Biochemical,Strength and Erosional Characteristics of Coral Sand Treated by Bio-Stimulated Microbial Induced Calcite Precipitation

Microbial induced calcite precipitation (MICP), a bio-cementation process, can be adopted to improve the engineering properties of granular soils. Bio-stimulation, via directly enriching indigenous ureolytic bacteria, is a sustainable and economical approach to achieve MICP. In this study, batch solution experiment was firstly conducted to investigate the biochemical aspects of the bio-stimulated MICP process in coral sands. Three different enrichment media were compared. The statistical analysis was performed to reveal statistically significant factors that influence ureolytic activity, pH value, and viable cell number. Then, the unconfined compression and rainfall-induced erosion tests were conducted to investigate the strength and erosion-resistance of bio-stimulated MICP treated coral sands. The experimental results demonstrate that the enrichment duration, initial urea concentration, and enrichment type are major influencing factors of the ureolytic activity. It is found in this study that yeast-extract-based enrichment media with 170 mM initial urea concentration and enriched for 72 h could achieve the best bio-stimulated MICP treatment efficiency. In addition, higher initial urea concentration in the enrichment medium could yield higher ureolytic activity, which could consequently result in higher cementation content and thus larger UCS and better resistance to rainfall-induced erosion.

     

微生物诱导碳酸盐在土体加固中的应用进展

微生物矿化是近年来在土体改良工程发展起来的一个新分支,主要研究微生物活性在改善土体颗粒特性方面的应用。微生物诱导碳酸盐沉积（MICP）是实现土体生物胶结最常用的方法之一,该技术借助脲酶菌的代谢行为诱导碳酸钙,将松散的砂颗粒胶结成整体,从而提高了土体的力学性能。文章系统性地介绍了MICP研究中的脲酶菌矿化机理、相关处理方法、影响因素、衍生新工艺脲酶诱导碳酸盐沉积EICP及MICP技术在岩土领域的相关现场试验,并对MICP的实用性进行了总结,最后简要讨论了现研究阶段MICP工程应用所面临的挑战和潜在解决方案。     

MICP联合纤维加筋改性钙质砂力学特性研究

钙质砂是中国南海岛礁工程建设的主要建筑材料和地基土成份,其具有高孔隙、易破碎和强度低等不良工程地质特性。为改善钙质砂力学性能,提高其工程可靠性,提出利用微生物诱导碳酸钙沉积（MICP）协同纤维加筋改性钙质砂。文章通过开展无侧限抗压试验以及扫描电镜测试,对比分析不同纤维掺量下MICP固化钙质砂的力学响应特性及微观破坏机理。结果表明：（1）MICP技术能够有效固化钙质砂,并提升其力学强度;（2）纤维能够增加细菌定殖面积,提升碳酸钙沉积量,并由此提升试样延性和韧性,降低刚度;（3）应力应变曲线呈阶梯状多峰特征。在应力上升阶段,砂颗粒和碳酸钙会发生局部破碎;在峰后应力下降阶段,碳酸钙、砂颗粒、纤维的胶结作用增强了纤维的抗拔性能,限制了破坏面的发展;（4）碳酸钙、砂颗粒、纤维的耦合胶结作用是纤维加筋改善试样韧性、延性的根本原因。     

Effect of Cement Type on the Mechanical Behavior of a Gravely Sand

The behavior of a cemented gravely sand was studied using triaxial compression tests. Gypsum, Portland cement and lime were used as the cementing agents in sample preparation. The samples with different cement types were compared in equal cement contents. Three cement contents of 1.5%, 3.0% and 4.5% were selected for sample preparation. Drained and undrained triaxial compression tests were conducted in a range of confining pressures from 25 kPa to 500 kPa. Failure modes, shear strength, stress–strain behavior, volume and pore pressure changes were considered. The gypsum cement induced the highest brittleness in soil among three cement types while the Portland cement was found to be the most ductile cementing agent. In lower cement contents and lower confining pressures the soil cemented with Portland cement showed the highest shear strength. However, in the same range of cement content, the soil cemented with gypsum showed highest shear strength for highest tested confining stress. For higher cement contents the shear strength of soil cemented with Portland cement is higher than that for the two other cement types for the range of confining pressures tested in the present study. The samples cemented with lime had the least peak and ultimate shear strength and the highest pore pressure generation in undrained tests. Contrary to the soil cemented with lime, the brittleness of soil cemented with gypsum and Portland cement reduces in undrained condition. Finally it was found that the effect of cement type on the shear strength of cemented soils is more profound in drained condition compared to undrained state.     

