Computations of Absolute Permeability on Micro-CT Images

We apply an accurate numerical scheme to solve for Stokes flow directly on binarized three-dimensional rock images, such as those obtained by micro-CT imaging. The method imposes no-flow conditions exactly at the solid boundaries and employs an algebraic multigrid method to solve for the resultant set of linear equations. We compute the permeability of a range of consolidated and unconsolidated porous rocks; the results are comparable with those obtained using the lattice Boltzmann method and agree with experimental measurements on larger core samples. We show that the Kozeny–Carman equation can over-estimate permeability by a factor of 10 or more, particularly for the more heterogeneous systems studied. We study the existence and size of the representative elementary volume (REV) at lamina scale. We demonstrate that the REV for permeability is larger than for static properties—porosity and specific surface area—since it needs to account for the tortuosity and connectedness of the flow paths. For the carbonate samples, the REV appeared to be larger than the image size. We also study the anisotropy of permeability at the pore scale. We show that the permeability of sandpacks varies by less than 10 % in different directions. For sandstones, permeability changes by 25 % on average. However, the anisotropy of permeability in carbonates can be up to 50 %, indicating the existence of connected pores in one direction which are not connected in another.     

基于嵌入离散裂缝的页岩气藏视渗透率模型

页岩储层具有不同类型的储集空间,但综合考虑不同储集空间,对页岩储层渗透率进行评价的模型未见报道.基于嵌入离散裂缝模型,建立的页岩气藏视渗透率模型包括4个步骤:（1）构建天然裂缝、有机质和无机质的空间分布模型;（2）筛选不同类型储集空间的渗透率计算方法;（3）基于嵌入离散裂缝模型,结合空间分布模型和渗透率计算方法,建立数值模拟模型;（4）在模型的入口和出口端施加压差,求得一定压差下通过该岩心的气体流量,采用达西定律得到该页岩气藏的视渗透率.其计算结果与文献报道的渗透率实验值吻合较好.通过对不同因素的探讨,结果表明,天然裂缝对页岩气藏视渗透率的贡献大于无机质和有机质孔隙.因此,计算页岩视渗透率时有必要对天然裂缝、有机质和无机质孔隙进行综合考虑.      

利用斯通利波反演地层渗透率

以渗透性地层的测井声波传播理论为基础,研究斯通利波反演地层渗透率方法。斯通利波计算渗透率的关键在于如何将其受渗透率的影响因素与其它影响因素分离开来。已采用的计算方法有相速度(或慢度)方法、衰减幅度方法;作者使用的方法是结合相位滞后和衰减变化的测量来计算渗透率。求取渗透率过程有波场分离、正演模拟和渗透率的反演计算3个主要步骤。     

Radial Permeability Measurements for Shale Using Variable Pressure Gradients

Shale gas is becoming an important component of the global energy supply, with permeability a critical controlling factor for long-term gas production. Obvious deviation may exist between helium permeability determined using small pressure gradient(SPG) methods and methane permeability obtained under actual field production with variable pressure gradients(VPG). In order to more accurately evaluate the matrix permeability of shale, a VPG method using real gas(rather than He) is established to render permeability measurements that are more representative of reservoir conditions and hence response. Dynamic methane production experiments were performed to measure permeability using the annular space in the shale cores. For each production stage, boundary pressure is maintained at a constant and the gas production with time is measured on the basis of volume change history in the measuring pump. A mathematical model explicitly accommodating gas desorption uses pseudo-pressure and pseudo-time to accommodate the effects of variations in pressuredependent PVT parameters. Analytical and semi-analytical solutions to the model are obtained and discussed. These provide a convenient approach to estimate radial permeability in the core by nonlinear fitting to match the semi-analytical solution with the recorded gas production data. Results indicate that the radial permeability of the shale determined using methane is in the range of 1×10-6– 1×10-5 mD and decreases with a decrease in average pore pressure. This is contrary to the observed change in permeability estimated using helium. Bedding geometry has a significant influence on shale permeability with permeability in parallel bedding orientation larger than that in perpendicular bedding orientation. The superiority of the VPG method is confirmed by comparing permeability test results obtained from both VPG and SPG methods. Although several assumptions are used, the results obtained from the VPG method with reservoir gas are much closer to reality and may be directly used for actual gas production evaluation and prediction, through accommodating realistic pressure dependent impacts.     

