关于东亚副热带季风和热带季风的再认识

利用NCEP/NCAR再分析数据集和CMAP(Climate Prediction Center Merged Analysis of Precipitation)降水资料, 分析了东亚副热带夏季风与热带夏季风的区别和联系, 以及两者相互作用问题, 深入讨论了东亚副热带季风的本质。分析发现东亚副热带夏季风建立早于热带夏季风, 于3月中旬已经开始建立。两者是相互独立的两个过程, 前者并非是后者向北推进的结果;相反, 前者建立后的突然南压有利于后者的爆发。副热带夏季风为渐进式建立, 但撤退迅速;热带夏季风爆发突然, 但撤退缓慢。副热带夏季风的建立以偏南风的建立为特征, 而热带夏季风的建立以偏东风向偏西风转变为特征。热带夏季风的建立时间取决于经向海陆热力差异转向, 而东亚副热带夏季风则更依赖于纬向海陆热力差异的逆转。亚洲大陆（含青藏高原）与西太平洋之间的纬向海陆热力差异的季节逆转无论对东亚副热带夏季风还是热带夏季风均有重要作用。     

Reappraisal of Asian Summer Monsoon Indices and the Long-Term Variation of Monsoon

The Webster and Yang monsoon index (WYI)-the zonal wind shear between 850 and 200 hPa was calculated and modified on the basis of NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data. After analyzing the circulation and divergence fields of 150-100 and 200 hPa, however, we found that the 200-hPa level could not reflect the real change of the upper-tropospheric circulation of Asian summer monsoon, especially the characteristics and variation of the tropical easterly jet which is the most important feature of the upper-tropospheric circulation. The zonal wind shear U850-U(150 100) is much larger than U850-U200, and thus it can reflect the strength of monsoon more appropriately. In addition, divergence is the largest at 150 hPa rather than 200 hPa, so 150 hPa in the upper-troposphere can reflect the coupling of the monsoon system. Therefore, WYI is redefined as DHI, i.e., IDH=U850* - U(150 100)*, which is able to characterize the variability of not only the intensity of the center of zonal wind shear in Asia, but also the monsoon system in the upper and lower troposphere. DHI is superior to WYI in featuring the long-term variation of Asian summer monsoon as it indicates there is obvious interdecadal variation in the Asian summer monsoon and the climate abrupt change occurred in 1980. The Asian summer monsoon was stronger before 1980 and it weakened after then due to the weakening of the easterly in the layer of 150-100 hPa, while easterly at 200 hPa did not weaken significantly. After the climate jump year in general, easterly in the upper troposphere weakened in Asia, indicating the weakening of summer monsoon; the land-sea pressure difference and thermal difference reduced, resulting in the weakening of monsoon; the corresponding upper divergence as well as the water vapor transport decreased in Indian Peninsula, central Indo-China Peninsula, North China, and Northeast China, indicating the weakening of summer monsoon as well. The difference between NCEP/NCAR and ERA-40 reanalysis data in studying the intensity and long-term variation of Asian summer monsoon is also compared in the end for reference.     

Relationship Between East Asian Winter Monsoon and Summer Monsoon

Using National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Centre for Atmospheric Research(NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis data and monthly Hadley Center sea surface temperature(SST) data,and selecting a representative East Asian winter monsoon(EAWM) index,this study investigated the relationship between EAWM and East Asian summer monsoon(EASM) using statistical analyses and numerical simulations.Some possible mechanisms regarding this relationship were also explored.Results indicate a close relationship between EAWM and EASM:a strong EAWM led to a strong EASM in the following summer,and a weak EAWM led to a weak EASM in the following summer.Anomalous EAWM has persistent impacts on the variation of SST in the tropical Indian Ocean and the South China Sea,and on the equatorial atmospheric thermal anomalies at both lower and upper levels.Through these impacts,the EAWM influences the land-sea thermal contrast in summer and the low-level atmospheric divergence and convergence over the Indo-Pacific region.It further affects the meridional monsoon circulation and other features of the EASM.Numerical simulations support the results of diagnostic analysis.The study provides useful information for predicting the EASM by analyzing the variations of preceding EAWM and tropical SST.     

