Chemistry and Sulfur Isotopes in a Chert-dominant Sequence around the Stratiform Manganese Deposit of the Noda-Tamagawa Mine, Northern Kitakami Terrane, Northeast Japan: Implication for Paleoceanographic Environmental Setting

Abstract. Chemistry and sulfur isotopes are analyzed for a series of rocks in the chert‐dominant sequence around the stratiform manganese ore deposit of the Noda‐Tamagawa mine in the northern Kitakami Terrane, northeast Japan. The sequence is litholog‐ically classified into six units in ascending order: lower bedded chert, lower black shale, massive chert, manganese ore, upper black shale, and upper bedded chert. The rocks around the manganese ore deposit exhibit anomalous enrichment in Ni (max. 337 ppm), Zn (102) and U (30) in the upper part of lower bedded chert, Mo (122), Tl (79) and Pb (33) in the lower black shale, MnO, Cu (786) and Co (62) in the manganese ore, and As (247) and Sb (17) in the upper black shale. The aluminum‐normalized profiles reveal zonal enrichment of redox‐sensitive elements around the manganese bed: Zn‐Ni‐Fe‐Mo‐U(‐Co), Tl‐Pb(‐Mo), Mn‐Fe‐Cu‐V‐Cr‐Co(‐Zn) and As‐Sb in ascending order. The uppermost part of the lower bedded chert and black shale exhibit negative Ce/Ce* values, whereas the massive chert, manganese ore and lower part of the upper bedded chert display positive values. The isotopic δ³⁴S values are 0±6 % in the lower part of the lower bedded chert, ‐19 to ‐42 % in the upper part of the lower bedded chert, ‐36 to ‐42 % in the lower black shale, ‐28 to ‐35 % in the massive chert, manganese ore and upper black shale, and ‐23±5 % in the upper bedded chert. Thus, there is a marked negative shift in δ³⁴S values in the lower bedded chert, and an upward‐increasing trend in δ³⁴S through the manganese ore horizon. The present data provide evidence for a change in the paleoceanographic environmental resulting from inflow of oxic deepwater into the stagnant anoxic ocean floor below the manganese ore horizon. This event is likely to have triggered the precipitation of manganese oxyhydroxides. The redistribution of redox‐sensitive elements through the formation of metalliferous black shale and manganese carbonate ore may have occurred in association with bacterial decomposition of organic matter during early diagenesis of initial manganese oxyhydroxides.     

Chemical Composition of Ores from the Takara Volcanogenic Massive Sulfide Deposit, Central Japan

Abstract. The Takara volcanogenic massive sulfide (VMS) deposit occurs in Miocene formation of the Misaka Mountain, the South Fossa Magna region, central Japan. The tectonic setting of the Misaka Mountain is reconstructed to be a part of the paleo Izu-Ogasawara arc which collided with the Honshu arc and to form accreted body in the present position. The Takara deposit, therefore, is considered to have formed in the paleo Izu-Ogasawara arc.
The ores from the Takara deposit are classified into pyrite-type ore, chalcopyrite-type ore, and sphalerite-type ore on the basis of chemical composition and their mineral assemblages. Some pyrite-type ores are characterized by their high Au content. The Au content is hardly recognized in the chalcopyrite-type and sphalerite-type ores.
The ores from the Takara deposit have intermediate bulk chemical composition between those from the Besshi-type deposits and the Kuroko-type deposits that are two representative VMS deposits. However, the bulk chemical composition is closer to that from the Kuroko-type deposits. And moreover, chemical composition of tetrahedrite-tennantite series minerals (tetrahedrite) is similar to that from the Kuroko-type deposits. The bulk chemical composition (Cu, Zn, Co, Pb, and As contents) of ores is affected by the chemical composition of volcanic rocks associated with VMS deposits.     

