中国劳动力资源配置区域差异分析

区域经济发展和经济结构调整的关键在于劳动力资源的合理配置。中国各省市区劳动力资源的产业和行业分布具有显著的地域差异，在空间分布上东、中、西部具有差异，西部地区的西南和西北地区也存在差别，这种规律反映了我国经济发展和产业结构高级化的区域差异。根据劳动力行业配置的区位熵排序结果，将各省市区分成4种类型：大都市型、沿海高工业化水平型、中等工业化水平型、中下等工业化水平型。这些类型具有自东向西有规律性的分布，与我国的经济发展格局和工业化水平的东西差异相应。     

土地集约利用与城市化相互作用的定量研究——以中国三大城市群为例北大核心CSCDCSSCI

基于京津冀、长三角和珠三角三大城市群2007-2013年土地集约利用与城市化水平的测度,运用协整检验、脉冲响应和方差分解等计量方法,对其城市化与土地集约利用的动态关系和相互作用强度进行研究。结果表明:三大城市群土地集约利用与城市化水平之间存在长期的正向促进作用,但作用强度不同;城市化对土地集约利用的作用强度表现为京津冀>珠三角>长三角,而土地集约利用对城市化的作用强度则表现为长三角>京津冀>珠三角;京津冀和珠三角城市群应在城市化进程中加强城市土地的内涵挖潜,而长三角城市群应逐步调整和优化城市发展模式,从而实现三大城市群城市化与土地集约利用的协同发展。     

辽宁省区域城市化水平评价研究

通过对区域城市化的认知与机理分析,给出了区域城市化水平的概念模型,同时采用AHP-信息熵-多指标综合评价模型对辽宁省各城市进行基于统计数据的区域城市化水平进行评价,结果表明,2008年辽宁省各市的城市化水平比2003年升高,沈阳市、大连市、盘锦市、鞍山市、抚顺市城市化水平较高,其他城市相对较低,区内城市化水平差别较大;并从准则层评价结果分析了城市化水平差异形成的原因。     

中国城市化的区域经济支撑模型分析

以中国特大城市地域为对象,基于加速中国城市化,促进城市与区域互动、协调发展的研究目的,以城市化动力因素分析为线索,利用SPSS手段与多元统计分析模型,对中国特大城市地域的城市化与区域经济发展进行动态分析,建立了特大城市地域城市化与区域发展相互关系数学模型。探讨了城市化率、建成区面积、城市经济密度与区域经济发展相互作用的特点与机制,在此基础上,提出了中国特大城市地域可持续发展的主要途径。     

许昌市产业结构演变与城市化区域差异研究

随着经济增长和产业结构的演变,农村劳动力与人口不断聚集城镇,城市化水平提高。相关分析表明,许昌市城市化与第二产业发展呈较强正相关,与第三产业发展无明显规律关系。因产业与企业基础现状、布局、区位、政策制度等原因,产业结构的变动对域内城市化水平的提升作用存在明显差异。集中培育发展优势第二产业、大力发展第三产业、加强教育培训、构建协调的推拉制度体系是提高许昌市城市化水平、实现城市化与产业结构演变协调发展的主要对策。     

市场转型期劳动力市场动力机制的变化和收入不平等的空间重构

以市场转型理论为出发点,根据1988和2002年中国家庭收入项目调查数据,选取广东、江苏、河南、甘肃4个省份,利用回归统计模型,对不同地区塑造收入差异的因子进行时空比较分析.研究结果表明,市场转型理论对人力资本与市场技术需求的作用预测基本正确,但对非人力资本作用的论点明显错误.从沿海到内陆的改革推进进程给中国社会经济的演变嵌入特有的空间框架.劳动市场不平等性的变化表现出明显的地方性和空间性.     

