The Influence of Shearing Velocity on Shear Behavior of Artificial Joints

In this paper, the effects of shear velocity on the shearing behavior of artificial joints have been studied at different normal stress levels. Here, artificial joints with planar and rough surfaces were prepared with the plaster (simulating soft rock joints) and concrete (medium-hard rock joints) materials. The rough joints had triangular shaped asperities with 10° and 20° inclination angles. Direct shear tests were performed on these joints under various shear velocities in the range of 0.3–30 mm/min. The planar plaster–plaster and planer concrete–concrete joints were sheared at three levels of normal stress under constant normal load boundary condition. Also, the rough plaster–plaster and concrete–concrete joints were sheared at one level of normal stress under constant normal stiffness boundary condition. The results of the shear tests show that the shearing parameters of joints, such as shear strength, shear stiffness and friction angle, are related to the shear velocity. Shear strength of planar and rough plaster–plaster joints were decreased when the shear velocity was increased. Shear strength of concrete joints, except for rough joints with 10° inclination, increased with increasing shear velocity. Regardless of the normal stress level, shear stiffness of both planar plaster–plaster and concrete–concrete joints were decreased when the shear velocity was increased.     

Numerical Investigations of the Dynamic Shear Behavior of Rough Rock Joints

The dynamic shear behavior of rock joints is significant to both rock engineering and earthquake dynamics. With the discrete element method (DEM), the dynamic direct-shear tests on the rough rock joints with 3D (sinusoidal or random) surface morphologies are simulated and discussed. Evolution of the friction coefficient with the slip displacement shows that the 3D DEM joint model can accurately reproduce the initial strengthening, slip-weakening, and steady-sliding responses of real rock joints. Energy analyses show that the strengthening and weakening behavior of the rock joint are mainly attributed to the rapid accumulation and release of the elastic energy in the joint. Then, effects of the surface roughness and the normal stress on the friction coefficient and the micro shear deformation mechanisms, mainly volume change and asperity damage, of the rock joint are investigated. The results show that the peak friction coefficient increases logarithmically with the increasing surface roughness, but decreases exponentially with the increasing normal stress. In addition, the rougher rock joint exhibits both higher joint dilation and asperity degradation. However, high normal stress constrains the joint dilation, but promotes the degree of asperity degradation significantly. Lastly, the effects of the 3D surface morphology on the shear behavior of the rock joint are investigated with a directional roughness parameter. It is observed that the anisotropy of the surface roughness consequently results in the variation of the peak friction coefficient of the joint corresponding to different shearing directions as well as the micro shear deformation mechanisms, e.g., the extent of joint dilation.     

Experimental Study of Mechanical Behaviour of Rock Joints Under Cyclic Loading

Summary Evaluation of the effects of small repetitive earthquakes on the strength parameters of rock joints in active seismic zones is of interest of the designers of underground constructions. In order to evaluate these effects, it is necessary to study the behaviour of rock joints under dynamic and cyclic loadings. This paper presents the results of a systematic study on the behaviour of artificial rock joints subjected to cyclic shearing. More than 30 identical replicas have been tested using triaxial compression devices under different conditions of monotonic and cyclic loading. At the first stage a few samples have been tested in monotonic loading modes under various confining pressures and rate of displacement. In the second series of tests, small cyclic loads were applied on the samples for increasing number of cycles, frequency levels and stress amplitudes. These were then followed by monotonic loading again. The variations of maximum and residual shear strengths for each test have been studied. The results show increase of shear strength as a result of the increase in confining pressure and they display decrease of shear strength due to the increase of rate of loading, number of cycles, frequency levels and stress amplitudes.     

MICP联合纤维加筋改性钙质砂力学特性研究

钙质砂是中国南海岛礁工程建设的主要建筑材料和地基土成份,其具有高孔隙、易破碎和强度低等不良工程地质特性。为改善钙质砂力学性能,提高其工程可靠性,提出利用微生物诱导碳酸钙沉积（MICP）协同纤维加筋改性钙质砂。文章通过开展无侧限抗压试验以及扫描电镜测试,对比分析不同纤维掺量下MICP固化钙质砂的力学响应特性及微观破坏机理。结果表明：（1）MICP技术能够有效固化钙质砂,并提升其力学强度;（2）纤维能够增加细菌定殖面积,提升碳酸钙沉积量,并由此提升试样延性和韧性,降低刚度;（3）应力应变曲线呈阶梯状多峰特征。在应力上升阶段,砂颗粒和碳酸钙会发生局部破碎;在峰后应力下降阶段,碳酸钙、砂颗粒、纤维的胶结作用增强了纤维的抗拔性能,限制了破坏面的发展;（4）碳酸钙、砂颗粒、纤维的耦合胶结作用是纤维加筋改善试样韧性、延性的根本原因。     

