四川断裂活动的区域性差异及其与区域地壳运动的关系

断裂活动的区域性研究表明，四川的活动断裂具有明显的区域分布差异性。强活动断裂分布在晚第四纪运动断块的边缘及其内部，四川盆地内部的断裂活动性相当微弱，仅盆地西部边缘有晚第四纪断层活动显示。不仅如此，地质资料和断层活动年代测定资料反映了四川的活动断裂不但具有向西部活动强度明显增大的特点，而且断裂活动的时代也有向西部逐渐更新的趋势。本文通过研究喜马拉雅运动不同期幕在四川不同地区的表现，发现四川活动断裂的     

四川活动断裂的分区

四川地区活动断裂的分布表现有明显的分区特征，即不同地区活动断裂的活动强度、活动方式、活动时间、活动速率等不尽相同。四川的近代地壳运动大致以龙门山断裂带和荣经—马边—盐津断裂带即四川盆地西缘为界可以划分为东西两个部分，断裂活动强度总体表现为西强东弱，与之相应的地震活动也表现为西强东弱的特点。根据大地构造背景、晚第四纪断块运动、区域地貌特征以及强震分布等重要原则，将四川地区分成５个活动断裂构造区。它们分别是：１．川滇断块强烈活动断裂构造区；２．川青断块强烈活动断裂构造区；３．凉山断块活动断裂构造区；４．四川盆地弱活动断裂构造区；５．川黔鄂弱活动断裂构造区。     

四川活动断裂的区域性特征及其与板块构造的关系

四川是我国多地震的省份。史前地震、历史地震和现代地震资料表明，四川的强烈地震无不沿晚第四纪以来有强烈活动的断裂带发生。不同强度的地震带在很大程度上与断裂的晚第四纪活动性程度相对应。活动断裂的区域特征表明，四川的活动断裂具有明显的空间分布规律性。强活动断裂分布在晚第四纪运动断块的边缘及断块内部，四川盆地内部的断裂活动性甚微。不仅如此，地质资料和断裂活动年代样品的测定结果反映了四川的活动断裂不仅具有向西部活动强度明显增大的特点，而且断裂活动的时代也有向西部逐渐更新的趋势。这种现象揭示四川断裂运动的动力来源主要来自西部印度板块的推挤，但这种推挤作用有减弱之势。活动断层上的断陷盆地，拉分盆地及断错地貌现象的研究表明，四川的主要活动断裂在中、晚更新世发生过断层性质和断层运动方向的改变。这一改变使断块的水平移动变为晚第四纪以来的主要地壳运动方式，对四川及西南地区的构造应力场，断裂运动及地震活动性产生重要的影响。联系到我国西部广大地区断层运动学特征的区域性同步变化，高原物质的横向扩展可能具有重要的控制作用。西藏高原南部广泛发育的南北向拉张构造及其控制的第四纪盆地以及西藏高原中部的大型共轭断裂系所控制的第四纪盆地沉积物时代     

川滇地区强地震活动与区域新构造运动的关系

在分析了川滇地区强震活动空间分布的非均匀性图象、震源破裂图象及震源断层力学性质等资料的基础上,讨论了该地区强震活动与区域活动断裂、活动地块现今运动状态、深部介质构造环境等的关系,对该区强震活动特征及其可能的力学机制进行了讨论.     

四川区域地震台网的剪切波分裂研究

通过对成都数字地震台网2000年5月1日——2006年12月31日6年多资料的分析,使用剪切波分裂SAM系统分析方法,获得了四川地区8个地震台站的快剪切波偏振结果. 结果表明,四川地区大部分台站的快剪切波偏振优势方向主要为NE或NW方向;位于活动断裂上或几条活动断裂交汇部位的台站的快剪切波偏振优势方向,大多数与对选用的小地震起控制作用的活动断裂走向一致,或与区域主压应力方向一致. 但复杂的局部构造会影响剪切波分裂结果, 造成台站的快剪切波偏振优势方向与主要活动断裂走向不一致, 或与区域主压应力相差较大的现象.      

