小黄鱼(Larimichthys polyactis)精子的生理特性及超低温冷冻保存研究

为了解养殖小黄鱼精子的生理特性及超低温冷冻保存效果,用计算机辅助精子分析系统(CASA)检测了小黄鱼精子的运动参数及盐度、pH、葡萄糖、离子等环境因子的变化对其精子活力的影响;探究了稀释液、抗冻剂、稀释比及降温高度等对精子冷冻保存效果的影响。结果显示:小黄鱼精液的精子密度为(6.92±1.20)×109/mL。精子经自然海水激活后,运动率、运动时间及寿命分别为(59.31±4.85)%、8.44±0.87min及12.20±0.50min,直线运动速率(VSL)、曲线运动速率(VCL)及平均路径运动速率(VAP)分别为11.96±5.21、25.38±7.19和22.33±6.88μm/s。精子运动适宜的盐度范围为25—30、适宜的pH范围为7.5—8.5,精子在盐度25或pH8.0的海水中活力较好。精子激活效果较好的葡萄糖浓度为0.7—0.9mol/L;浓度0.9mol/L时,精子活力较好。精子激活效果较好的KCl、NaCl、MgCl2及CaCl2溶液浓度分别为0.4—0.5、0.4—0.6、0.7—1.0和0.2—0.3mol/L;精子在KCl及CaCl2溶液中活力相对较差,运动率等参数显著低于对照组;精子在不同人工海水中的运动率显著低于自然海水中的运动率,但精子在单一离子缺陷型人工海水及全人工海水中的运动率无显著差异。以0.25mL麦细管为冻存管, 6种稀释液、不同浓度的4种抗冻剂、5种稀释比及5种降温高度对小黄鱼精子冷冻保存效果的影响试验发现,以HBSS液1︰3稀释精液,添加10%DMSO及15%PG为抗冻剂,液氮面上3.5cm处降温5min后投入液氮中保存效果较好,冻精解冻后运动率达(43.57±2.59)%及(43.06±6.77)%。     

点带石斑鱼精子超低温冷冻保存研究

为建立点带石斑鱼(Epinephelus malabaricus)精子冷冻保存技术,保存点带石斑鱼种质资源,作者通过选用TS-19、TS-2、Hank’s、MPRS、Cortland、0.75%NaCl等作为稀释液及10%~25%二甲亚砜、甘油、甲醇作为抗冻液,对繁殖季节中3个不同时期的点带石斑鱼精液进行超低温冷冻保存研究。研究结果表明:(1)Hank’s溶液为点带石斑鱼精子冷冻保存最适冷冻稀释液;(2)Hank’s溶液与10%~15%DMSO溶液为点带石斑鱼精子保存的最适冷冻保护液组合,可以获得60%以上的冻精成活率,而使用不同浓度的MeOH作为抗冻液时,冻精成活率均为0%;(3)以10%~25%Gly作为抗冻液时,冷冻前未加天然海水时均能激活点带石斑鱼精子正常运动,其效果与天然海水相似,加入天然海水后精子运动效果急剧下降,精子冷冻保存后也存在同样现象;(4)为保证获得更高的冻精成活率,点带石斑鱼精液冷冻保存样品的最佳获取时期是在亲鱼自然繁殖期前进行为宜。     

花鲈精子生理特性及其精液超低温冷冻保存

以精子的活率、寿命和运动状态为参数,探讨了花鲈鲜精在不同盐度、酸碱度和离体条件下的生理特性,并对花鲈精液进行超低温冷冻保存研究.结果表明:盐度和酸碱度主要影响精子的寿命,对精子的活率影响不大;精子离休后置于室温(15～17℃)下8h,其活率和寿命随时间的延长而呈下降趋势,运动状态也逐渐减弱;不同组成成分的基础溶液以及抗冻保护剂的种类、浓度和使用方法均影响精液超低温冷冻保存效果;精液冷冻前经30min降温平衡(0～2℃),效果好于直接冷冻;冻精采用水浴快速解冻法(38～40℃)的效果优于室温(15.5～17.5℃)解冻法.     

超低温保存后大菱鲆(Scophthalmus maximus)精子的生理活性及其超微结构研究

采用计算机辅助分析和电子显微镜方法, 对大菱鲆(Scophthalmus maximus)精子生理活性(运动率、运动速度和寿命)和超微结构进行观察, 研究其精子经超低温保存后质量变化情况, 得到了新鲜精子的路径速度[(101.91±9.30)?m/s]、运动率(88.30%±2.62%)和寿命[(368.00±111.50)h], 以及冷冻精子的路径速度[(76.78±8.49)?m/s]、运动率(65.60%±4.76%)和寿命[(120.00±12.00)h]。结果表明, 新鲜精子的生理特性好于冷冻精子。同时通过电镜去进行超微结构分析, 发现大菱鲆精子经过超低温保存后, 40%—60%的精子基本保持正常的形态结构, 其余精子遭受不同程度的机械损伤。其中膜损伤为主要损伤, 损伤精子中60%—70%带有膜损伤。推测大菱鲆精子在冷冻解冻过程中遭受到的机械损伤可能是导致冻精生理活性显著下降的主要原因。     