东亚季风研究的进展

中国气象科学研究院曾长期组织和从事东亚季风及其对中国天气和旱涝影响的研究。该文对中国气象科学研究院在东亚季风研究方面取得成果进行综述, 并回顾了20世纪50年代以来国内有关季风的研究活动, 也回顾了影响我国天气气候、东亚季风环流系统的提出及其后续的有关东亚和印度季风系统的相互作用, 引发中国大陆暴雨生成的水汽输送, 表达中国大陆季风活动的季风指数设计等研究结果。综述了南海夏季风爆发、梅雨开始、中国雨季开始及传播等有关研究成果; 东亚季风系统中副热带地区低频振荡纬向和经向传播特征及与赤道地区不同之处, 东亚低频振荡对El Niño形成及夏季东亚热带和副热带季风爆发的可能影响, 东亚热带和副热带季风低频振荡对中国天气气候的影响等有关成果; 亚洲地区大气热源的计算及其分布, 青藏高原夏季热源对东亚夏季风及降水的可能影响, 青藏高原冬季冷源对El Niño生成的可能影响等有关成果; 东亚季风及降水的年际变化特征, 准4年年际振荡的分析及与ENSO形成间的相互作用, 极地对东亚夏季降水的影响及东亚季风年代际变化特征等成果。综述东亚季风系统形成的可能机制, 特别是亚洲大陆—西太平洋海陆热力差异及非洲、印度半岛、中南半岛及澳大利亚陆地与周围海洋对冬夏季风形成、印度和东亚季风系统形成、南海夏季风形成作用的结果。     

高原季风特征及其与东亚夏季风关系的研究

利用ERA-Interim的位势高度场、温度场和风场再分析资料,计算了1988-2017年的传统高原季风指数(Trational Plateau Monsoon Index,TPMI)和动态高原季风指数(Dynamic Plateau Monsoon Index,DPMI),分析了高原季风的空间分布特征和时间演变规律,结合东亚夏季风指数(East Asian Summer Monsoon Index,EASMI),探讨了高原季风与东亚季风的关系。研究表明:(1)高原夏季风从4月开始形成,暖性低值系统在高原上生成;6月暖性低压系统中心形成并达到最强,此时高原夏季风强度也达到最大;10月暖性闭合低压系统向东北方向移动且强度也随之减弱并退出,高原夏季风结束。(2)DPMI和EASMI具有明显的年际变化特征,在关键年高原夏季风和东亚夏季风的强度表现一致。(3)中纬度受东亚季风所影响区域的位势高度场和青藏高原区域的位势高度场均处于同一正相关区域,而且超前两个月的DPMI同EASMI的相关系数最大,表明高原夏季风对东亚夏季风具有一定的指示意义。(4)东亚夏季风经圈环流受高原温度场变化的影响而移动,高原夏季风的低压系统与高原温度场关系密切。     

东亚季风区夏季陆地生态系统碳循环对东亚夏季风的响应

东亚地区陆地生态系统的时空变率表现出明显的对季风气候的响应特征。使用EOF（经验正交分解）方法分析了AVIM2动态植被陆面模式离线模拟试验模拟的1953～2004年东亚季风区夏季陆地生态系统总初级生产力（GPP）、生态系统净初级生产力（NPP）、净生态系统初级生产力（NEP）、植被呼吸以及土壤呼吸的时空分布特点,探讨了东亚夏季风对陆地生态系统碳循环影响机制。研究发现,在强季风年,江淮地区高温少雨的特点限制了光合作用,造成GPP偏低;而华南地区在强季风年气候温暖湿润,利于植被生长,GPP偏高。季风对于植被呼吸和土壤呼吸影响不明显,使得GPP和植被呼吸之差NPP的变化及NPP和土壤呼吸之差NEP的变化与GPP的变化保持一致。在强季风年江淮流域地区干热的气候条件使得NPP和NEP降低;但是在华南地区温度升高的同时降水增多使得在NPP偏高的基础上NEP也偏高。     