红河断裂带应力场的分析

本文根据断裂结构面的力学性质和小构造的应力解析,分析了红河断裂带挽近时期的应力活动特征,表明红河断裂大致以元江为界,挽近时期应力场存在着纵向上的差异。北段主压应力为北北西向,南段为北北东向,从而表现在断裂的活动上,北段以顺扭为主,南段以压扭为主。另外,根据弥渡地区部分三角测量资料及红河断裂外围部分震源机制资料,对红河断裂现今的应力场进行了初步探讨,认为红河断裂现今基本继承了挽近时期应力活动特征。最后对红河断裂应力活动与区域应力场的关系行进了讨论,认为红河断裂的活动方式是受区域应力场作用,特别是受“滇中地块”运动的制约。     

2010年以来四川地区中强地震震源机制反演及深度确定

2008年5月12日四川龙门山断裂带发生了汶川8.0级地震,之后四川境内发生了两次7.0级地震(其中一个是芦山地震),为了研究汶川地震之后龙门山断裂带及周边区域的地震活动性,本研究收集了国家地震台网和四川区域地震台网2010年1月1日—2017年12月31日四川地区发生的17次M≥5.0地震以及120多次5.0>M≥4.0地震的波形资料,利用波形拟合法反演了震源机制解及区域应力场.反演结果显示,位于龙门山断裂带上的地震,震源机制以逆冲型为主,鲜水河断裂带地震震源机制以走滑型为主,而川滇块体西南部的理塘断裂、金沙江断裂附近,震源机制解以正断层为主.根据震源机制解反演得到的龙门山地区、鲜水河地区的主压应力场方向为WNW、近EW向.川滇块体的巴塘、理塘等地区,其主压应力轴方向为12°左右,接近SN向,且仰角接近40°左右.本研究利用面波振幅谱特征对震源深度进行了精确定位,定位结果与中国地震台网中心(CENC),美国地震调查局(USGS),国际地震中心(ISC)等机构地震目录进行了对比.结果显示,四川地区强震震源深度主要分布在20km以上的中上地壳.龙门山地区震源优势分布在10～20km,鲜水河断裂地震震源深度在10km左右,川滇块体西南部的理塘断裂,巴塘断裂,金沙江断裂等地区,震源深度一般在5～10km范围.     

2008年喀喇沁旗震群精定位与震源机制分析

对2008年8月19日内蒙古喀喇沁旗震群和随后在该地区发生的地震进行重定位,并计算震源机制,以此来研究震群的发震构造背景.双差法重定位的深度剖面显示,震源分布与八里罕断裂倾斜方向基本一致,震源机制类型与断裂活动性质相近.震群中震源机制解类型比较离散,没有出现趋于一致的现象.历史上该区发生过强震,震源体岩石比较破碎,不利于应力应变的集中,但对整个区域应力场的增强比较敏感,可作为华北块体应力背景增强的敏感窗口.     

喜马拉雅东构造结地震精定位及其区域应力场研究

喜马拉雅东构造结地处印欧大陆碰撞前缘,主要受喜马拉雅、拉萨、羌塘、川滇等地块和印度板块相互作用,区域构造变形强烈,是喜马拉雅造山带变形最强烈的地区之一,地震频发且主要呈条带状展布.为揭示该地区地震活动及发震机制、断裂现今运动状态和区域应力应变模式,本文以喜马拉雅东构造结及周缘地区为研究区,采用双差定位法对2008—2018年间65 663个M≥1.0的地震事件进行重定位,应用CAP方法对2009—2021年间163个M≥3.5的地震事件进行震源机制解反演.在此基础上,收集研究区前人所得震源机制解共1 156个,使用区域阻尼应力张量反演获得了中上地壳（0～35 km）区域应力场.研究结果显示,区内地震主要沿断裂展布,其中喜马拉雅东构造结、高原中部拉张裂谷、川滇地块和滇缅地块地震活动频繁.地震深度主要分布于5～25 km,川滇和滇缅地块内部地震相对于拉萨、羌塘地块的数量和优势深度有明显增大.不同类型的震源机制分布具有明显规律性,东构造结处各种机制类型地震频发;走滑型震源机制主要沿大型边界断裂分布;正断机制地震发生于川滇地块的西边界断裂;逆断地震发育于印欧大陆碰撞前缘.研究区主压应力轴水平方...     