大黄鱼精液的高效超低温保存

采用2 mL的冷存管和程序降温仪高效超低温保存大黄鱼(Pseudosciaena croce)精液。分析比较了5种不同浓度抗冻剂(二甲基亚砜、乙二醇、丙二醇和甘油和甲醇)、3种降温速率(10,20和30℃/min)和2种解冻温度(28℃和43℃)对大黄鱼精液超低温保存效果的影响。实验结果表明,采用Hanks’作为稀释液,10%～20%甘油或10%DMSO作为抗冻剂,20℃/min的降温速率对精液进行超低温保存43℃水浴解冻,冻精激活后获得理想的运动率(76.6%±11.4%～80.0%±12.6%),而且对10%甘油保存的冻精进行人工授精实验获得了与新鲜精液相似的受精率和孵化率。     

保存和激活对真鲷精子生理特性的影响

就真鲷Pagrosomusmajor的新鲜精子和冷冻保藏精子的活力特性及对环境变化的适应进行了研究。结果表明,真鲷精子在普通冰箱的冷冻室（-15℃）中能存活120h以上;淡水对真鲷精子具有可逆的抑制作用;液氮保存使精子对pH值和盐度变化的适应性更强。     

真鲷精子的超低温保存研究

对真鲷精子超低温保存技术进行了初步探讨，在液氮中保存真鲷（Pagrosomus major)精子时发生冷冻伤害的温域为－30－60℃，适宜的降温速率为20℃／min；使用抗冻剂DMSO的适宜浓度为20％；采用低盐度或高pH值的溶液激活冻精的效果不如自然海水。真鲷冻精的复苏率和存活率最高可达到50．73％和62．5％；以20℃/min和20％DMSO处理真鲷精子，保存在液氮中46d徨冻精复苏率和存活率为50．63％和61．02％。     

赤点石斑鱼精子的超低温冷冻及短期保存

对赤点石斑鱼(Epinephelus akaara)精子的激活特点、超低温冷冻方案筛选、短期保存、受精实验等方面进行了研究。结果表明：水温25℃、比重为1.018的海水对赤点石斑精子具有最佳的激活效果,活力为(82.50±4.18)%;在进行超低温冷冻时,选择距离液氮面7 cm的高度进行降温,获得冻后活力为(65.83±3.76)%,显著高于1、3、15 cm 的处理组(P<0.0001),利用冻存液 B(含30 g/L 海藻糖、10%DMSO 的生理盐水)冻存赤点石斑精子,冻精活力为(67.92±3.96)%,显著高于另外两种冻存液(P<0.05);通过优化的方案(冻存液B,7 cm高度)冻存得到精子可获得较好的受精效果,受精率为(74.55±4.31)%,而相应的鲜精受精率可达(87.42±4.63)%,二者间的差异具有显著性(P=0.017);短期保存的结果表明,赤点石斑鱼精子在4℃环境中保存约两周后活力降低为0。     

大黄鱼(Pseudosciaena crocea)精子冷冻前后的活力及超微结构变化

采用两步降温法超低温冷冻保存大黄鱼精子,并用透射电镜技术研究了精子的超微结构损伤.结果表明,大黄鱼冻精的激活率、运动时间及寿命与鲜精相比无显著差异.鲜精中28.5％的精子形态结构异常,冻精中37％的精子形态结构异常.形态结构正常的精子表现为质膜与核膜结构完整、无膨胀现象,袖套、轴丝及中心粒结构正常,线粒体形态完整、嵴较发达;形态结构异常的精子表现为质膜破裂、脱落,质膜膨胀,核膜破裂、脱落,核局部受损伤,线粒体膨胀、嵴退化或消失,线粒体移位或脱落.结果显示,以Cortland溶液为稀释液,10％ DMSO为抗冻剂,对大黄鱼精子具有较好的抗冻保护作用.     