西太平洋冲绳海槽烟囱硫化物矿床矿石化学特征与分带型式

西太平洋冲绳海槽烟囱式硫化物矿床分布于琉球弧后扩张盆地、产于尹是名洼陷盆地（深１４００ｍ），其特征与日本黑矿类似。硫化物矿石及烟囱主要有３种化学类型：Ｐｂ－Ｚｎ－Ｂａ型、Ｚｎ－Ｐｂ型和Ｃｕ－Ｚｎ型，三者分别代表温度不断升高的热液体系的早、中、晚３个成矿阶段产物，其中，Ｐｂ－Ｚｎ－Ｂａ矿石及烟囱形成于高ｆｏ２环境和高流速、低温、富Ｐｂ、Ｚｎ、Ｂａ热液体系，Ｃｕ－Ｚｎ矿石及烟囱形成于低流速、高温、富Ｃｕ热液体系，Ｚｎ－Ｐｂ矿石则介于其间。硫化物烟囱显示明显的矿物－化学分带。在Ｐｂ－Ｚｎ－Ｂａ矿石（烟囱），Ｚｎ、Ｃｄ集中于烟囱中央，Ｂａ、Ｆｅ、Ａｓ、Ｓｂ、Ａｇ、Ｐｂ集中于烟囱外带，Ｃｕ则富集于烟囱中外部。在Ｃｕ－Ｚｎ矿石，Ａｓ、Ｓｂ、Ｆｅ、Ａｇ、Ａｕ仍富集于烟囱外带，Ｃｕ、Ｚｎ、Ｐｂ则在烟囱中央富集。依此元素化学分带型式，建立了古代黑矿硫化物矿体分带与硫化物堆积模式。     

蛇纹岩化对洋中脊超基性岩热液硫化物成矿的影响:来自青藏高原德尔尼铜矿床的启示

洋中脊超基性岩热液成矿系统通常与洋底核杂岩构造有关,多发育大型矿床,具有巨大的资源前景。然而,受大洋调查取样手段的限制,超基性岩蛇纹岩化对成矿的影响仍需进一步研究。德尔尼铜矿床是地质历史上该类矿床的典型案例,对于理解其成矿模式,以及大洋硫化物勘探具有指导意义。本文选取德尔尼铜矿床块状硫化物样品进行黄铁矿的S同位素分析,结果表明其δ³⁴S值主要分布在-0.4‰～+6.3‰。结合前人研究发现,形成于深部网脉状、条带状矿石中的δ³⁴S值为负值,而经历表层喷流和破碎作用的块状和角砾状矿石中的δ³⁴S值为正值,二者呈对称分布,这主要是由于还原条件下岩浆排气产生的SO_2和H_2S动态平衡并逐渐沉淀S^2-,表明蛇纹岩化提供的还原环境对热液系统演化产生了重要影响。然而,磁黄铁矿和矿床Ni的分布指示成矿物质中超基性岩的贡献较小,主要物质来源是洋中脊深部的基性岩浆,通过热液循环将物质运移至海底并喷流成矿。对比现今超基性岩赋矿的高温热液硫化物矿床,德尔尼铜矿床形成温度更低,代表了超基性岩赋矿热液硫化物中的中温端元,表明在距离拆离面一定距离(约2～4km)的位置也可能形成大型的热液硫化物矿床,这对于现今洋中脊热液硫化物勘探具有一定的指导意义。     

吉林红旗岭富家矿床矿石矿物化学和硫同位素特征——对铜镍硫化物矿床成因及成矿过程的约束

本文对吉林红旗岭富家矿床中的矿石矿物进行了系统的矿物化学和硫同位素研究.矿石矿物共生组合主要为磁黄铁矿(Po)-镍黄铁矿(Pn)-黄铜矿(Cp)-黄铁矿(Py),其中Po有单斜磁黄铁矿(Mpo)、六方磁黄铁矿(Hpo)和六方陨硫铁(Tr)相之分,并以Mpo(低温相)为主;Pn有Pn(1)→Pn(2)→Pn(3)的演化趋势;Py有Py(1)→Py(2)→Py(3)→Py(4),均为同一矿化期的不同世代的产物.利用Py-Po矿物对计算出矿石矿物的结晶温度介于500~300℃之间,大致结晶顺序为Pn→Po→Cp→Py.硫同位素特征表明,δ34S值变化较小,介于-4.70‰~+2.40‰之间,δ34S值呈塔式分布,集中分布于-2.5‰~ +2.5‰之间,δ34s值略高于地幔硫(0±2‰),并有δ345Po>δ34S硫化物>δ34SPy的特征,表明硫来源于地幔,仅有微弱的地壳物质混染,且成矿熔体中硫已达到平衡.结合野外矿体特征和矿石组构特征,富家矿床的成矿物质来源于上地幔;成矿作用方式以岩浆熔离作用为主,兼具岩浆期后热液叠加成矿作用;矿床为通道式成矿,属于深部熔离-贯入式成因.     