Pre-stack Simultaneous AVO Inversion and Lithology Prediction of Shale Gas Reservoir

<正>Shale gas is mainly gathered in shale in adsorbed and in free forms~[1].Shale gas reservoirs have the characteristics of self-generating and self-preserving,low density,low porosity and low permeability,which make the seismic prediction difficulty.But the anisotropy of shale gas reservoir is also 30%-40%~[2].Based on the prediction technology of conventional oil and gas,apply pre-stack     

Prediction of Shale Gas Pressure based on Multi-channel Seismic Inversion in Fuling

The accurate prediction of formation pressure is important in oil/gas exploration and development. However, the achievement of this goal remains challenging, due to insufficient logging data and the low predictive data accuracy from seismic data. In this work, a case study was carried out in the Baima area of Wulong, in order to develop a workflow for accurately predicting shale gas formation pressure. The multi-channel stack method was first used, as well as the inversion of single-channel seismic data, to construct velocity and density models of the formation. Combined with the existing well-logging data, the velocity and density models of the whole well section were established. The shale gas formation pressure was then estimated using the Eaton method. The results show that the multi-channel seismic stacking method has a higher accuracy than the inversion of the formation velocity obtained by the single-channel seismic method. The discrepancies between our predicted formation pressure and the actual formation pressure measurement are within an acceptable range, indicating that our workflow is effective.     

时间域航空电磁电阻率和磁导率全时反演

为了减小时间域航空电磁法在强磁性地区应用时产生的磁极化电流对反演的影响,提出了一种在雅可比矩阵中加入磁导率偏导数,将电阻率、磁导率和层厚进行全时同步反演的方法。将磁性均匀半空间模型、单个磁性模型和多个磁性层模型的时间域响应添加高斯噪声作为模拟数据进行全时反演,得到的模型与理论模型拟合较好,拟合误差均在3%以下,验证了本文算法的有效性,说明在强磁性地区本文提出的算法能有效解决地下介质的电性分布。     

延安Q3原状黄土渗透各向异性及微结构分析

为研究原状马兰黄土的渗透各向异性,以延安削山造地重大工程开挖所揭露的完整黄土剖面中的马兰黄土层为研究对象,采用室内变水头渗透试验获取不同埋深不同渗流时长原状黄土垂直向和水平向的渗透系数,并对试验前后黄土试样垂直向和水平向SEM（scanning electron microscope）电镜扫描结果进行分析,从微观结构上揭示原状马兰黄土结构各向异性的原因。结果表明：原状黄土垂直向和水平向饱和渗透系数具有显著各向异性,且垂直向和水平向渗透系数都随渗流时间的持续而减小,各向异性渗透性能在时间尺度上具有某种衰减关系;同时,原状黄土各向异渗透性能随埋深的增大而逐渐减弱;土颗粒结构的接触、排列方式是导致黄土原生各向异性的根本原因,也是导致渗流初始阶段渗透系数各向异性的原因,而渗流作用产生的次生结构各向异性则使渗透系数各向异性在时间尺度上表现得更为明显。     

利用斯通利波衰减反演渗透率的方法改进

利用严格的Biot介质模型,针对阵列声波测井情况,建立了基于物理统计方法的利用斯通利波幅度衰减反演储层渗透率之线性化最小二乘反演模型。作为对方法可行性的检验,运用该方法对理论合成数据进行了处理,结果表明运用统计方法后反演渗透率的偏差变小,证明了方法的可行性。     

概率神经网络储层流体密度反演及应用

概率神经网络是一种基于概率统计思想的神经网络,利用概率神经网络进行储层的流体密度反演,通过它的非线性扩展进行多个属性的优选组合,完成神经网络的训练学习和概率估算,有效地剔除个别数据的不利影响,使反演过程更加稳定,减少反演结果的多解性.川西某气藏的概率神经网络储层流体密度反演结果表明,该反演方法准确性很高,反演结果与实际...     