海湾扇贝精液超低温冷冻保存技术的初步研究

分别采用自然排放和解剖的方式获取海湾扇贝(Argopecten irradians irradians)精液,采用传统的分步降温法,从抗冻保护剂、精液稀释比例、降温程序、解冻温度和精子质量评价等方面探究海湾扇贝精液超低温冷冻保存技术。研究发现,海湾扇贝精子超低温冷冻保存效果最好的方案为:以解剖的方式获取海湾扇贝精液,用浓度20%的二甲基亚砜作为抗冻保护剂,以体积比2∶1与精液混合,控制总体积0.5~1 mL;体系经4℃平衡5 min后,于液氮面以上10cm稳定5min,投入液氮保存;解冻时,体系于30℃水浴中摇动融化。此方案下,精子解冻后活力最高,晃动和游动精子比例达到86.0%。将解冻后的海湾扇贝精子与虾夷扇贝(Patinopecten yessoensis)卵子人工授精,发现虾夷扇贝卵子可以受精并孵化,受精率为21.7%,这证实了此冻存方案的可行性。本研究完善了扇贝精液超低温保存的方法和流程,对于海湾扇贝种质资源保护、跨季杂交育种等研究有参考价值。     

Microbial Biomass and Organic Nutrients in the Deep-Sea Sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification

An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.     

Phylogenetic diversity and phenotypic characterization of cultivable bacterioplankton isolated from polar oceans

A set of 27 marine planktonic bacteria isolated from the polar regions was characterized by 16S rDNA sequencing and physiological and biochemical testing. More than half of these bacteria were positive for caseinase, gelatinase and 13-glucosidase, and could utilize glucose, maltose or malic acid as carbon source for cell growth. Twelve isolates expressed nitrate reduction activities. Except for one antarctic isolate BSwlO175 belonging to Actinobacteria phylum, these isolates were classified as γ-Proteobacteria, suggesting that γ-Proteobacteria dominated in cultivable marine bacterioplankton at both poles. Genus Pseudoalteromonas was the predominant group in the Chukchi Sea and the Bering Sea, and genus ShewaneUa dominated in cultivable bacterioplankton in the Prydz Bay. With sequence similarities above 97%, genus Psychrobacter was found at both poles. These 27 isolates were psychrotolerant, and significant 16S rDNA sequence similarities were found not only between arctic and antarctic marine bacteria （ 〉 99% ）, but also between polar marine bacteria and bacteria from other aquatic environments （ ≥ 98.8% ）, including temperate ocean, deep sea, pond and lake, suggesting that in the polar oceans less temperature-sensitive bacteria may be cosmopolitan and have a bipolar, even global, distribution at the species level.     

Deep-Sea Sediment Compression Curves: Some Controlling Factors, Spurious Overconsolidation, Predictions, and Geophysical Reproduction

Oedometer tests have been carried out on 70 undisturbed surficial clays (at approximately 250 mm below the mudline), mostly collected by free-fall corers from sites widely scattered throughout the deep-sea North Atlantic. Acoustic measurements were also made, initially on contiguous samples and ultimately on the same sample using a geophysically instrumented oedometer which also collected electrical resistivity data. Apart from those quiescent areas below the carbonate compensation depth, such as north of the West Indies where very fine clays exist, most of the samples are silty clays whose geotechnical-geophysical properties are dependent on the type of clay minerals present (and their ability to take in moisture), the sand-size fraction, and the quantity of carbonate present. Thus the pure clays have high compressibilities which decrease on the addition of coarse particles, while the converse is true for the acoustic parameters, these increasing with the sand fraction. Using the notion of the intrinsic compression line for all samples, and comparison to it of the measured compression curves, it is clear that, contrary to some previously held ideas, most deep-sea clays are normally consolidated; the addition of carbonate has the effect of creating an open, stronger sediment skeleton. Interestingly, where information is available, the variation with depth of a sample's acoustic velocity follows the void ratio pressure relationship of the compression curve. This allows the construction of an in-situ sediment compression curve using the in-situ geophysical observations.     

INFORMATION FOR AUTHORS

<正>Acta Oceanologica Sinica(AOS)is a comprehensive academic journal edited by the Editorial Committee of Acta Oceanologica Sinica and is designed to provide a forum for important research papers of the marine scientific community which reflect the information on a worldwide basis.The journal publishes scholarly papers on marine science and technology,including physics,chemistry,biology,     

Evaluation of the Risk of Marine Slope Instability: A Pseudo-3D Approach for Application to Large Areas

This article presents a methodology developed to evaluate the instability of submarine slopes that extend over a large area. Special attention was paid to (1) the complex geometry (bathymetry) and the expanse of the slope, (2) the heterogeneity of the sediment, and (3) the distribution of the pore pressure. The safety factor was considered as a spatially varying quantity. The General Formulation (GLE, Fredlund and Krahn 1977), which fully satisfies equilibrium conditions, was used for evaluating the stability of the marine slope. The submarine slope failure, which occurred on 16 October 1979 during the construction of the new Nice airport, was studied in order to test the developed model. Geotechnical parameters were taken from experimental tests carried out by IFREMER on 19 cores extracted at different depths (from 27 m to 1300 m) (Cochonat, Bourillet, and Savoye, 1993; Mulder et al., 1994). Many scenarios were proposed in order to explain the cause of the Nice slope failure (Habib, 1994). In this article, two of those scenarios were tested. Simulation results are presented and discussed.