井眼轨道的软着陆设计模型的改进解法

井眼轨道的软着陆设计模型的求解可以归结为一个七元非线性方程组的求解问题。前人给出了数值迭代求解算法,然而并没有证明该迭代算法的收敛性,并且该算法是否收敛严重依赖于用户给出的迭代初始值。通过一系列的消元、化简的数学技巧,将七元非线性方程组化简为一元多项式方程,并在此基础上给出了软着陆设计模型的一个新算法。理论分析和实际算例表明,新算法的主要计算工作量是求多项式方程的非负实数根,其他未知数与实数根是简单的函数关系,计算量很小。新算法克服了迭代算法的初值依赖性以及迭代过程可能发散等缺陷,并且在设计模型有多个解的情况下,可以同时求出这些解。     

二维圆弧型井眼轨道设计问题的通解

二维圆弧型井眼轨道是常规定向井、水平井轨道设计优先考虑的剖面类型,应用比较广泛。但是由于井段组合形式很多,并且对于同一种井段组合还有很多种未知数求解组合,推导每种井段组合和求解组合情况下的解的计算公式的工作非常繁重和复杂。研究了任意井段组合和任意求解组合的通解问题,发现井眼轨道设计问题的约束方程组可以化归成线性代数方程组或者4种典型方程组之一;得到了4种典型方程组的实数解的计算公式,并给出了有实数解的判别条件。对于二维圆弧型井眼轨道设计问题的基础理论研究和计算机软件开发都有重要的意义。     

用数值拉普拉斯逆变换方法分析泰斯问题

运用数值Laplace逆变换算法,分析了传统的定流量抽水问题。分别求出了考虑井孔半径及井孔贮存情况下的数值解,并与Theis解进行了对比。结果表明当井孔半径较大、含水层贮水系数较小、导水性较弱时,Theis公式不能确切地描述井孔及其邻近含水层中的降深。在井壁处的数值解还提供了一种利用抽水井降深资料求含水层参数的可能性。     

直-增-稳剖面设计问题的解析解

使用无量纲化方法对设计方程组进行了改写,新的无量纲化设计方程组有利于充分利用三角函数公式求解析解,所得到的解析解计算公式具有简洁的数学形式。将设计方程组求解问题分成两类,对于已知最大井斜角的第Ⅰ类问题,使用线性代数解方程组的克莱默法则直接就可以得出解析解。最大井斜角为未知数的第Ⅱ类问题,使用三角函数公式进行化简,得到形式简单、统一的解析解公式,避免了使用半角公式所带来的解析解计算公式的复杂性。所使用无量纲化方法具有一定的普适性,可以用于解决其他类型的二维剖面设计问题。     

第二类越补非稳定流水文地质参数简化求解

第二类越流补给非稳定流条件下水文地质参数求解为涉及3个未知数的超越方程,常规的解析法无法直接获解。本文采用优化拟合方法,在工程适应参数范围内,用较为简单的函数实现了对由图表给出的第二类越流补给非稳定流井函数数值关系的替代,并利用水位降深比值关系经整理获得了仅含1个未知量的表达式,经简单试算即可完成参数求解,计算过程简捷,不依赖图表,便于实际工程应用。     

矿区疏干地下水三维流与二维流对比研究

分别从解析解、数值解和电网络三个方面,对三维流和二维流模型求解方法和结果进行了理论分析和对比,讨论了在参数拟合、水量水位预测方面的差别及处理对策。最后给出元宝山露天煤矿疏干排水三维流模型与二维流模型的计算实例及分析,并提出了矿区大降深、大流量疏排地下水属明显的三维流过程,必需用三维流模型进行模拟计算。      

对“估算含水层厚度H及最大湧水量Qmax的新公式”一文的意见

在地貭科学1959年第8期上发表了高钟等著“估算含水层厚度H及最大湧水量Q_max的新公式”一文,其內容是从一次抽水降深来估算含水层厚度H及最大湧水量Q_max,它企图以一次抽水資料来确定湧水量公式:Q=aS-βS²中的α、β,然后再利用α/β=4S_max 的关系求出H及Q_max。在代数问题中在任何情况下用一个方程式解含有两个未知数的問題是不可能的。     