亚洲季风与ENSO循环的相互作用

ＥＮＳＯ事件对亚洲季风有很大影响,特别是对东亚夏季风环流有较大影响。许多观测事实表明,在ＥＮＳＯ事件处于发展阶段的夏季,江淮流域往往发生洪涝,黄河流域往往发生干旱,东北地区往往发生冷夏。本研究利用观测资料分析了亚洲季风对ＥＮＳＯ事件发生的影响。分析结果表明,在ＥＮＳＯ事件发生前,在热带太平洋上空对流层下层有明显的西风异常;这个西风异常将会加强东传暖Ｋｅｌｖｉｎ波和西传冷Ｒｏｓｓｂｙ波,为ＥＮＳＯ循环提供必要的赤道海洋波动条件;并且这个西风异常与东亚季风区西风异常向南传播有密切关系。通过遥相关分析表明,东亚季风西风异常的南传是通过欧亚型遥相关的波列来实现。通过分析,本研究提出一种亚洲季风与ＥＮＳＯ循环相互作用的物理图像。     

冬季亚洲大陆的热力差异对亚洲季风活动的影响

亚洲冬季地面的热力状况与冬季风活动有关, 对后期的天气气候变化也有重要的作用.作者用EOF方法分析了亚洲冬季地面气温的时空特征, 发现第二模态表明东北亚和南亚地区的地面气温有反相变化的特征并具有明显的年代际变化.进一步研究发现, 这种南亚-东北亚的热力差特征与亚洲夏季风强弱有非常好的对应关系, 籍此定义了一个大陆冬季南亚-东北亚热力差指数.分析表明热力差指数有非常明显的年代际变化, 根据这一特征, 进一步研究了夏季北半球大尺度环流和中国气候的年代际变化, 发现其年代际变化对前冬亚洲大陆热力差指数的年代际特     

South China Sea Monsoon Experiment （SCSMEX） and the East Asian Monsoon

The SCSMEX is a joint atmospheric and oceanic experiment by international efforts, aiming at studying the onset, maintenance, and variability of the South China Sea (SCS) summer monsoon, thus improving the monsoon prediction in Southeast and East Asian regions. The field experiment carried out in May-August 1998 was fully successful, with a large amount of meteorological and oceanographic data acquired that have been used in four dimensional data assimilations by several countries, in order to improve their numerical simulations and prediction. These datasets are also widely used in the follow-up SCS and East Asian monsoon study. The present paper has summarized the main research results obtained by Chinese meteorologists which cover six aspects: (1) onset processes and mechanism of the SCS summer monsoon; (2) development of convection and mesoscale convective systems (MCSs) during the onset phase and their interaction with large-scale circulation; (3) low-frequency oscillation and teleconnection effect; (4) measurements of surface fluxes over the SCS and their relationship with the monsoon activity; (5) oceanic thermodynamic structures, circulation, and mesoscale eddies in the SCS during the summer monsoon and their relationship with ENSO events; and (6) numerical simulations of the SCS and East Asian monsoon.     

China-Japan Cooperative Research on Asian Monsoon Mechanisms

ChinaandJapansignedtheagreementofResearchCooperationonAsianMonsoonMechanismsin1993andthe7thworkinggroupmeetingconsistingofscientistsfrombothsidessummarizedtheReviewofScientificAchievementsofChina-JapanResearchCooperationonAsianMonsoonMechanismsinBeijingin…     

南亚夏季风爆发的统计动力分析

作者对南亚(印度)夏季风爆发作了统计动力分析,即将南亚夏季风爆发前后的高低层风场看作一个整体,并以南亚夏季风爆发日为基准,作了经验正交函数(矢量)分析,得到了以下结论:偏差风场的第一模态反映了季风爆发前后大规模的风系变化,其时间系数直接体现了南亚夏季风的爆发,在爆发日前后该模态反映的偏差风系有剧烈变化,这表明季风爆发时大气环流有突变发生;第二模态反映了具有5～7天振荡周期的中纬天气尺度波系及其对低纬季风区的影响;第三模态反映了热带、副热带地区呈准双周振荡的低频扰动.     