微生物矿化作用改善不同孔隙砂岩抗冻融特性试验研究

砂岩是地质遗迹和石质文物最为常见的岩石类型,冻融循环导致的风化劣化是引起其发生地质灾害的主要原因。降渗加固是解决该问题的根本途径。文章引入国际上新型的岩土体加固技术—微生物诱导碳酸钙沉淀（MICP）,以中粒砂岩和微粒砂岩为例,通过开展MICP处理和冻融循环试验,研究其改善不同孔隙砂岩抗冻融特性的可行性,分析其改善机理。研究结果表明：（1）MICP作用能显著提高两类砂岩的抗冻融特性,主要改善机理是MICP过程生成的碳酸钙不仅填充了岩石孔隙,减小了孔隙水的体积和冻融损伤作用力,同时也加强了岩石颗粒之间的胶结强度,但孔隙因素对该过程有一定影响;（2）3轮次MICP处理后的岩样在冻融循环40次后未见明显表观破坏,而未经处理的岩样当冻融循环达到40轮次时在棱角处出现局部表观破坏且中粒砂岩破坏程度略大于微粒砂岩;（3）40轮次冻融循环作用后,中粒砂岩和微粒砂岩岩样孔隙率增加率从17.0%和14.8%降低到了4.4%和6.3%,质量损失率从0.22%和0.14%下降到了0.04%和0.02%,吸水率从6.8%和4.4%减小到了0.75%和1.5%,波速降低率从18.5%和12.4%降低到了7.3%和3.8%;（4）由于中粒砂岩孔隙大于微粒砂岩,其碳酸钙沉淀效率更高,有效处理深度更深,表层孔隙间距更大,从而在进行相同轮次MICP处理时,其孔隙率降低率、吸水率降低率、质量增长率、波速增长率均较大。     

Effects of Degradation of Vegetal Fibers on the Mechanical Behavior of Reinforced Sand

Geotechnical and Geological Engineering - This paper presents the results of an experimental program about the behavior and durability of soils reinforced with randomly distributed vegetal fibers...     

Experimental Study on Mechanical Behavior of Unsaturated Silty Sand in Constant Equivalent Granular Void Ratio

In this paper effect of fine mineralogy on mechanical behavior of unsaturated silty sand in different fine contents and divers confining pressure has been studied. All samples were molded with constant equivalent granular void ratio well-known parameter already proposed for characterizing silty sand behavior in saturated state. This manner of study allow to investigate also the validity of equivalent granular void ratio concept in unsaturated state. For this purpose, a series of triaxial tests were performed on the sand specimens with different percentages of silt in the undrained saturated (CU) and unsaturated (CW) conditions. The results showed that the material types and aggregate distribution of the fines have enormous effects on the silty sand behavior. In addition, the shear strength in the unsaturated specimens changed as a function of the initial applied matric suction. A fewer performance of equivalent intergranular void ratio in the case of unsaturated state in comparison of saturated states was observed.