基于高分辨率波形指示反演方法在“甜点”预测中的应用：以四川盆地焦石坝地区页岩储层为例

针对常规叠后稀疏脉冲反演方法分辨率不足,以及传统叠后地质统计学反演方法缺乏横向地质意义的局限,应用基于高分辨率波形指示反演方法刻画了四川盆地焦石坝地区龙马溪组页岩薄储层段波阻抗剖面展布及其优质页岩储层段时间域厚度平面展布情况。通过对焦石坝地区龙马溪组页岩薄储层段波阻抗剖面展布进行“盲井”检测,与常规叠后稀疏脉冲反演方法的刻画精度相比,高分辨率波形指示反演方法计算结果的刻画精度提高了一倍。进一步应用高分辨率波形指示反演方法模拟了焦石坝地区龙马溪组页岩薄储层段有机碳含量(TOC)剖面展布,为后期页岩储层精细评价以及“甜点”预测奠定了基础。     

页岩气开采压裂液技术进展

页岩气是一种分布广泛且储量丰富的非常规能源,但由于其储层具有孔隙度小及渗透率低等特性,一直以来页岩气未得到大规模开采。直到近20年,页岩气开采技术才得到飞速发展,这主要得益于水力压裂技术的进步。压裂液是水力压裂的重要组成部分,其性能的优劣直接影响水力压裂施工的成败。通过调研国内外文献,结合国内外压裂液技术的发展历程,分析了页岩气开采中几种常用压裂液的优点、适应性及存在的问题,综述了两类新型的无水压裂技术。结合我国页岩气储层的特殊性及压裂技术发展的现状,提出了适于我国页岩气开采的压裂液技术发展的建议,并特别强调了在页岩气开发初期重视环保的重要性。     

基于FastICA算法的高光谱矿物丰度反演

高光谱分离是定性与定量岩矿分析的核心基础。仿真数据和测量数据可通过FastICA算法处理,计算混合像元中端元数量及端元光谱,并根据计算结果进行丰度反演。实验结果表明：FastICA算法即使在端元光谱、混合矩阵未知且没有任何先验知识的情况下,也能有效分离岩矿高光谱混合像元并得到端元的估计光谱,从而实现矿物识别和矿物丰度反演;但当混合像元中参与混合的端元光谱相似度较高或端元光谱的非高斯性较低时,混合像元的分离精度将降低,混合像元的分离精度越高,端元丰度反演结果越准确。     

基于卷积神经网络的磁异常反演

针对传统反演方法存在的初始模型依赖、计算时间较长等问题,提出一种基于卷积神经网络的磁异常反演方法。该方法首先设计大量磁异常体模型,进行正演模拟产生样本数据集;接着借鉴经典的卷积神经网络VGG-13设计了一种全新的VGG磁异常反演网络(VGGINV);然后使用样本数据集训练该网络,并优化网络参数;最后对理论模型和实测数据进行反演实验。实验结果表明,该方法可以准确地反演出磁异常体的位置和磁化强度,具有较强的学习能力和一定的泛化能力,能有效解决磁异常数据反演问题。     

The Application on Shale Reservoir Based on X-CT Scan Technology

<正>Shale reservoir pore diameter is distributed in the micro-nanometer scale,which is different from conventional sandstone reservoir.As a result,conventional test methods are not valid in shale reservoir.Recently,all of test methods applied in shale reservoir can be divided into two categories:(1)image analysis is observed and scaned,using various types of high resolution scanning     

基于压机热模拟实验的页岩孔隙演化特征

富有机质页岩微观孔隙结构是影响页岩油气富集的重要因素,但热演化过程中的孔隙结构变化特征不甚清楚,是当前领域研究的难点.用新疆三塘湖盆地中二叠统芦草沟组低成熟油页岩样品开展高温高压半封闭体系热模拟实验,对各温度阶段的样品进行抽提,利用低温吸附技术定量表征未抽提和抽提样品的孔隙结构,揭示低熟到过成熟页岩样品的孔隙演化特征.结果表明:低熟-成熟阶段,中、大孔量随热模拟温度上升而降低,微孔量先降低再升高,高压及滞留油/沥青对所有孔隙均有一定的抑制作用;高-过成熟阶段,孔含量明显上升,残留沥青中会产生微孔及中、大孔.在热模拟实验中温度、压力条件对孔隙结构具有重要影响,有机质演化产物与孔隙演化趋势紧密相关.      