平面二维泥石流数值模拟方法的探讨

本文提出了泥石流二维平面流动方程组，基于研究泥石流堆积泛滥的流速与泥深分布图像的构思，笔者应用有限差法进行了数值解，其计算结果与实测结果基本吻合。     

双重介质中的一类核素迁移数学模型及其反演

探讨了孔隙与单裂隙双重介质中的一类核素迁移数学模型及其反演问题。该核素迁移模型是一个耦合的抛物型方程组定解问题。若已知排污点的核素浓度变化规律,利用Laplace变换及其逆变换方法,求得了核素迁移模型正问题的解析解;反之,由下游裂隙中某个点的实测核素浓度,利用偏微分方程的叠加原理和反问题的拟解法,反求出核素迁移模型反问题的解,即排污点的核素状态。最后,给出核素迁移模型的正问题和反问题的数值模拟。数值结果表明,正问题的解析解能够刻画核素的迁移规律,也显示出所提反问题方法能有效地反演核素污染源。     

Laplace方程Cauchy问题的一种数值解法

研究了Laplace方程Cauchy问题的数值求解，该问题是一个典型的病态问题。利用格林（Green）公式将Laplace方程的Cauchy问题转化为Hausdorff矩问题。本文利用一种新方法，即矩问题的积分方程方法，求解矩问题，设计了二维Laplace方程Cauchy问题稳定的算法，给出了近似解的误差估计，并对二维Cauchy问题进行了数值模拟。     

Explicit limit equilibrium solution for slope stability

Conventional methods of slices used for slope stability analysis satisfying all equilibrium conditions involves generally solving two highly non‐linear equations with respect to two unknowns, i.e. the factor of safety and the associated scaling parameter. To solve these two equations, complicated numerical iterations are required with non‐convergence occasionally occurring. This paper presents an alternative procedure to derive the three equilibrium equations (horizontal and vertical forces equations and moment equation) based on an assumption regarding the normal stress distribution along the slip surface. Combination of these equations results in a single cubic equation in terms of the factor of safety, which is explicitly solved. Theoretical testing demonstrates that the proposed method yields a factor of safety in reasonable agreement with a closed‐form solution based on the theory of plasticity. Example studies show that the difference in values of factor of safety between the proposed method, the Spencer method and the Morgenstern–Price method is within 5%. Application of the proposed method to practical slope engineering problems is rather straightforward, but its solution is of the same precision as those given by the conventional rigorous methods of slices since it is still within the rigorous context. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

摆线型大位移井剖面设计的数值计算

摆线型大位移井轨道由“直井段—圆弧井段—摆线井段—稳斜井段”构成,与其他类型的大位移井轨道相比,摆线型大位移井具有最小的或很小的摩阻和摩阻力矩。摆线型大位移井轨道设计问题归结为求解一个二元方程组,当未知设计参数为摆线井段初始井斜角或稳斜井段井斜角时,该方程组为非线性方程组,没有解析解。通过数学变换和化简,得到了等价的三角函数方程,根据区间搜索和二分法提出了求该三角函数方程近似解的数值迭代算法。算例表明,该算法具有很好的迭代稳定性,计算精度高、速度快。新算法可用于大位移井轨道设计的计算机软件开发,对于提高软件的适用性和稳定性具有较大的帮助。     

基于双曲线模型的T型刚性桩荷载传递特性研究

假定桩土荷载传递函数为双曲线模型,分析T型刚性桩荷载传递机制,建立桩及桩帽下土体的竖向位移、竖向应力、侧摩阻力与深度之间的控制微分方程。采用微分方程近似解法,推导出相应的解析表达式。利用桩顶沉降作为已知条件进行求解,所得结果能够出反映T型桩荷载传递性状规律,即桩身轴力随深度增加而减小;桩身侧摩阻力随深度增加呈现出先增大后减小;桩土应力比与荷载有关。文中方法的计算值更接近于试验结果,可为工程设计提供理论基础。     