Chemical Profiles across a Jurassic Stratiform Manganese Deposit at Katsuyama in the Mino Terrane of Central Japan: Implications for Depositional Environment, Diagenetic Metal Redistribution and Paleoceanography

Abstract. Inorganic chemical compositions are determined for a series of rocks crossing an Early Jurassic stratiform manganese ore deposit in a chert‐dominant sequence at Katsuyama, in the Mino Terrane of central Japan. The lithology in the vicinity of the manganese ore bed is classified into lower bedded chert, black shale, massive chert, manganese ore and upper bedded chert, in ascending order. The rocks surrounding the manganese deposit are anomalously high in certain elements: Pb (max. 29 ppm), Ni (1140) and Co (336) in the lower bedded chert, Mo (438), As (149), Tl (29) and U (12) in the black shales, V (210) and Cr (87) in the massive chert, and MnO and W (24) in the manganese ore. The aluminum‐normalized profiles reveal a distinct zonation of redox‐sensitive elements: Pb‐Zn, Ni‐Co‐Cu(‐Zn) and U‐Cr in the lower bedded chert, Mo‐As‐Tl in the black shale, V(‐Cr) in the massive chert, and Mn‐Fe‐Ba‐W in the manganese ore, in ascending order. The lower and upper bedded cherts and manganese ore generally exhibit flat rare earth element patterns with positive Ce anomalies, whereas the uppermost part of the lower bedded chert, the black shale and massive chert have flat patterns with weak or nonexistent negative Ce anomalies and weak positive Eu anomalies. The strong enrichment in Ni, Co, W, Tl and As detected in the Katsuyama section is not recognized in other sediments, including those of anoxic deposition origin, but is identified in modern ferromanganese nodules, suggesting that metal enrichment in the Katsuyama section is essentially due to the formation of ferromanganese nodules rather than to deposition in an anoxic environment. The observed elemental zonation is well explained by equilibrium calculations, reflecting early diagenetic formation and associated gradual reduction with depth. The concentration profiles in combination with litho‐ and biostratigraphical features suggest that formation of these bedded manganese deposits was triggered by an influx of warm, saline and oxic water into a stagnant deep ocean floor basin in Panthalassa at the end of the middle Early Jurassic. Paleoceanographic environmental controls thus appear to be important factors in the formation and preservation of this type of stratiform manganese deposit.     

云南白马寨Cu-Ni硫化物矿微量和铂族元素地球化学和矿床成因意义

利用锍镍试金富集-等离子体质谱(ICP-MS)测定法较系统分析了云南白马寨主要Cu-Ni硫化物矿石和主要围岩的PGE、Au、Cu和Ni含量,发现PGE含量均较低,其中块状硫化物矿石的∑PGE为78.2×10-9～556×10-9,橄榄辉石岩为0.472×10-9～67.0 ×10-9,辉长岩为0.847×10-9,二辉岩为0.76×10-9～0.809 ×10-9.后期煌斑岩的PGE也很低(2.98×10-9～4.07×10-9).各类矿石和围岩中∑PGE与Au, Ni与Cu之间呈明显的正相关关系.各类矿石的PGE原始地幔标准化曲线和Pt/Pd和Cu/Pd值与其各主要围岩非常相似,说明该矿Cu-Ni硫化物矿石为岩浆成因,且与围岩有成因上的联系.矿石和围岩较高的Pt/Pd值(平均0.83)显示其主要形成于单独的硫化物饱和事件,矿石中较高的Ir (0.77×10-9～5.52×10-9, 平均2.35×10-9)和Pd/Ir值 (4.76～296,平均138)显示硫化物矿石可能受到后期强烈的热液蚀变.白马寨硫化物矿石较高的187Os/188Os 初始值(0.456± 0.026)显示地壳物质的加入是成矿的重要因素.计算显示该矿硫化物矿石中地壳来源Os超过30%.     