     

微生物矿化成因的铁硫酸盐矿物表面特征初探

研究表明，生物一矿物相互作用是地球表层系统演化的重要地质营力之一。微生物与矿物岩石之间进行着活跃的物质交换，微生物通过营造微观地球化学环境和提供吸附、成核中心影响着矿物的溶解和结晶，其中生物一矿物界面是物质交换和化学反应最为活跃的场所，矿物表界面记录着丰富的微生物作用信息。在综述前人微生物一矿物相互作用界面研究的基础上，利用气体吸附技术，对比分析了微生物矿化成因和无机合成含水铁硫酸盐矿物的表面积、表面分形和表面吸附能特征，初步讨论了微生物矿化成因铁硫酸盐矿物的表面特征和控制机理。     

高应力下砂土与钢材界面单剪试验研究

疏排水沉降引起的竖直附加力导致了华东地区多个立井井筒破裂,高应力下土与结构界面剪切特性研究是解决这一工程问题的关键。在自行加工、改造的高应力单剪仪试验系统上进行了一系列单剪试验。试验数据分析表明高应力下砂土同钢材界面剪应力-剪切位移关系可用非线性弹性-理想、塑性本构关系描述;高应力下界面的强度准则符合无粘聚力的莫尔-库仑公式表示。     

流砂地层中复合土钉墙的受力及变形性状

介绍东方肝胆医院基坑工程采用复合型土钉墙支护的设计、施工,以及对支护边坡的变形性状、土钉受力变形机理、喷层作用所进行的测试和研究,总结与改进了复合型土钉挡墙的设计方法。     

Impact Energy Absorption Behavior of Cemented Coal Gangue-Fly Ash Backfill

A drop hammer test device is employed to conduct impulse tests on the cemented coal gangue-fly ash backfill (CGFB) samples which have different solid concentrations, dimensions and curing ages. The impacting time of the drop hammer on the CGFB and the maximum rebound height of the hammer are investigated. The acoustic energy loss induced by the impact of the drop hammer on the CGFB and the impact energy absorption power of the CGFB are obtained. The results indicate that, the impact energy absorption power of the CGFB increases with the increases of its solid concentration and dimension. The impact energy also exerts influence on the energy absorption power of the CGFB. When the impact energy is lower than a critical value, the energy absorption power of the CGFB increases with the increase in the impact energy. But when the impact energy exceeds the critical value, the energy absorption power of the CGFB decreases with the increase of the impact energy. The obtained results can provide theoretical and practical guidance for preventing rock burst.     

Steady State Strength Behavior of Yamuna Sand

The paper pertains to the study of steady state or residual strength of sandy soils (Yamuna sand lying in the Indo-Gangetic alluvial plains) by consolidated rebounded drained triaxial test with volume change measurements and strain-controlled consolidated undrained test as well. The observed behavior obtained from these two tests is then compared to check their comparative merit. The same was also compared with those of Ganga and Toyoura sand, and with the predicted behavior obtained by using a semi empirical model. The results obtained from rebounded drained and undrained tests are found to be in good agreement. The curvature of ultimate steady state line of Yamuna sand is similar in trend to Ganga and Toyoura sand in the initial mean effective principle stress range; but the experimental observations with reference to Yamuna sand is not in good agreement with the model predictions in the region of higher mean normal stress. A semi empirical general model has been developed fitting the data for better prediction of the steady state behavior.     

Effects of Acid Environment on Mechanical Properties of Cemented Tailings Backfill

Geotechnical and Geological Engineering - The characteristics of cemented tailings backfill (CTB) in the underground acidic environment under the corrosion of sulfuric acid solution were studied....     

Relevance of SEM to Long-Term Mechanical Properties of Cemented Paste Backfill

This paper is an attempt to relate the microstructure to long-term mechanical properties of the cemented paste backfill produced from a hard rock mine tailing from North Queensland in Australia bound with flyash-based geopolymer (geopolymer), flyash-blended cement (FBC), and general purpose cement (GPC). A relatively high slump (260 mm) paste backfill mix with 74 wt% solids has been used to prepare cylindrical paste backfill samples with a diameter of 50 mm and a height of 100 mm. The uniaxial compressive strength tests were conducted on all samples after curing for 112 days to obtain their strength, failure strain and Young’s modulus. Fractured samples were examined under scanning electron microscope to understand the failure mechanisms at the microstructural scale. The results show that binders significantly affected the mechanical properties of paste backfills (ANOVA, p < 0.05). The paste backfill bound with geopolymer gave the lowest strength and Young’s modulus, while the paste backfills bounded with FBC and GPC showed comparable higher strength and modulus values. This was attributed to the relatively well-packed paste backfills with less cracks and smaller pore sizes in these paste backfills bound with FBC and GPC binders. In particular, needle-shaped particles, which were originally identified in GPC, highly influenced the mechanical property of paste backfills. These results indicate that fly ash can be used to partially replace the cement as a binder for paste backfills to achieve economic and environmental benefits.     