A Shear Model Accounting Scale Effect in Rock Joints Behavior

Understanding the scale effect on the mechanical behavior of a single rock joint is still very important in rock engineering. Rock joints can be classified into three different categories depending on their scale: the “micro scale” which is the scale of the asperities; the “meso scale” is the scale of the specimens tested in laboratory; and the “macro scale” which is the scale of the rock mass. The purpose of this paper is to propose an effective way to model rock joints at both the meso and macro scale. An original constitutive mechanical model, in which parameters are deduced from experimental results, has been developed. This model is then extended to simulate the discontinuities occurring at a larger size. At the macro scale, the constitutive modeling was carried out for both small and large relative displacements. Large displacements lead to substantial changes in dilation. For both cases, the peak shear stress vanishes for joints longer than 2 m.     

Experimental and 3D Numerical Simulation of Reinforced Shear Joints

The load transfer capacity and failure mechanism of a fully grouted bolt installed across a joint in shear is investigated, both experimentally and numerically, in five types of bolt. The double-shearing testing of bolts were studied in concrete blocks of 20, 40 and 100 MPa strengths, subjected to different pretension loads of 0, 5, 10, 20, 50 and 80 KN, respectively. The parameters examined include: shear resistance, shear displacement, induced strains and stresses during the bolt-bending process, and its ultimate failure across the sheared joint planes. The conclusions drawn from the study were that the strength of the concrete, bolt profile configuration and bolt pretension load played a significant influence on the shear resistance, shear displacement and failure mechanism of the reinforced medium. Experimental and numerical simulations showed that the failure occurs as a result of the induced axial and shear stresses acting between the hinge point distances in the vicinity of the shear joint plane.     

Effect of Sawtooth Angle on Shear Mechanical Behavior of Structural Plane

Geotechnical and Geological Engineering - In order to study the shear characteristics of sawtooth structural planes, shear tests were carried out on structural planes with different sawtooth angles...     

组合节理面抗剪力学特性的模型试验研究

本文研究了处于同一平面上的两组性能各异、交替出现的子节理面所组成的组合节理面的抗剪力学性质。通过对脆—脆、脆—塑、塑—塑三种类型的组合节理面的模型抗剪试验,得出了组合节理面的抗剪强度与各单体(又称子节理面)材料在组合节理面上所占的面积、单体交替出现的次数及抗剪方向等之间的关系。这些结论在实际工程应用方面有着非常重要的意义。     

New Methodology to Characterize Shear Behavior of Joints by Combination of Direct Shear Box Testing and Numerical Simulations

A new procedure is presented, which combines big shear box tests on rocks and corresponding numerical simulations with explicit consideration of joint roughness to get deeper insight into the shear behavior of rock joints. The procedure consists of three parts: (1) constant normal load- or CNS-shear box tests with registration of shear- and normal-components of stress and displacements and deduction of basis rock mechanical parameters; (2) high resolution 3D-scanning of joint surface to deduce joint topography; and (3) set-up, run and evaluation of 3-dimensional numerical model with explicit duplication of joint roughness as back-analysis of shear box tests. The numerical back-analysis provides deeper insight into the joint behavior at the micro-scale. Several parameters can be deduced, like micro-slope angle distribution, aperture size distribution, local normal stress distribution and detailed analysis of dilation in relation to shear direction. The potential of the new procedure is illustrated exemplary by shear box tests on slate.     

A Constitutive Model for Shear Behavior of Rock Joints Based on Three-Dimensional Quantification of Joint Roughness

A new constitutive model to describe the shear behavior of rock joints under constant normal stiffness (CNS) and constant normal load (CNL) conditions is proposed. The model was developed using an empirical approach based on the results of a total of 362 direct shear tests on tensile fractured rock joints and replicas of tensile joints and on a new quantitative roughness parameter. This parameter, the active roughness coefficient C _r, is derived from the features of the effective roughness mobilized at the contact areas during shearing. The model involves a shear strength criterion and the relations between stresses and displacements in the normal and shear directions, where the effects of the boundary conditions and joint properties are considered by the shape indices C _d and C _f. The model can be used to predict the shear behavior under CNS as well as CNL conditions. The shear behavior obtained from the experimental results is generally in good agreement with that estimated by the proposed model, and the effects of joint roughness, initial normal stress, and normal stiffness are reasonably reflected in the model.     

Experimental Investigation of the Effect of Size on the Mechanical Behavior of Shale

<正>China is rich in shale oil resource,which referring to the petroleum accumulation occurred in pure shale(including mudstone and shale)reservoir,namely shale oil.It is expected to become an important alternative energy in the future(Zou et al.,2003).However,the shale oil production is far from the standard of economic efficiency.So there is a need to carry out effective fracturing treatment in order to