Geochemistry of Sulfide Chimneys and Basement Pillow Lavas at the Southern Mariana Trough (12.55°N–12.58°N)

Three submarine hydrothermal sites (Snail, Y and Pika sites) in the southern Mariana area were investigated to clarify the geochemical difference between off-axis and on-axis submarine hydrothermal activities and volcanic rocks. The Snail and Y sites are located on the axis of the spreading ridge, and the Pika site is located on the off-axis region. Low-temperature venting of submarine hydrothermal fluids was observed at the Snail and Y sites. High-temperature black smoker activities were found at the Pika site. For further geochemical study, sulfide chimneys and mounds were collected from each site by manned submersible Shinkai 6500 . Basement short drill cores of volcanic rocks and sulfides were also obtained from the Snail and Pika sites using a multi-coring system. All drilled pillow lavas were tholeiitic andesite with a narrow range of chemical variation. Significant enrichments of Rb, Ba and Th were absent in both on-axis (Y and Snail sites) and off-axis (Pika site) samples, suggesting the least incorporation of subducting sediments to the magmatic system. Concentrations of Au and Ag in the sulfide chimney were within the range of massive sulfides at the mid-ocean ridge rather than typical arc-type massive sulfides. It is found that sulfur isotope compositions of sulfides were different between the on-axis and off-axis samples: on-axis samples had heavy δ³⁴S (+2.9–+8.7‰) and off-axis samples (–0.3 to +3.8‰) were similar to the local magmatic value. Such a regional difference probably results from changes of deep hydrothermal processes during the water–rock interaction rather than differences in tectonic settings.     

北祁连清水沟-白柳沟矿田块状硫化物矿床成矿特征及找矿方向

主要通过清水沟-白柳沟矿田与白银厂矿田的火山岩成分、微量元素特征成矿蚀变特征、地质特征等综合分析和对比研究,从块状硫化物矿床成矿系列角度,分析和讨论了清水沟-白柳沟矿田与典型的白银厂矿田的某些相似性或可比性,以期指出清水沟-自柳沟-带进一步找矿的潜力和远景地段。结果表明,2矿田无论是在成矿时代、赋矿岩石组合方面,还是在火山机构和成矿特征等方面皆有一定的可比性。由此提出在清水沟-白柳沟地区还有发现白银厂式块状硫化物矿床的潜力,并提出尕大坂是最具找矿潜力的远景区,值得进一步投人勘查工作。     

Geology and Geochemistry of Highly Metamorphosed Footwall Alteration Zones in the Hongtoushan Volcanogenic Massive Sulfide Deposit,Liaoning Province,China

The Hongtoushan Archean Cu–Zn volcanogenic massive sulfide (VMS) deposit, which was metamorphosed (3.0–2.8 Ga) to upper amphibolite facies at temperatures between 600 and 650°C, occurs in the Hunbei granite–greenstone terrane, Liaoning Province of NE China. Stratiform cordierite–anthophyllite gneiss (CAG) that occurs hundreds of meters below the ore horizon in the Hongtoushan district corresponds to the metamorphosed semi‐conformable alteration zone of the VMS hydrothermal system, whereas the CAG that contains abundant deformed sulfide‐bearing quartz veins immediately below the main ore layer represents the metamorphosed discordant alteration zone. Whole‐rock geochemistry indicates that stratiform CAG was derived ultimately from five lithologies (basalt, basaltic andesite, andesite, dacite, and rhyolite), while discordant CAG derived from a single lithology (rhyolite). Amphibolite and biotite‐rich gneiss are identified as a metamorphosed least‐altered precursor for these CAGs. Mass change calculation indicates that, compared to the least‐altered rocks, stratiform CAG is enriched in Fe and Mg, and depleted in Na, K, Ca, Cu, Pb and Zn, while discordant CAG is enriched in Fe, Mg, Si, Na, Pb, Cu and Zn, and depleted in K. HREE and HFSE (Zr, Ti, Nb and Ta) behaved inertly during submarine alteration, whereas Rb, Sr, Ba and LREE (especially Eu) were leached off. Both stratiform and discordant CAGs are depleted in ¹⁸O, with values up to 7‰ lower than their corresponding least‐altered precursors. Addition of Fe, Mg, and depletion of Ca, K, Sr, and ¹⁸O, indicate that hydrothermal alteration for both types of CAGs was characterized by chloritization prior to metamorphism. Stratiform CAG could be used to evaluate the mineralization potential of VMS in metamorphic terranes, while discordant CAG containing sulfide‐bearing quartz veins could be a good indication for overlying stratiform massive sulfide ores as well as an exploration target itself.     