基于Ar-SEM及PCAS页岩孔隙结构定量表征

页岩孔隙特征是页岩储层研究的重要内容.基于沁水盆地S-1井太原组、山西组页岩样品,利用氩离子抛光扫描电镜（argon ion polishing scanning electron microscope,Ar-SEM）对孔隙形态特征进行分析,并运用孔裂隙特征分析系统软件（pores and cracks analysis system,PCAS）对Ar-SEM照片中孔隙进行定量表征.结果显示样品孔隙以有机质孔、粒间孔、粒内孔为主,孔径多集中在 < 100 nm,占比72.70%~82.13%,其中介孔占比39.76%~45.48%.随深度的增加孔隙结构越来越复杂,且越深的层位,随孔隙面积的增大其结构复杂程度增加的越缓慢.孔隙结构复杂程度在R_o,max=2附近存在拐点,高成熟阶段,随成熟度的增加孔隙结构复杂程度越来越低,且孔隙面积越大其结构复杂程度越低;过成熟阶段,随成熟度的增加孔隙结构复杂程度越来越高,且孔隙面积越大其结构复杂程度越高.      

基于岩石物理模型的裂缝型储层AVOA反演方法

纵波各向异性裂缝预测方法是目前应用比较广泛、效果较好的一种裂缝预测方法；但传统椭圆拟合方法的准确性受到一系列因素的影响，致使裂缝密度反演结果不准确。本次研究根据Ruger方程精确式推导各向异性介质中储层裂缝密度的计算方法，该方法首先利用入射角、方位角、Thomsen各向异性三参数以及介质弹性参数的函数来计算纵波反射系数，然后根据纵波反射系数计算待测储层中裂缝的切向各向异性系数，最后根据各向异性系数计算待测储层的裂缝密度。利用该方法在四川盆地正坝南地区通过实际纵波AVOA数据反演法向和切向裂隙弱度预测裂缝密度，裂缝参数反演结果与钻井信息吻合；表明该方法能够用于裂缝储层预测，确定研究区裂缝发育情况。     

基于入射角的AVO近似弹性波阻抗方程及反演

AVO技术在油气勘探中已经得到广泛应用,但是在应用Zoeppritz方程的线性近似方程时,通常是直接应用入射角代替平均角进行参数计算,这样做会给反演工作带来误差。基于入射角的AVO近似方程将反射系数表示为入射角的函数,可以解决常规计算中存在的误差。过程如下:首先,由基于入射角的AVO近似方程推导得到基于入射角的弹性阻抗方程,将其标准化以实现不同角度的弹性阻抗间量纲的统一,并通过经典的AVO模型验证其准确性;然后,建立基于新方程的弹性阻抗反演方法,对Marmousi2模型进行反演,与常规方法反演结果进行对比,结果表明,新方法得到的结果更加准确;最后,利用某实际工区数据进行反演,得到的结果与实际测井资料匹配效果很好,证明了该方法有很强的实用性。     

基于乘积型目标函数的电阻率法三维反演

为了减小地球物理反演的多解性,通常采用累加型目标函数,即数据拟合差项加上正则化项。基于累加型目标函数的反演存在如何优选正则化因子的问题,这个过程通常需要做大量的反演计算。本研究系统分析和实现了基于乘积型目标函数(数据拟合差项和正则化项相乘)的电阻率法三维反演,乘积型目标函数的反演不存在优选正则化因子的问题。三维正演采用非结构化有限单元法,三维反演采用有限内存拟牛顿方法。使用理论模型合成数据进行了三维反演,检验了基于乘积型目标函数的电阻率法三维反演的可行性与有效性。反演算例结果表明：基于乘积型目标函数的反演方法能够可靠恢复异常体的电阻率值、形态和位置。