Calcite and aragonite precipitation from seawater solutions of various salinities: Precipitation rates and overgrowth compositions

The reaction rate and composition of calcite and aragonite overgrowths precipitated from seawater solutions of various salinities (i.e. S=5, 15, 25, 35, 44) were determined at 25°C and 10^−2.5-atm. CO₂ partial pressure using a constant disequilibrium seeded technique. The rate data were fitted to an empirical rate law of the form:

logR=n(ω_{c(or a)}-1)+logk

where n is the empirical reaction order; and k is the rate constant. Calcite precipitation rates in seawater solutions do not vary appreciably as a result of salinity variations over the range investigated, while those for aragonite show an increase in going from the higher (i.e. S=35, 44) to the lower (i.e. S=5, 15, 25) salinity range. This study also confirms previously published findings that above a given saturation state (i.e. Ω_c>/2.6) aragonite precipitates more rapidly than calcite at 25°C.

The incorporation of Sr²⁺ in aragonite and Mg²⁺ in calcite overgrowths are independent of the precipitation rate. The partition coefficient of Sr²⁺ in aragonite is approximately equal to unity and is unaffected by salinity variations between 5 and 44. However, the Mg²⁺ partition coefficient in calcite, increases with decreasing salinity of the parent seawater solutions, possibly as a result of variations in the sulfate content of the solutions and solids.

The experimental results were discussed in the context of a number of geological environments.     

方解石表面Cd2+与Pb2+类质同象的AFM研究

 借助原位液槽原子力显微镜（in situ AFM）的观察,通过Cd2+,Pb2+替代方解石最外层晶格Ca2+生长模式的实验研究, 探讨了Cd2+与Pb2+作用下方解石表面溶解与结晶行为。在液体反应槽中,分别将含不饱和Cd2+与Pb2+溶液流经方解石{101 _ 4}解理面,结果发现:（1）Cd2+的存在不影响方解石沿<4_41> 晶向台阶的溶解,而Pb2+的存在则强烈阻碍了方解石沿<441>+晶向台阶的溶解;（2）停止输入溶液含Cd2+,Pb2+溶液后,随着方解石表面与溶液达到平衡,溶解过程逐渐转变为结晶过程。结果显示在Cd2+存在时,单分子生长层具有方解石原有的定向性,而在Pb2+存在时的生长则不具任何定向性。尽管有此差异, 但（Ca,Cd）CO3 和（Ca,Pb）CO3 固溶体都受控于单分子层外延生长这一结晶机理。 　　含Cd2+和Pb2+溶液对方解石溶解动力学的作用与选择性吸附的阳离子半径大小、吸附复合体的几何形状及其结晶学取 向有关。Cd2+离子倾向于优先进入更狭小的<4_41>- 晶向的微台阶上,而Pb2+则倾向于形成扭曲的八面体络合物吸附在更开 阔的<4_41>+ 晶向台阶上。因此,Pb2+存在下方解石表面生长方向无序可认为是白铅矿和方解石结构差异的原因。     

Recrystallization of Magnesian Calcite Overgrowths on Calcite SeedsSuspended in Seawater