四川地区强震与发震构造几何结构特征关系的探讨

本文通过近些年来对四川活动断裂与强震关系的研究，初步总结了四川地区强震与发震构造几何结构特征的关系。作者认为：走滑断层的斜列状结构，断层的交叉，大断裂带的末端，断裂上的枢纽、弯曲、转折部位以及断裂带上的横向隆起、拗主其交替部位都可能是发震构造的结构特征，亦是强震易于发生的部位，这对地震危险区域潜在震源区的划分及其地基预报、地震区划和工程区地震安全性评价具有重要的意义。     

PRELIMINARY APPLICATION OF FOCAL MECHANISM SOLUTIONS OF SMALL AND MEDIUM-SIZE EARTHQUAKES TO FAULT STABILITY ANALYSIS IN THE SOUTHEASTERN TIBETAN PLATEAU

Analysis of stress state of faults is helpful to understand crustal mechanical properties and seismicity. In the paper, we invert the horizontal crustal stress field in the southeastern Tibetan plateau using focal mechanism solutions of small and medium-size earthquakes, and apply them to estimate the stability of regional major faults. Firstly, we collect focal mechanism solutions of small and medium-sized earthquakes in the southeastern Tibetan plateau. The dataset includes more than 1 000 focal mechanism solutions in the past twenty years. Magnitudes of these earthquakes vary from M3.0 to M6.0. Most of the focal mechanism solutions were determined using waveform inversion technique. Although most of focal mechanism solutions in the southeastern Tibetan plateau are strike-slip faulting, their spatial pattern is different in sub-regions. Normal faulting earthquakes mainly occurred in the western Sichuan region, reverse faulting earthquakes mainly occurred in the boundary zone between the Tibetan plateau and the South China craton, and strike-slip faulting earthquakes mainly occurred in the central and southern Yunnan region. Next, we settle on a mesh with grid spacing of 0.5° in longitude and latitude in the region and invert the horizontal crustal stress field at each grid point. Spatial variation of the maximum principal stress axis in the southeastern Tibetan plateau shows a clockwise rotation around the eastern Himalaya syntax. The azimuth of maximum compressional stress axis is about 88.1° in the western Sichuan region, about 124.6° in the South China craton, and about 21.6° in the western and southern Yunnan region. The azimuth of regional maximum compressional stress is nearly parallel to the direction of terrain elevation gradient, and that of the minimum compressional stress is nearly parallel to the tangential direction of the topographic elevation contours. The spatial pattern reflects the control role of gravity spreading of the Tibetan plateau on the regional horizontal stress field. Finally, we analyzed regional fault stability based on these collected focal mechanism solutions. The fault instability parameter (I) is defined based on the Mohr-Coulomb criterion and indicates the degree of fault approximating to rupture. The instability parameters on fourteen major faults in the southeastern Tibetan plateau were calculated. Our results show that the stability of the Lianfeng-Zhaotong Fault is the lowest before 2014 in the region, which indicates the fault zone is close to rupture at that time. Our results provide a new useful tool to assess regional seismic potential using dense focal mechanism solutions.     