An East Asian Monsoon in the Mid-Pliocene

In this study, the authors simulate the East Asian climate changes in the mid-Pliocene (～3.3 to 3.0 Ma BP) with the Community Atmosphere Model version 3.1 (CAM3.1) and compare the simulated East Asian monsoon with paleoclimate data. The simulations show an obvious warming pattern in East Asia in the mid-Pliocene compared with the pre-industrial climate, with surface air temperature increasing by 0.5 4.0°C. In the warm mid-Pliocene simulation, the East Asian Summer Monsoon (EASM) becomes stronger, while the East Asian Winter Monsoon (EAWM) is similar relative to the pre-industrial climate. Compared with the paleoclimate data, our simulations depict the intensified EASM well but cannot reproduce the weakened EAWM. This model-data discrepancy may be attributed to the uncertainty in the reconstructed mid-Pliocene sea surface temperature.     

东亚季风近几十年来的主要变化特征

本文简要综述了关于东亚夏季风和冬季风近几十年来的主要变化特征的若干研究结果,特别是关于其年代际变化方面.夏季风及夏季气候的主要变化特征有:1970年代末之后东亚夏季风的年代际时间尺度的减弱以及相应的我国夏季降水江淮流域增多而华北减少、1992年之后我国华南夏季降水增多、1999年之后我国长江中下游夏季降水减少而淮河流域夏季降水增多、东亚夏季风和ENSO之间的年际变化相关性存在不稳定性.而关于东亚冬季风与冬季气候的主要变化特征有:1980年代中期之后东亚冬季风及其年际变率减弱、1970年代中期之后冬季风和ENSO的年际变化相关性较弱、近年来的北极秋季海冰减少对北半球冬季积雪增多有显著贡献、东北冬季积雪在1980年代中期以后增多.与上述变化有关的极端气候和物候都发生了多方面的变化.     

气溶胶对东亚冬季风影响的数值模拟

利用NCAR/UCAR CAM5.1模式研究气溶胶对东亚冬季风的影响。模式从1991—2010年运行20年,取2001—2010年冬季的结果。模式结果可以较好地再现东亚冬季风的主要特征。试验结果表明:气溶胶增加使我国东南部地区和东北亚地区（35°~55°N,115°~150°E）冬季风减弱,同时,造成我国东南部地区降水减少。其中,热源热汇的变化和无辐散风减弱为主要原因。气溶胶增加改变了大气热源的分布,造成在我国东南部地区热源减弱,热汇加强;我国东北地区热汇减弱,日本列岛热源加强;气溶胶增加使这些区域全位能的产生减弱,消耗加强。同时,凝结潜热的变化主要影响热源和热汇,其中大尺度过程产生的凝结潜热变化起主要作用。在我国东南部和东北亚地区辐散风动能向全位能的转换增加,造成辐散风减弱。故该区域辐散风向无辐散风的转换减弱,导致无辐散风减弱,最终造成东亚冬季风减弱。     

南半球环流变化对东亚夏季风的影响

南半球环流是影响东亚夏季风季节内、季节到年际变化的重要因子之一.作者系统综述了南半球环流各系统包括连接两半球的越赤道气流、马斯克林高压和澳大利亚高压、南极涛动和南极海冰等对东亚夏季风环流和中国夏季降水的影响.特别是,近年来的研究揭示了南极涛动是影响东亚夏季风年际变化的强信号.当南极涛动偏强时,马斯克林高压和澳大利亚高压和相关的越赤道气流也趋于偏强.同时,西太平洋副热带高压偏西偏南,强度增强,长江流域降水偏多,其两侧降水偏少.这对中国夏季降水的预测有重要的应用价值.最后提出了一些相关的科学问题以供进一步研究.       

夏季东亚高空急流的变化及其对东亚季风的影响

东亚高空急流是东亚夏季风系统的一个重要组成部分,对东亚地区的天气和气候有着重要影响.近十年来,对东亚高空的变异规律及其相关机理、急流对东亚气候的影响等方面做了大量的观测资料分析和数值模拟研究.本文从夏季东亚高空急流的变化特征及其与东亚气候的关联、东亚高空急流的变异机理以及当前的气候模式对东亚高空急流的模拟能力评估和未来预估等几个方面,对这些研究结果进行了综述.     