中国三大区域经济类型及其发展战略研究

本文用现代经济增长发展理论,将人力资本、知识创新和制度创新作为经济增长的主要要素,按农业经济、工业经济、信息经济(知识经济)的经济形态,坚持以人为本的科学发展观,考察中国大陆省区市域的发展,通过对有关指标数据的主成份分析、聚类分析和回归分析,给出中国大陆经济发展形态的“三大区域(信息化地区、工业化地区、农业化地区)”划分,并对各省区市域发展知识经济、信息化和工业化等做出战略选择和政策建议。     

长三角区域经济发展中的劳动力迁移流动研究

劳动力的迁移流动及其区域效应是当今区域经济学关注的重点。通过对区域经济发展进程中的劳动力迁移流动态势及区域效应的分析,可以深入了解中国区域发展进程的经济社会演化态势,并对中国制定区域经济发展政策提供实证依据。利用第五次人口普查的数据分析可知,长三角区域经济发展进程中呈现了劳动力高强度集聚、长三角内迁移流动活跃、劳动力迁移强度与经济发展水平显著相关等劳动力迁移流动态势,与此同时,长三角劳动力迁移流动对长三角各地区的受教育程度、人才密度、城市化水平等方面将造成影响。在未来,经济社会演变对长三角劳动力的迁移流动将产生新的影响。     

市场分割与中国城市出口差异

出口贸易是中国经济增长的引擎,也是影响城市经济发展的重要因素。中国城市出口活动强度呈现由东向西逐渐递减的趋势,东部沿海地区的城市群表现最为优异。经济转型背景下地方政府采取的市场分割政策对中国城市出口差异有显著影响。基于新经济地理理论,在企业微观层面使用Heckman选择模型分析的结果表明：① 短期内,国内市场分割程度加剧导致企业因国内市场受限而替代性地进入国际市场以追求规模经济效益,从而通过增加出口企业数量提升城市出口表现;长期来看,市场分割限制了企业的规模经济效益和专业化分工能力,降低了出口企业的生产率和国际竞争力,从而损害城市出口贸易的可持续发展;这一机制还受到企业所有制及地理区位的影响。② 市场分割对企业出口行为的扭曲程度依外资企业、国有企业、私营企业的顺序递增。③ 在中国中部地区,改善省际交通条件有助于缓解国内市场分割对企业出口行为的扭曲作用,在东部和西部地区则不明显。     

重庆城市化的区域差异与协调发展

受区域发展不平衡规律的影响，重庆直辖市城市化发展区域差异十分明显，城市化水平由都市经济区向东、西递降特征十分明显。三大经济区域城市化的差异主要表现在城市化率、城镇密度、城镇规模结构、城市经济水平、城市现代化水平等诸多方面。区位交通、历史基础、资源开发与产业布局、体制与制度安排等因素是造成城市化区域差异的主要原因，三大经济区域应在采取不同的城市化发展模式基础上联动发展，共同构筑协调的重庆城市发展新格局。     

Structural Determinants of Occupational Shifts for Males and Females in the U.S. Labor Market

This paper examines the effects of structural transformation on occupational shifts for socio-demographic groups. Although services add more jobs than manufacturing, shifts in manufacturing industries continue to be a source of growth in high-order white and blue collar work for males. However, for females, these industries are significant only in determining pink collar and low-order blue collar work. Similar trends are noted for advanced producer services such as finance, insurance, and real estate. Other nonmanufacturing sectors with relatively stable product markets and strong internal labor market conditions, such as construction and transportation, continue to be significant in creating a range of jobs for males. Although males are faced with reduced opportunities following the loss of manufacturing jobs, male-female differentials prevail in the labor market; males continue to fill high-order jobs in services, and females cluster in low-order occupations and in sectors with volatile product markets.     

Structural Determinants of Occupational Shifts for Males and Females in the U.S. Labor Market

This paper examines the effects of structural transformation on occupational shifts for socio-demographic groups. Although services add more jobs than manufacturing, shifts in manufacturing industries continue to be a source of growth in high-order white and blue collar work for males. However, for females, these industries are significant only in determining pink collar and low-order blue collar work. Similar trends are noted for advanced producer services such as finance, insurance, and real estate. Other nonmanufacturing sectors with relatively stable product markets and strong internal labor market conditions, such as construction and transportation, continue to be significant in creating a range of jobs for males. Although males are faced with reduced opportunities following the loss of manufacturing jobs, male-female differentials prevail in the labor market; males continue to fill high-order jobs in services, and females cluster in low-order occupations and in sectors with volatile product markets.     