SEISMOTECTONICS OF THE 8 AUGUST 2017 JIUZHAIGOU EARTHQUAKE AND THE THREE-DIMENSIONAL FAULT MODELS IN THE SEISMIC REGION

On 8 August 8 2017, an M_S7.0 earthquake occurred in Jiuzhaigou County, Sichuan Province. Field geological investigations did not find any co-seismic surface rupture in the epicenter area, implying that the seismogenic structure is likely a hidden active fault. Based on the results of the relocated aftershocks, the seismogenic fault was simulated and characterized using the SKUA-GOCAD software. The three-dimensional model of the seismogenic fault was preliminarily constructed, which shows that the main shock of the Jiuzhaigou M_S7.0 earthquake occurred at the sharp bending area of the fault surface, similar to the geometry of the active fault that generated several major earthquakes in the Songpan area during 1973-1976. Our study suggests that high seismicity of this area may be closely related to the inhomogeneous geometry of the fault surface. In this work, we collected the historical earthquakes of M ≥ 6.5, and analyzed the geometric and kinematic features of the active faults in the study area. A three-dimensional fault model for the 10 main active faults was constructed, and its limitation in fault modeling was discussed. It could provide evidence for analyzing the seismotectonics of historical earthquakes, exploring the relationships between earthquakes and active faults, and predicting major earthquakes in the future.     

四川抚边河断裂的活动特征

在四川省马尔康地区木城—两河口一带，沿抚边河河谷有一条隐伏的ＮＷ向断裂——抚边河断裂，１９８９年至１９９１年该地区发生的３次中强地震与这条断裂有关。大量的野外调查和分析计算表明，这条断裂归属于川青块体内部弧形构造中的断裂，第四纪以来它的活动特征在时间和空间分布上具有不均一性，断裂分段标志明显；在主压应力为ＮＷＷ向的现代区域构造应力场作用下，断裂活动以走滑为主，且在断裂走向发生变化的东南端形成了局部张性区     

SEISMOGENIC STRUCTURE OF THE M4.9 AND M5.1 LITANG EARTHQUAKES ON 23 SEPTEMBER 2016 IN SOUTHWESTERN CHINA

On 23 September 2016, two earthquakes with magnitude of M4.9 and M5.1 occurred successively near Litang city in Sichuan Province, southwestern China. These two events are located between two large-scale fault zones, i.e., the Jinshajiang and Litang faults, in the northwest of the Sichuan-Yuannan active block, eastern Tibetan plateau. Based on the phase data and waveform data from the Sichuan regional seismic network, the M4.9 and M5.0 mainshocks and 390 aftershocks have been relocated using the multi-step locating method, and the focal mechanism solutions and centroid depths for the two mainshocks were calculated by the CAP waveform inversion method. From the spatial distribution of the relocated aftershocks and fault plane solutions of the two mainshocks, combining with the seismic intensity map and tectonic setting, we suggested that the two earthquakes were generated by the E-W trending northward dipping Hagala fault. The nodal plane consistent with the strike and dip of the Hagala fault is interpreted as the coseismic rupture plane with a dip angle of 44° for both the M4.9 and M5.1 earthquakes. And we inferred that the M4.9 and M5.1 earthquakes may be resulted from the nearly E-W striking Hagala normal faulting in the upper crust between the Litang and Batang regions due to the continuous eastward extrusion of the material of the Qiangtang block in the west.     

EARTHQUAKE FOCAL MECANISMS IN THE DALIANGSHAN SUB-BLOCK AND ADJACENT AREAS AND CHARACTERISTICS OF THE REGIONAL STRESS FIELD

