基于最小二乘逆时偏移的场声反射成像测井模拟?

近年来,声反射成像测井技术（ARILT）在井旁裂缝、孔洞性储层评价中成为研究热点。常规ARILT的探测深度一般在20m以内,且对复杂构造边界刻画能力不足。本文基于测井观测系统及采集参数,将最小二乘逆时偏移（LSRTM）地震成像技术引入ARILT中,以提高井旁区域有效成像范围和成像精度。本文在实现偏移算法及处理流程基础上,将算法用于典型模型和实际资料,重点分析不同频率、深度和偏移方法成像效果的差异。成像结果对比发现:①偏移算法影响ARILT成像精度,LSRTM具有较高分辨率,并能揭示构造体横向变化特征;②激发源频率也影响成像分辨率,提高频率会改善分辨率,但会降低探测深度;③在给定的测井观测参数下,LSRTM能有效探测23m范围内的井旁构造。      

逆时偏移成像条件研究

本世纪初高性能计算技术进步促进了逆时偏移技术的应用与发展.为解决逆时偏移存在的低频噪音等问题,可利用优化的角度域成像条件对成像进行改进;为实现真振幅逆时偏移,选择合适的成像条件也至关重要.根据不同的成像目的,有必要对逆时偏移使用的成像条件进行深入的分析.本文给出了逆时偏移的五类成像条件,并主要从噪音与振幅等方面对各种方法分别进行了分析说明,为逆时偏移的进一步应用提供方法对比.     

逆时偏移中波形光滑性分析与波形校正研究

针对RTM成像波形不光滑的问题进行研究,利用简单模型分析了空间、时间采样间隔对成像波形光滑性的影响。结果表明,空间采样间隔对波形光滑性的影响较大,而时间采样间隔的改变并不能改变波形光滑性。利用三次样条插值,在空间上对RTM成像波形进行插值,可以解决波形不光滑问题。通过复杂模型进行验证,也证明了该方法的有效性。同时对RTM成像剖面沿层地震属性(瞬时振幅、瞬时频率、瞬时相位)进行了分析,结果表明波形经过光滑校正后可以提高地震属性的横向空变稳定性。     

添加正则化项的黏声逆时偏移成像方法研究

在实际地球介质中传播的地震波会产生衰减和频散现象,因此其更接近于黏弹性介质,在地震处理中补偿这些黏性影响是十分必要的。基于波动方程的叠前深度偏移中进行吸收衰减补偿更准确,也更有物理意义,直接求解双程波动方程的逆时偏移(RTM)能够成像大倾角复杂构造,具有诸多优势。然而当考虑吸收衰减补偿时通常会产生不稳定现象,大部分研究都是在逆时偏移的波场延拓中进行波数域的低通滤波来解决这个问题。本文采用广义标准线性固体的黏声波动方程进行吸收衰减补偿的Q--RTM方法,通过添加正则化项的方式来稳定延拓过程。添加正则化项本质上是低通滤波,滤波窗口是指数形式,在时空域有明确的形式,可以阻止发生高频不稳定。与直接滤波相比,正则化参数可以是空变的,因此比较适合剧烈变化的区域,我们还发现震源归一化互相关成像条件更适合Q--RTM方法。     

海底节点不同震相逆时偏移成像研究

对近海海域进行地壳速度结构高精度成像有助于深入了解我国近海地震活动、深部孕震构造条件,揭示海域构造特征及其相互作用模式,为海域地震区划和风险评估提供基础支撑。在海底节点观测系统中,由于海底、海平面等强波阻抗差界面的存在,台站记录了较多强能量的后续震相。与初至震相相比,后续震相在地球内部来回反射,传播路径长、携带构造信息多,充分利用后续震相有望获得高精度的地下构造成像结果。逆时偏移是勘探地球物理中精度较高的成像方法之一,且易于实现。将逆时偏移算法引入海底节点初至震相和后续震相成像,采用常规逆时偏移对反射震相进行偏移,对上行一阶海底震相、上行一阶后续震相成像均进行镜像法逆时偏移,通过修改逆时偏移框架,实现初至震相的成像。研究结果表明,逆时偏移能够有效对反射震相进行地下偏移归位;采用镜像法逆时偏移对上行一阶海底震相、上行一阶自由表面震相进行成像,能够有效增大成像范围;修改逆时偏移框架,初至震相能够对断层进行准确定位。     

