应为当前软土深基坑工程设计与施工所忽视,分析了角落效应的形成机理及其综合特性,讨论了角落效应对基坑稳定性的影响及其治理建议。     

Three‐dimensional inverse analyses of a deep excavation in Chicago clays

Numerical models are commonly used to estimate excavation‐induced ground movements. Two‐dimensional (2D) plain strain assumption is typically used for the simulation of deep excavations which might not be suitable for excavations where three‐dimensional (3D) effects dominate the ground response. This paper adapts an inverse analysis algorithm to learn soil behavior from field measurements using a 3D model representation of an excavation. The paper describes numerical issues related to this development including the generation of the 3D model mesh from laser scan images of the excavation. The inverse analysis to extract the soil behavior in 3D is presented. The model captures the measured wall deflections. Although settlements were not sufficiently measured, the predicted settlements around the excavation site reflected strong 3D effects and were consistent with empirical correlations. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Sheared shale response to deep TBM excavation

Phien-wej, N. and Cording, E.J., 1991. Sheared shale response to deep TBM excavation. Eng. Geol., 30: 371–391.

Ravelling and squeezing of sheared shale of Stillwater Tunnel caused severe problems in tunneling with a tunnel boring machine (TBM) that led to termination of the contract. The tunnel was finally holed through with two TBM's specially designed for squeezing ground. Although the shale mass in all geological conditions exhibited time-dependent response, significant squeezing was confined to sheared shale with large amounts of clay gouge infill, wherein creep of the clay gouge was the prime mechanism controlling the ground response. However, when the tunnel face was advanced at a slow rate, the observed ground squeezing in the early period was largely induced by the effect of stress change from face advance, not the creep. Ground ravelling was very significant in sheared shale due to the high degree of fissuring and fracturing of this thinly bedded shale. Failure of the first TBM resulted mainly from the incompatibility of the shield design with the sheared shale. The shield was too long and stiff and had variable diameters. Extensive observation and instrumentation programs of the project provided valuable information on rapid mechanized tunneling in heavy ground.     

监测技术在深基坑开挖工程中的应用

在深基坑的设计施工过程中,由于地质条件、荷载条件、材料性质、施工条件和外界其他条件的复杂影响,以及基于当前土压力计算理论和边坡计算模型的局限性,很难单纯从理论上预测工程中可能遇到的问题。所以在基坑的开挖施工中,对支护结构、基坑邻近建筑物、地下管线以及周围土体等在理论分析指导下有计划地监测,以此监测数据为依据,对基坑支护进行动态设计,是十分必要的。     

软弱土层中深基坑工程的系统施工技术

介绍了综合采用支护桩、截水帷幕、降水、回灌和锚喷支护等系统施工技术,成功地完成了在粉土、淤泥质粘土中、水位埋深在1.3m,基坑开挖至13.0m深的深基坑工程。     

深基坑双排桩支护结构上的变形和土压力研究

根据某大型深基坑工程的实测资料,对双排桩支护结构上的截面弯矩、变形和土压力分布特征进行了研究,并对基坑开挖的空间效应、冠梁刚度对土压力的影响、支护结构变形与土压力分布的关系、双排桩支护结构与土的相互作用机制等进行分析。研究表明,深基坑双排桩支护结构上的土压力分布是十分复杂的,用传统的土压力计算方法估算双排桩支护结构上的土压力存在较大偏差。其研究结果为双排桩支护结构上土压力设计计算模式的建立提供了依据。     

深基坑桩锚支护结构和土体之间协同作用

目前深基坑桩锚支护结构的研究已引起学者的高度关注,支护结构与土体之间协同工作的研究仍然是一个亟待深入研究的课题。以桩锚支护结构与土体相互作用体系为研究对象,考虑桩后土抗力与锚杆拉力共同作用,建立静力平衡方程,在前人总结的桩锚变形协调条件的基础上,对其进行改进,并与变形协调条件的其他3种算法对比。结果表明,改进的方法更能反映桩锚支护结构受力变形的实际情况,由此算得的锚杆设计拉力较其他方法算得的锚杆设计拉力偏大,这是因为克服了前述方法中忽略锚杆倾角、增大了锚杆的伸长量以及未考虑桩锚实际受力状态的缺点。结合工程实例,应用FLAC3D模拟的桩身内力与改进方法算得的桩身内力基本吻合,说明改进方法的优越性。     

天津某深基坑工程施工监测及数值模拟分析

本文介绍了天津铜锣湾广场深基坑工程开挖实例.通过对开挖过程中的支护结构内力、坑周土体水平位移等的现场监测和数值模拟分析,讨论了基坑开挖过程中支护结构受力的特点及其对周围环境的影响,得到了基坑周边土体水平位移的变化规律,为考虑施工因素的支护结构设计提供了依据.