The Daliangshan sub-block is a boundary region among the Bayan Har block, the Sichuan-Yunnan block and the South China block. It hosts four major fault systems:The southwest to south trending Xianshuihe-Zemuhe Fault zone in the west, the Longmenshan fault zone is the northern boundary, the Zhaotong-Lianfeng fault zone in the south, and the NS-trending Mabian-Yanjin fault zone in the east. This study focused on focal mechanisms and the regional stress field of the Daliangshan sub-block to help understand the earthquake preparation process, tectonic deformation and seismic stress interaction in this area. We collected broadband waveform records from the Sichuan Seismic Network and used multiple 1-D velocity models to determine the focal mechanisms of moderate and large earthquakes(M_L ≥ 3.5)in the Daliangshan sub-block by using the CAP method. Results for 276 earthquakes from Jan 2010 to Aug 2016 show that the earthquakes are dominated by strike-slip and trust faulting, very few events have normal faulting and the mixed type. We then derived the regional distribution of the stress field through a damp linear inversion(DRSSI)using the focal mechanisms obtained in this study. Inversion results for the spatial pattern of the stress field in the block suggest that the entire region is predominantly under strike-slip and trust faulting regimes, largely consistent with the focal mechanisms. The direction of maximum compression axes is NW-NWW, and part of the area is slightly rotated, which is consistent with the GPS velocity field. Combining geodynamic background, this work suggests that because the Sichuan-Yunnan block is moving to SE and the Tibetan plateau to SE-E along major strike-slip faults, the stress field of the Daliangshan sub-block and its adjacent regions is controlled jointly by the Bayan Har block, the Sichuan-Yunnan block and the South China block.     

南北地震带中段及周边中强地震序列类型的特征

文中根据南北地震带中段及附近区域1973年以来86次5.0级以上的地震序列统计结果,对地震序列类型和空间分布进行分析,结果表明:1)研究区域内的地震序列以主余型为主(51%),多震型次之(29%),孤立型最少(20%);同一序列类型中,随着地震震级增大,主余型地震所占的比例增加,多震型、孤立型逐渐减少,7.0级以上地震以主余型为主,无孤立型地震;对于不同破裂类型,逆冲型地震中主余型最多,多震型地震更可能为走滑和正断性质的地震。2)主余型和多震型地震序列的主震与最大余震震级的线性关系相对较好;绝大多数地震的最大余震多发生在震后20d内,主余型最大余震集中在震后3d内发生,多震型地震中次大地震集中在震后12d内发生,孤立型地震的最大余震多发生在地震当天。3)地震序列空间分布显示,主余型地震分布相对较广,多震型地震主要集中在川西巴塘—理塘、川东马边—昭通一带、川北松潘和滇西北云龙、姚安、龙陵及附近区域,甘孜-玉树断裂带、鲜水河断裂带NW段及四川盆地等地更易发生孤立型地震。4)地震序列类型的空间分布可能与本区域的地质构造和历史地震活动存在一定的关系。     

大陆板内震源断层的特征

基于对大陆板内地震构造的分析,讨论了浅源地震与断层的关系。说明了震源断层概念,从构造环境和震源参数方面分析了大陆板内震源断层的特征。提出了A、B两种震源断层。它们各自具有不同的构造动力学背景,应采用不同的研究方法     

论新疆深大断裂特征与地震的关系(3)

北天山山前地带是构造运动十分强烈的地区,褶皱断裂等构造现象十分发育,这里曾发生过多次中强破坏性地震。由于受区域构造长期作用的影响,在北天山山前地区逐步发育形成了多排褶皱背斜及活动断裂,且运动方式具有独特性。该区域作为推覆逆冲的典型地区,其研究成果具有代表性和普遍性。     

道孚6.9级地震的地质构造背景与发震构造条件分析

本文以1981年1月24日道孚6.9级地震的宏观考察资料为基础,从震区地质构造条件、近代地壳运动与构造应力场特征出发,结合这次地震地裂缝展布特征、等烈度线形态、地震时的地面运动、余震序列及震源错动特征及地壳形变资料的综合分析,认为此6.9级地震是在区域性近东西向的压应力作用下,使活动强烈的鲜水河断裂再次发生左旋错动的结果。并着重讨论了道孚地震区的闭锁条件以及鲜水河断裂北面地震的迁移过程     

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