人工源宽角地震实验的谱元法模拟和逆时偏移成像方法研究

人工源宽角反射(折射)地震资料具有偏移距较大、信噪比较低等特点,通常用于地震波走时反演重建地壳速度结构。逆时偏移成像方法作为勘探地震学领域获取地下构造形态的有效手段之一,可以有效弥补走时反演方法的不足。本文针对大偏移距宽角反射(折射)地震实验,利用四边形网格谱元法进行波场模拟,结合了有限元法的灵活性和谱方法的指数收敛性,高效且高精度获取模型合成地震记录,后采用逆时偏移成像方法将合成地震记录偏移归位,获取地壳几何结构,验证了逆时偏移成像方法在宽角地震资料处理及结果解释中的适用性,为后期实际地震资料的偏移成像提供了理论依据和支持。     

Prestack Migration/Imaging Using Synthetic Beam Sources and Plane Sources

The principle and procedures of beam-source and plane-source synthesis for wave-equation based imaging/migration are introduced and tested with Gabor-Daubechies and local-cosine beamlet prestack migration. Plane-source synthesis and imaging are treated as a special case of approximation to the beam-source synthesis and imaging. Beam sources with properly selected windows provide both space and direction localizations for illumination and are very flexible for target-oriented migration using wave-theory based methods. On the other hand, plane-source imaging can increase the computation efficiency of depth migration significantly, up to 5-10 times for the SEG-EAGE 2D salt model and Marmousi model, while maintains the image quality similar or comparable to that of point-source (common-shot) imaging/migration.     

Attenuation Compensation and Anisotropy Correction in Reverse Time Migration for Attenuating Tilted Transversely Isotropic Media

Surveys in Geophysics - The propagation of seismic waves in attenuating and anisotropic earth media is accompanied by amplitude attenuation and phase distortion. If these adverse effects are not...     

Anisotropic Attenuation Compensated Reverse Time Migration of Pure qP-Wave in Transversely Isotropic Attenuating Media

Surveys in Geophysics - The absorption (anelastic attenuation) and anisotropy properties of subsurface media jointly affect the seismic wave propagation and the quality of migration imaging....     

Modeling Vapor Migration for Estimating the Time to Reach Steady State Conditions

The design and planning of soil vapor sampling for vapor intrusion assessment require an estimate of the time for vapor migration from the contamination source to reach steady state prior to vapor sampling and analysis for volatile organic compounds (VOCs). This study presents the model derivation, analytical solutions, as well as the assumptions and limitations of a one-dimensional VOC vapor transport model based on diffusion in porous media and equilibrium partitioning of VOCs in solid, aqueous, and vapor phases. The model assumes a finite domain with boundary conditions that represent the scenarios of vapor migration in the real environment. The derivation of the conceptual model is presented along with its practical use and implications as illustrated through case examples. Consideration of the upper (or exit) boundary condition along with the distance between the source and the applicable boundary, rather than the distance from the source to the measurement point, are shown to be critical in the time estimates as compared to an expression typically used and cited in guidance documents. The study reveals the importance of defining a conceptual model and relevant boundaries in assessing near steady state conditions, and suggests a tiered approach in refining the estimate with increasing level of effort for practical applications in vapor assessment.     

Global Sensitivity Analysis Techniques for Probabilistic Ground Water Modeling

Global sensitivity analysis techniques are better suited for analyzing input-output relationships over the full range of parameter variations and model outcomes, as opposed to local sensitivity analysis carried out around a reference point. This article describes three such techniques: (1) stepwise rank regression analysis for building input-output models to identify key contributors to output variance, (2) mutual information (entropy) analysis for determining the strength of nonmonotonic patterns of input-output association, and (3) classification tree analysis for determining what variables or combinations are responsible for driving model output into extreme categories. These techniques are best applied in conjunction with Monte Carlo simulation-based probabilistic analyses. Two examples are presented to demonstrate the applicability of these methods. The usefulness of global sensitivity techniques is examined vis-a-vis local sensitivity analysis methods, and recommendations are provided for their applications in ground water modeling practice.     

形变综合观测对地表构造变形的定量分析

文中应用GPS、断层观测速率分析断裂带变形的方法,定量计算断裂带两侧单元的滑动和应变率,同时其点位分布、断层约束、时间尺度归化对计算结果的影响等问题进行了对比研究.利用1999-2001年、2001-2004年、2004-2007年GPS区域网速度场资料以及同期跨断层观测资料对鲜水河断裂带的滑动率、应变率进行试算,结果显示1999-2001年、2004-2007年鲜水河断裂南段出现应变率增大和应变轴转向.     