An explanation of labor migration and grain output growth: Findings of a case study in eastern Tibetan Plateau

Although there has been rapid rural-urban migration in rural China since the 1980s, the total grain production of China saw a continuous increase. As of today, the relationship between labor migration and grain output growth remains partial and contradictory. The main aim of this empirical study is to examine some specific measures adopted by peasants to deal with labor shortage and maintain grain output growth. Using tracking survey, participatory rural appraisal methods, and land plot investigation, we investigate 274 households and 1405 arable land plots in four villages in two stages in Jinchuan county, southwestern China. The results show that continuous emigration of labor from the four villages caused the abandonment of a small amount of land, decreased labor intensity, and reduced multiple cropping index, shifting from “corn-wheat” multiple cropping pattern to the “corn” cropping pattern, which means labor shortage in some households. At the same time, owing to surplus labor in the villages, the peasants utilize a series of means to offset the negative impacts of labor migration on grain output, such as cropland transfer, labor exchange in the busy seasons, and the substitution of capital and technology for labor. The econometric analysis also shows that labor migration boosts grain production. This study provides a reasonable explanation of grain output growth under rural-urban migration.     

农村劳动力转移与农户生计间的影响关系分析——以甘肃省为例

新型城镇化的提出,必然会对农村劳动力转移的方向、形式、强度等方面产生较大影响,而农村劳动力转移又与农户生计的可持续发展息息相关。从家庭决策的角度出发,劳动力的迁移改变了农户发展生计的"能力",农户生计资本的状况又决定了劳动力转移这一行为变量的选择。本研究基于可持续生计框架,定量评估了农户生计资本与劳动力转移之间的相关关系,并得出以下结论：自然资本、物质资本、金融资本、人力资本、社会资本等与农村劳动力流动具有不同的相关关系,其中自然资本与其具有U型二次曲线关系;物质资本与其具有倒U型二次曲线关系;金融资本、人力资本、社会资本与其具有正向关系。这些研究不仅是对可持续生计框架理论基础的丰富及应用领域的拓展,又为研究劳动力转移提供了新的视角,对于有效解决三农问题,促进农户生计的可持续发展具有重要的现实意义和社会意义。     

Ethnic concentration and entrepreneurship: the case of African Americans in three US metropolitan areas

Using 2006–2010 American Community Survey data and a multilevel research design, this study examines how the spatial concentration of African Americans within local labor markets is associated with the probability of self-employment and job earnings from business ownership. We find a negative relationship between the spatial concentration of African Americans and their business ownership in Miami, but not in Atlanta. In Detroit, a higher percentage of US-born African Americans in the local labor market is actually associated with a higher probability of business ownership. The relationship between the percentage of African Americans and job earnings also differs across the three study areas. These results suggest that the relationship between racial/ethnic concentration and African American entrepreneurship is highly contingent on the economic conditions and demographic composition of local labor markets.     

Simulation of spatial population dynamics based on labor economics and multi-agent systems: a case study on a rapidly developing manufacturing metropolis

Spatial population dynamics affects resource allocation in urban planning. Simulation of population dynamics can provide useful information to urban planning for rapidly developing manufacturing metropolises. In such a metropolis with a concentration of immigrant labor forces, individual employment choices could have a significant effect on their residential decisions. There remains a need for an efficient method, which can simulate spatial population dynamics by considering the interactions between employment and residential choices. This article proposes an agent-based model for simulation of spatial population dynamics by addressing the influence of labor market on individual residential decisions. Labor economics theory is incorporated into a multi-agent system in this model. The long-term equilibrium process of labor market is established to define the interactions between labor supply and labor demand. An agent-based approach is adopted to simulate the economic behaviors and residential decisions of population individuals. The residential decisions of individuals would eventually have consequences on spatial population dynamics. The proposed model has been verified by the spatial dynamics simulation (2007 to 2010) of Dongguan, an emerging and renowned manufacturing metropolis in the Pearl River Delta, China. The results indicate that the simulated population size and spatial distribution of each town in Dongguan are close to those obtained from census data. The proposed model is also applied to predict spatial population dynamics based on two economic planning scenarios in Dongguan from 2010 to2015. The predicted results provide insights into the population dynamics of this fast-growing region.     