闽中裂谷块状硫化物型铅锌矿床的地质特征及找矿意义

中-新元古代闽中地区铅锌多金属矿床形成的古构造环境、主要矿床地质特征及矿床成因研究是了解华夏古陆前寒武纪构造成矿演化及进一步找矿的关键。地层层序及岩相学研究表明闽中地区马面山群东岩组并不是一次火山旋回的产物,而是经历了至少3期双峰式火山作用。地球化学研究表明赋矿地层东岩组的原岩属海相细碧-石英角斑质火山岩系,形成于中-新元古代的大陆裂谷环境。典型矿床地质研究表明闽中地区在新元古代形成海底火山喷流沉积块状硫化物铅锌矿床（或矿胚层）,燕山晚期受到了强烈的构造及岩浆热液的叠加改造,并形成一定规模的矿床。在此基础上初步探讨了中-新元古代古裂谷环境与块状硫化物矿床形成的成因联系。根据闽中地区铅锌矿床的主要特征、找矿方法的分析,总结了该类矿床的找矿标志,并对该区的找矿前景进行了初步分析。     

阿舍勒铜锌块状硫化物矿床地质特征和成因

阿舍勒矿床与早－中泥盆世双峰式火山活动有着成因联系，产于火山洼地中，它在喷气－沉积阶段形成，后又细历了变质改造和岩浆热液叠加。矿床具有双层结构，很好的矿化分带和刨变分带。成矿流体的温度，压力和酸碱度等物理化学条件变化引起了围岩蚀变和矿石堆积，在海底界面上下形成了具有成因联系的两套矿化。     

青海赛什塘铜矿床辉钼矿Re-Os年代学及硫同位素地球化学研究

赛什塘铜矿位于东昆仑多金属成矿带最东端的鄂拉山地区,是青海省重要的矽卡岩型铜矿床之一。本文首次对矽卡岩中的辉钼矿进行了Re-Os定年研究,结合最新获得的不同类型矿石中硫化物硫同位素数据,讨论了成矿时代、矿床成因及成矿动力学背景。结果表明,5件辉钼矿Re-Os等时线年龄为224.5±1.8Ma(MSWD=0.15),加权平均年龄为223.4±1.5Ma(MSWD=0.65),指示成矿作用发生于晚三叠世;14件硫化物硫同位素δ34SV-CDT值介于-4.6‰~1‰,平均-1.73‰,显示硫主要来源于深源岩浆。赛什塘铜矿床的成矿作用与晚三叠世岩浆活动密切相关,结合矿床地质特征认为其属于典型的矽卡岩型矿床。综合东昆仑带内铜多金属矿床已有年代学资料及区域构造的演化特征,认为鄂拉山地区与东昆仑西段祁漫塔格地区的铜多金属矿床形成于相似的地球动力学背景下,赛什塘铜矿床的形成与古特提斯构造的演化过程中兴海小洋盆闭合后产生的后碰撞背景有关。     

Sulfur Isotopic Study of the Toyoha Deposit, Hokkaido, Japan Comparison between the Earlier-Stage and the Later-Stage Veins

Abstract: The sulfur isotopic ratios (δ³⁴S) of ore minerals from the Toyoha deposit, Hokkaido, one of the largest Pb–Zn–Ag polymetallic vein-type deposits in Japan, were studied. More than 90% of the δ³⁴S values of the studied sulfide minerals collected from the Toyoha deposit range from +5 to +9%, with an average of approximately +7% irrespective of the mineral species, veins, elevations, depth, mineralization stages and mineral assemblages. Relatively uniform δ³⁴S values obtained in this study suggest that the reduced aqueous sulfur species predominated over the oxidized sulfur in the ore solution throughout the mineralization stages. Thus, the source of sulfur for the ore sulfides is postulated to be magmatic.
The temperature obtained from the fluid inclusion study and the temperature of the sulfur isotopic geothermometer are not consistent. This suggests that each mineral precipitated under disequilibrated conditions with respect to the sulfur isotope.
The change in redox conditions presumably encountered between the mineralization stages did not account for the isotopic fluctuations since the isotopic exchanges between the oxidized and reduced aqueous sulfurs are much slower than the rate of oxidation of the ore solution.     