Physically Based Groundwater Vulnerability Assessment Using Sensitivity Analysis Methods

A general physically based method is presented to assess the vulnerability of groundwater to external pressures by numerical simulation of groundwater flow. The concept of groundwater vulnerability assessment considered here is based on the calculation of sensitivity coefficients for a user‐defined groundwater state for which we propose several physically based indicators. Two sensitivity analysis methods are presented: the sensitivity equation method and the adjoint operator method. We show how careful selection of a method can significantly minimize the computational effort. An illustration of the general methodology is presented for the Herten aquifer analog (Germany). This application to a simple, yet insightful, case demonstrates the potential use of this general and physically based vulnerability assessment method to complex aquifers.     

Seismic Hazard Analysis Using the Adaptive Kernel Density Estimation Technique for Chennai City

Conventional method of probabilistic seismic hazard analysis (PSHA) using the Cornell–McGuire approach requires identification of homogeneous source zones as the first step. This criterion brings along many issues and, hence, several alternative methods to hazard estimation have come up in the last few years. Methods such as zoneless or zone-free methods, modelling of earth’s crust using numerical methods with finite element analysis, have been proposed. Delineating a homogeneous source zone in regions of distributed seismicity and/or diffused seismicity is rather a difficult task. In this study, the zone-free method using the adaptive kernel technique to hazard estimation is explored for regions having distributed and diffused seismicity. Chennai city is in such a region with low to moderate seismicity so it has been used as a case study. The adaptive kernel technique is statistically superior to the fixed kernel technique primarily because the bandwidth of the kernel is varied spatially depending on the clustering or sparseness of the epicentres. Although the fixed kernel technique has proven to work well in general density estimation cases, it fails to perform in the case of multimodal and long tail distributions. In such situations, the adaptive kernel technique serves the purpose and is more relevant in earthquake engineering as the activity rate probability density surface is multimodal in nature. The peak ground acceleration (PGA) obtained from all the three approaches (i.e., the Cornell–McGuire approach, fixed kernel and adaptive kernel techniques) for 10% probability of exceedance in 50?years is around 0.087?g. The uniform hazard spectra (UHS) are also provided for different structural periods.     

Mantle Convection Modeling with Viscoelastic/Brittle Lithosphere: Numerical Methodology and Plate Tectonic Modeling

--The earth's tectonic plates are strong, viscoelastic shells which make up the outermost part of a thermally convecting, predominantly viscous layer. Brittle failure of the lithosphere occurs when stresses are high. In order to build a realistic simulation of the planet's evolution, the complete viscoelastic/brittle convection system needs to be considered. A particle-in-cell finite element method is demonstrated which can simulate very large deformation viscoelasticity with a strain-dependent yield stress. This is applied to a plate-deformation problem. Numerical accuracy is demonstrated relative to analytic benchmarks, and the characteristics of the method are discussed.     

大地电磁场偏移成像方法的改进与应用

本文在对电磁场成像技术进行系统研究和总结的基础上,分析综述了大地电磁场成像技术的研究现状与存在问题,进而提出了改进的有限差分法大地电磁场偏移成像技术,使差分方程精度和成像分辨率得到了提高,并对客观选取背景电导率、两种极化模式联合成像以及多参数和再次成像进行了创新研究,最后利用模型试验和实际大地电磁场资料的实例展示了该方法偏移成像的成果及其实用性.     

Solute Migration from the Aquifer Matrix into a Solution Conduit and the Reverse

A solution conduit has a permeable wall allowing for water exchange and solute transfer between the conduit and its surrounding aquifer matrix. In this paper, we use Laplace Transform to solve a one‐dimensional equation constructed using the Euler approach to describe advective transport of solute in a conduit, a production‐value problem. Both nonuniform cross‐section of the conduit and nonuniform seepage at the conduit wall are considered in the solution. Physical analysis using the Lagrangian approach and a lumping method is performed to verify the solution. Two‐way transfer between conduit water and matrix water is also investigated by using the solution for the production‐value problem as a first‐order approximation. The approximate solution agrees well with the exact solution if dimensionless travel time in the conduit is an order of magnitude smaller than unity. Our analytical solution is based on the assumption that the spatial and/or temporal heterogeneity in the wall solute flux is the dominant factor in the spreading of spring‐breakthrough curves, and conduit dispersion is only a secondary mechanism. Such an approach can lead to the better understanding of water exchange and solute transfer between conduits and aquifer matrix. Highlights:

相似文献