快速城市化地区遗产廊道适宜性分析方法探讨——以台州市为例

遗产廊道是绿道基础上形成的概念,融休闲游憩、文化与生态保护于一体。本文运用最小累积阻力模型,结合GIS技术尝试探讨遗产廊道适宜性分析的新途径。主要的思路是:把遗产和生态休闲活动作为一种空间水平过程,基于土地利用属性和遗产廊道元素的不同阻力分布,模拟其空间扩张状况,在此基础上进一步分析确定适宜建立廊道的区域。依据公众偏好调查,和在此基础上的专业人员评价,来确定土地利用属性和遗产廊道元素的阻力系数。在有关探讨的基础上,针对一个快速城市化进程中的典型地区———浙江台州市案例,进行了较详细的呈示和讨论。     

西部地区农村劳动力转移对农用地流转意愿的影响——以新疆玛纳斯为例

随着劳动分工的加剧,农村剩余劳动力纷纷外出务工从事非农经营,这无疑加速了城市化进程,对城市工商业的繁荣起到了促进作用,由此也推动了中小城镇的飞速发展。以西部地区农村劳动力转移为切入点,处理好劳动力转移与农业持续发展、分散农户经营与规模经营、小农经营与现代农业的衔接,对构建政府农地流转政策体系、提高西部地区土地生产率和农业综合效率乃至增加农民非农就业收入均具有重要的理论价值和现实意义。在2013年1月对西部地区新疆玛纳斯县369户农户实地入户调研的基础上,基于农村劳动力转移的视角,运用结构方程模型(SEM)这一方法对影响农户农地流转意愿的因素进行实证分析。研究表明:劳动力转移特征对农户农地流转意愿产生正向显著影响,劳动力转移特征赋值每提高一个单位,农户农地流转意愿就会相应增加0.621个单位。在实证分析的基础上,提出应加强对农民技能培训,实现劳动力的优化配置和合理转移;完善区域性的农村劳动力市场、加大对农村基础设施尤其是水库等灌溉配套设施的投入力度;着力培育形式多样的农地流转中介服务组织等举措可以有效推进农地合理有序流转的进程。     

农村劳动力转移就业的时空路径——以安徽省4个样本村为例

借鉴时间地理学理论与方法,提出农村劳动力转移就业时空路径概念。以安徽省4个样本村为例,使用ArcGIS、SPSS等软件进行数据分析,得出农村劳动力转移就业时空路径的基本类型与特征:① 农村劳动力依据时空路径特征可分为稳定型、逐步稳定型、漂泊不定型、回流型、逐步开拓型、断续型六种类型;② 4个样本村劳动力打工时空路径演化有明显的地域差异;③ 21世纪初期是农村劳动力全面接受打工就业方式的时期,就业行业主要集中在建筑业、制造业、服务业,“老家亲戚、朋友”是最重要的打工媒介;④ 农村劳动力在打工地和家乡间的流动节律有“春节型”、“节假日型”、“休息日型”、“每日型”四种类型;⑤ 农村劳动力转移就业具有明显的空间指向和粘性特征,家乡是重要的结点空间,社会经济地理位置是地域差异形成的重要原因。     

Analyzing space-time evolution of rural transition in a rapidly urbanizing region: A case study of Suzhou,China

Journal of Geographical Sciences - Influenced by globalization, rural transition in developed Western countries has experienced processes of productivism, post-productivism, and multifunctional...