The formation and subsequent reactions of magnesiancalcite overgrowths on calcite were investigated bymeans of closed system seeded precipitationexperiments. These experiments demonstrated that(1) thin overgrowths of magnesian calcite are precipitatedon calcite seeds suspended in seawater;(2) the solubilities of the coatings increase outward from theseed crystals as a linear function of the log ofrelative coating thickness;(3) during the period ofthese experiments (up to 5.5 months), the magnesiancalcite coatings continued to increase in thickness,but became less soluble in composition. Thestabilization reaction, referred to asrecrystallization, can be described by the followingequation:Cax Mg(1-x) CO3 + [z + y(x + z)]Ca2++ 2yHCO3- ]= (1 + y)Ca(x + z)Mg(1 - x -z)CO3 + [z + y(x + z - 1)]Mg2++ y CO2 + yH20;]4) recrystallization rate is dependent on solutionsaturation state, with a reaction order of 3.2 forartificial seawater and 4.0 for natural seawater; and(5) by the cessation of the closed system experiments,overgrowth compositions approached that of the stablecalcite (a few mol % MgCO3).Armoring of suspended carbonate particles in thesurface oceans with magnesian calcite overgrowthswould provide an effective barrier to release of theoceanic supersaturation with respect to calcite. Thicknesses of such coatings would be limited by therecrystallization rate of the magnesian calcite. Estimates based on the recrystallization ratesdetermined in this work indicate coatings on the orderof 0.02 µm in thickness could form on particles asthey sink through the mixed layer. According to thesecalculations, the total amount of carbon precipitatedannually in magnesian calcite overgrowths iscomparable to the riverine flux of dissolved carbon tothe oceans. Field observations of severalinvestigators indicate the likely presence ofmagnesian calcite coatings on planktonic particles,and provide evidence for possible recrystallization ofbiogenic magnesian particles in the marineenvironment.     

安徽蓬莱仙洞不同滴水点差异PCP作用及其古气候记录研究意义

正石笋由于分布广泛、定年准确,并且具有丰富的气候和环境代用指标(如氧碳稳定同位素~([1,2])、微层厚度~([3])、微量元素~([4~6])等),因而受到古气候学家广泛关注。其中,微量元素和稳定碳同位素常被用来间接地反映局地干湿变化。当降水减少时,洞穴滴水在洞顶储存时间较长,使岩溶水在补给石笋之前已经发生了方解石沉积作用。由于Mg,Sr和Ba在方解石和溶液中的分配系数远小于1~([7,8]),从而使Ca优先于Mg,Sr和Ba沉积出来,使得溶液(渗流水及其所形成的滴水)和现代次生碳酸盐沉积物中的Mg,Sr和Ba富集,进而导致Mg/Ca,Sr/Ca和Ba/Ca比值增大~([4,5,9]),这种现象被称为方解石前期沉积作用(Prior Calcite Precipitation,简称PCP)。此外,当降水减少,洞穴滴水滴率变慢(即PCP作用增强)时,CO_2脱气时间增长也会导致石笋碳同位素偏     

华北地台中元古代串岭沟组页岩中的砂脉构造:17亿年前甲烷气逃逸的沉积标识?

华北地台中元古界串岭沟组暗色页岩中发育一种特殊的砂质脉状构造;层面上表现为不规则密集分布的细砂脊,垂向上由不连续薄砂层和近于直立的"肠状"砂脉体相交互组成.浅色砂脉由较纯的石英粉砂-细砂组成,含微量自生白云石、菱铁矿及微晶碳酸盐岩斑块,与黑色泥质围岩边界截然.研究表明,砂脉构造可能是在早期成岩阶段前由来自薄砂层的细-粉砂灌入甲烷缓慢逃逸通道而成,并由于压实缩短而褶皱成"肠状".薄砂层与黑色页岩形成的能量条件完全不同,可能系由风暴将海岸带或砂坝细砂带入低能环境而形成;甲烷源自沉积中埋藏的微生物席腐烂分解.围岩层面有微生物席成因微皱痕和气体逃逸形成的气泡构造,围岩中发现有细菌化石和草霉状黄铁矿.串岭沟组中密集发育的砂脉构造是目前地层中识别的最古老的甲烷排放证据,并有可能作为指示地质时期陆源碎屑沉积环境甲烷逃逸的沉积标识.大量高效温室气体进入大气圈可能是导致元古宙地球表层高温室气候和无冰川发育的重要原因.