Sulfur Isotope Study of Precambrian Basement and Mesozoic Intrusive Rocks in the Southwestern Part of Ryeongnam Massif, Korea

Abstract. Isotope composition of whole rock sulfur has been measured on 14 schists, 10 gneisses, 7 gabbroids, 7 granitoids and 2 sedimentary rocks, with of 9 sulfide (pyrite) sulfurs in gabbros and granitoids, from the southwestern part of the Ryeongnam Massif, Korea. The δ³⁴S values of schists range from -4.6 to +6.1 % (average +0.9 %), those of gneisses from -4.0 to +0.8 % (-1.9%), those of gabbroids from -2.3 to +3.7 % (+1.0 %), and those of granitoids from -5.9 to +3.2 % (-1.9 %). The δ³⁴S values of pyrite separated from gabbros and granitoids show rather heavier values ranging from +3.1 to +9.4 % with an average of+5.8%.
Though the δ³⁴S values of whole rock sulfur give wide range of -5.9 to +6.1 %, the average of about -0.5 % is close to the mantle value. The granitoids sampled at the central parts of intrusive bodies or at the contacts with other plutonic rocks tend to show positive values, while those sampled near the boundary with basement rocks such as granitic gneiss and por-phyroblastic gneiss show negative values. Though the reason of this tendency is not clear at present, the δ³⁴S values of some granitoids in this area seem to represent possible influence by the assimilation of country rocks, particularly of gneisses.
Average isotopic compositions of ore sulfur from individual metal deposits in the studied area are summarized to have a range of+1.0 to +7.8 % with an average value of+3.2 %. The values are consistent with the previous finding that the ore sulfur isotopic values of the Ryeongnam Massif are the lowest among the four tectonic belts in Korea; Gyeonggi Massif, Ogcheon Belt, Ryeongnam Massif, and Gyeongsang Basin. This feature may reflect the isotopic compositions of plutonic rocks and basements in this area, which are characterized by relatively low values around zero permil.     

闽中梅仙铅锌多金属矿区S、Pb同位素组成及对成矿物质的示踪:以丁家山和峰岩铅锌多金属矿为例

闽中梅仙铅锌多金属矿产于中—新元古代"变质基底天窗"绿片岩系中,目前对其成矿物质来源、矿床成因认识不一。对该矿区的丁家山和峰岩铅锌多金属矿床主成矿期的闪锌矿和方铅矿等金属硫化物进行S、Pb同位素分析,结果表明:丁家山和峰岩矿床的硫、铅同位素组成基本一致,其金属硫化物的δ³⁴S值分别为0.4‰～5.0‰和1.8‰～4.2‰,平均值则分别为2.66‰和2.88‰,表明硫为幔源硫。金属硫化物的铅同位素组成²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb、²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁴Pb和²⁰⁸Pb/²⁰⁴Pb值则分别为18.326～18.496和18.378～18.646、15.658～15.817和15.619～15.746、38.724～39.257和38.365～39.009,平均值则分别为18.388和18.447、15.705和15.700、38.880和38.823,表明2矿床铅均为壳幔混合源铅。综合硫、铅同位素分析结果,认为丁家山和峰岩铅锌多金属矿床成矿物质主要...     