与EAWM相关的海陆气相互作用及亚洲夏季风

基于观测资料分析，本文讨论了与东亚冬季风（EAWM）异常活动相联系的海－陆－气系统的特征，指出它往往是随后亚洲夏季风异常的一个信号。我们分析并确定了一类重要的海气耦合模态，即EAWM。它所包含的海－气双向相互作用，使该模态的SSTA分布得以发展和持续。特别是在西太平洋和南海等关键地区，SSTA异常将从冬季维持到夏季。在强冬季风年，青藏高原积雪冬季在其东部出现负距平区，春季则延伸到高原西北部。SSTA及高原积雪分布，共同构成调制亚洲季风环流的重要因子，它将有助于1）随后南海季风和季风降水的增强；2）梅雨期西太平洋副高偏北，长江流域少雨；3）夏季我国东北和日本多雨；4）阿拉伯海和印度东北多雨，而印度西南部及孟加拉湾少雨。总之，强EAWM及相联的海气相互作用，一定程度上，预示着亚洲夏季风的活动特征。     

Thrusts and Prospects on Understanding and Predicting Asian Monsoon Climate

Development of monsoon climate prediction through integrated research efforts to improve our understanding of monsoon variability and predictability is a primary goal of the Asian Monsoon Years （200-2011） and International Monsoon Study under the leadership of the World Climate Research Programme. The present paper reviews recent progress in Asian monsoon research focusing on （1） understanding and modeling of the monsoon variability, （2） determining the sources and limits of predictability, and （3） assessing the current status of climate prediction, with emphasis on the weekly to interannual time scales. Particular attention is paid to identify scientific issues and thrust areas, as well as potential directions to move forward in an attempt to stimulate future research to advance our understanding of monsoon climate dynamics and improve our capability to forecast Asian monsoon climate variation.     

青藏高原和亚洲夏季风动力学研究的新进展

亚洲夏季风环流受海陆和伊朗高原—青藏高原大地形的热力作用调控.亚洲季风所释放的巨大潜热又对大气环流形成反馈.这种相互反馈过程十分复杂,揭示其物理过程对理解气候变化格局的形成和变化以及提高天气预报及气候预测的准确率十分重要.夏季北半球副热带对流层上层环流的主要特征是存在庞大的南亚高压(SAH)以及强大的对流层上层温度暖中心(UTTM).本文介绍了温度—加热垂直梯度(T-Q_Z)理论的发展,并用以揭示SAH和UTTM的形成机制.指出沿副热带欧亚大陆东部的季风对流潜热加热及其中西部的表面感热加热和高层长波辐射冷却是导致SAH和UTTM在南亚上空发展的原因.文中还介绍了Gill模型用于上部对流层研究的局限性及解决的办法.     

Characteristics, Processes, and Causes of the Spatio-temporal Variabilities of the East Asian Monsoon System

Recent advances in the study of the characteristics, processes, and causes of spatio-temporal variabilities of the East Asian monsoon (EAM) system are reviewed in this paper. The understanding of the EAM system has improved in many aspects:the basic characteristics of horizontal and vertical structures, the annual cycle of the East Asian summer monsoon (EASM) system and the East Asian winter monsoon (EAWM) system, the characteristics of the spatio-temporal variabilities of the EASM system and the EAWM system, and especially the multiple modes of the EAM system and their spatio-temporal variabilities. Some new results have also been achieved in understanding the atmosphere-ocean interaction and atmosphere-land interaction processes that affect the variability of the EAM system. Based on recent studies, the EAM system can be seen as more than a circulation system, it can be viewed as an atmosphere-ocean-land coupled system, namely, the EAM climate system. In addition, further progress has been made in diagnosing the internal physical mechanisms of EAM climate system variability, especially regarding the characteristics and properties of the East Asia-Pacific (EAP) teleconnection over East Asia and the North Pacific, the "Silk Road" teleconnection along the westerly jet stream in the upper troposphere over the Asian continent, and the dynamical effects of quasi-stationary planetary wave activity on EAM system variability. At the end of the paper, some scientific problems regarding understanding the EAM system variability are proposed for further study.