豫西骆驼山硫多金属矿床纹层状矿石硫化物Rb-Sr定年及S同位素组成对矿床成因的制约

已有研究在骆驼山硫多金属矿床成因方面存在较大争议,争论的焦点在于该矿床是否形成于中—新元古代的喷流沉积成矿作用。纹层状矿石曾被认为是喷流沉积成因矿床的重要证据之一,但也可能为热液交代成因。厘定骆驼山硫多金属矿床纹层状矿石的成矿时代和成矿物质来源是解决争议最为直接有效的途径。通过详细的野外地质观察,该型矿石在空间上主要产于矽卡岩与致密块状硫化物矿石之间,在透辉石长英角岩、矽卡岩及大理岩等围岩中也有分布,这种构造通常由不同金属矿物的纹层相间排列,以及金属矿物纹层与围岩纹层相间排列而成,地质特征表明纹层状矿石交代了矽卡岩。采用硫化物Rb-Sr同位素定年法对9件纹层状构造发育的硫化物样品(6件闪锌矿和3件磁黄铁矿)进行成矿年龄测定,获得闪锌矿和磁黄铁矿的等时线年龄为139.6±2.6Ma,表明骆驼山硫多金属矿床形成于早白垩世。纹层状矿石样品的S和Sr同位素测试结果表明,矿石的δ~(34)S值为+1.7‰~+3.3‰(平均值为+2.44‰),塔式分布特征明显;Sr同位素初始比值(~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr)i介于0.709704~0.709943之间,平均值为0.709823,二者均反映骆驼山硫多金属矿床的成矿物质主要来自下地壳的深源岩浆。综上分析,结合野外地质调查和室内显微镜下观察,认为纹层状矿石是中生代岩浆热液成因,而非中—新元古代喷流沉积成因,进而表明骆驼山硫多金属矿床应属岩浆热液交代成因的矽卡岩型矿床。该结果对于今后在该矿集区乃至整个豫西地区寻找类似的硫多金属矿床具有一定的理论指导意义。     

Hydrogen, Oxygen and Sulfur Isotope Studies of Seafloor Hydrothermal System at the Desmos Caldera, Manus Back-arc Basin, Papua New Guinea: An Analogue of Terrestrial Acid Hot Crater-lake

Abstract. The Onsen site is an active submarine hydrothermal system hosted by the Desmos caldera in the Eastern Manus Basin, Papua New Guinea. The hydrothermal fluid is very acidic (pH=1.5) and abundant native sulfur is deposited around the vent. The δ³⁴S values of native sulfur range from -6.5 to -9.3 %o. δ³⁴S values of H₂S and SO₄ in the hydrothermal fluid are -4.3 to -9.9 %o and +18.6 to +20.0 %o, respectively. These δ³⁴S values are significantly lower than those of the other hydrothermal systems so far reported. These low δ³⁴S values and the acidic nature of the vent fluids suggest that volcanic SO₂ gas plays an important role on the sulfur isotope systematic of the Onsen hydrothermal system. Relationship among the δ³⁴S values of S-bearing species can be successively explained by the model based on the disproportionation reaction starting from the volcanic SO₂ gas. The predicted δ³⁴S values of SO₂ agree with the measured whole rock δ³⁴S values. δD and δ¹⁸O values of clay minerals separated from the altered rock samples also suggest the contribution of the magmatic fluid to the hydrothermal system. Present stable isotopic study strongly suggests that the Onsen hydrothermal site in the Desmos caldera is a magmatic submarine hydrothermal system.     

Fluid Inclusions and Hydrogen,Oxygen, Sulfur Isotopes of Nuri Cu‐W‐Mo Deposit in the Southern Gangdese,Tibet

The Nuri Cu‐W‐Mo deposit is located in the southern subzone of the Cenozoic Gangdese Cu‐Mo metallogenic belt. The intrusive rocks exposed in the Nuri ore district consist of quartz diorite, granodiorite, monzogranite, granite porphyry, quartz diorite porphyrite and granodiorite porphyry, all of which intrude in the Cretaceous strata of the Bima Group. Owing to the intense metasomatism and hydrothermal alteration, carbonate rocks of the Bima Group form stratiform skarn and hornfels. The mineralization at the Nuri deposit is dominated by skarn, quartz vein and porphyry type. Ore minerals are chalcopyrite, pyrite, molybdenite, scheelite, bornite and tetrahedrite, etc. The oxidized orebodies contain malachite and covellite on the surface. The mineralization of the Nuri deposit is divided into skarn stage, retrograde stage, oxide stage, quartz‐polymetallic sulfide stage and quartz‐carbonate stage. Detailed petrographic observation on the fluid inclusions in garnet, scheelite and quartz from the different stages shows that there are four types of primary fluid inclusions: two‐phase aqueous inclusions, daughter mineral‐bearing multiphase inclusions, CO₂‐rich inclusions and single‐phase inclusions. The homogenization temperature of the fluid inclusions are 280°C–386°C (skarn stage), 200°C–340°C (oxide stage), 140°C–375°C (quartz‐polymetallic sulfide stage) and 160°C–280°C (quartz‐carbonate stage), showing a temperature decreasing trend from the skarn stage to the quartz‐carbonate stage. The salinity of the corresponding stages are 2.9%–49.7 wt% (NaCl) equiv., 2.1%–7.2 wt% (NaCl) equiv._, 2.6%–55.8 wt% (NaCl) equiv. and 1.2%–15.3 wt% (NaCl) equiv., respectively. The analyses of CO₂‐rich inclusions suggest that the ore‐forming pressures are 22.1 M Pa–50.4 M Pa, corresponding to the depth of 0.9 km–2.2 km. The Laser Raman spectrum of the inclusions shows the fluid compositions are dominated in H₂O, with some CO₂ and very little CH₄, N₂, etc. δD values of garnet are between ?114.4‰ and ?108.7‰ and δ¹⁸O_H2O between 5.9‰ and 6.7‰; δD of scheelite range from ?103.2‰ to ?101.29‰ and δ¹⁸O_H2O values between 2.17‰ and 4.09‰; δD of quartz between ?110.2‰ and ?92.5‰ and δ¹⁸O_H2O between ?3.5‰ and 4.3‰. The results indicate that the fluid came from a deep magmatic hydrothermal system, and the proportion of meteoric water increased during the migration of original fluid. The δ³⁴S values of sulfides, concentrated in a rage between ?0.32‰ to 2.5‰, show that the sulfur has a homogeneous source with characteristics of magmatic sulfur. The characters of fluid inclusions, combined with hydrogen‐oxygen and sulfur isotopes data, show that the ore‐forming fluids of the Nuri deposit formed by a relatively high temperature, high salinity fluid originated from magma, which mixed with low temperature, low salinity meteoric water during the evolution. The fluid flow through wall carbonate rocks resulted in the formation of layered skarn and generated CO₂ or other gases. During the reaction, the ore‐forming fluid boiled and produced fractures when the pressure exceeded the overburden pressure. Themeteoric water mixed with the ore‐forming fluid along the fractures. The boiling changed the pressure and temperature, oxygen fugacity, physical and chemical conditions of the whole mineralization system. The escape of CO₂ from the fluid by boiling resulted in scheelite precipitation. The fluid mixing and boiling reduced the solubility of metal sulfides and led the precipitation of chalcopyrite, molybdenite, pyrite and other sulfide.     

陕西旬阳地区小河金矿硫铅同位素组成及地质意义

小河金矿是近年来在南秦岭中带发现的中型金矿床,矿石类型为微细浸染型,矿床受地层和构造双重控制。在野外工作基础上,根据矿物组合及穿插关系划分了4个成矿阶段:Ⅰ,成矿早期少硫化物石英脉成矿阶段;Ⅱ,石英脉、黄铁矿、毒砂成矿主阶段;Ⅲ,石英脉-多金属硫化物成矿主阶段;Ⅳ,方解石、石英脉成矿晚阶段。其中Ⅱ、Ⅲ阶段是主要金矿化阶段。不同阶段样品的原位硫同位素结果显示:成矿早阶段石英脉期的黄铁矿δ³⁴S值为20.80‰~25.77‰,均值为23.59‰;主成矿期II阶段中黄铁矿、毒砂δ³⁴S值为15.46‰~19.12‰,均值为17.5‰;主成矿期Ⅲ阶段中方铅矿、闪锌矿δ³⁴S值为11.35‰~16.78‰,均值为13.88‰。硫同位素特征指示硫以沉积硫为主,成矿过程可能存在低δ³⁴S值热液的持续加入。金属硫化物Pb同位素测试结果显示²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb为17.882 1~18.367 4,²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁴Pb为15.614 0~15.674 1,²⁰⁸Pb/²⁰⁴Pb为38.016 3~38.934 2,指示小河金矿铅主要源于地壳,同时伴随幔源铅的混入。综合矿床地质特征及硫、铅同位素地球化学特征,认为小河金矿成矿过程可能存在流体混合作用。