Finite element modelling of three-phase flow in deforming saturated oil reservoirs

A numerical simulation is presented for three-dimensional three-phase fluid flow in a deforming saturated oil reservoir. The mathematical formulation describes a fully coupled governing equation systen which consists of the equilibrium and continuity equations for three immiscible fluids flowing in a porous medium. An elastoplastic soil model, based on a Mohr–Coulomb yield surface, is used. The finite element method is applied to obtain simultaneous solutions to the governing equations where displacement and fluid pressures are the primary unknowns. The final discretized equations are solved by a direct solver using fully implicit procedures. The developed model is used to investigate the problems of three-phase fluid flow in a deforming saturated oil reservoir.     

Side resistance of drilled shafts in granular soils investigated by DEM

The paper presents a numerical study on the side resistance of a drilled shaft in granular materials. The numerical result is used to develop new design equations for the side resistance of drilled shafts in granular soils. The Discrete Element Method (DEM) is used to model a drilled shaft in granular material. The granular material is represented as assemblies of ellipsoidal particles. Nominal side resistance is represented as the product of a parameter (β) and vertical stress. The numerical result shows that the relationship between β and void ratio can be described by a hyperbolic function for a given vertical stress. DEM result is also compared with three design equations. Although these design equations capture the decrease of β with depth, deviation is observed between the DEM results and the design equations. Finally, new design equations based on state parameter are proposed.     

Nearly perfectly matched layer boundary conditions for operator upscaling of the acoustic wave equation

Acoustic imaging and sensor modeling are processes that require repeated solution of the acoustic wave equation. Solution of the wave equation can be computationally expensive and memory intensive for large simulation domains. One scheme for speeding up solution of the wave equation is the operator-based upscaling method. The algorithm proceeds in two steps. First, the wave equation is solved for fine grid unknowns internal to coarse blocks assuming the coarse blocks do not need to communicate with neighboring blocks in parallel. Second, these fine grid solutions are used to form a new problem which is solved on the coarse grid. Accurate and efficient wave propagation schemes also must avoid artificial reflections off of the computational domain edges. One popular method for preventing artificial reflections is the nearly perfectly matched layer (NPML) method. In this paper, we discuss applying NPML to operator upscaling for the wave equation. We show that although we only apply NPML to the first step of this two step algorithm (directly affecting the fine grid unknowns only), we still see a significant reduction of reflections back into the domain. We describe three numerical experiments (one homogeneous medium experiment and two heterogeneous media examples) in which we validate that the solution of the wave equation exponentially decays in the NPML regions. Numerical experiments of acoustic wave propagation in two dimensions with a reasonable absorbing layer thickness resulted in a maximum pressure reflection of 3–8%. While the coarse grid acceleration is not explicitly damped in our algorithm, the tight coupling between the two steps of the algorithm results in only 0.1–1% of acceleration reflecting back into the computational domain.     

河流中污染源垂向紊动混合过程研究

着重研究了河流中点源及线源污染物的垂向紊动混合过程.根据大江河中污染物在排放口近区范围内的垂向紊动混合过程,提出了部分均匀混合水深的新概念,建立了点源及线源的垂向紊动混合过程基本方程.通过求解方程,得到部分均匀混合水深随纵向距离变化的基本规律和全水深垂向均匀混合距离的理论公式,且用相关实测资料进行了验证.将所建立的垂向紊动混合过程基本规律引入数值模型中,建立了部分均匀混合水深平均二维水质模型,并用现场罗丹明示踪实测资料进行验证,表明该模型较传统的全水深平均模型在近区具有更高的计算精度,与三维模型相比则有更高的计算效率.     

A low-dimensional subsurface model for saturated and unsaturated flow processes: ability to address heterogeneity

A low-dimensional model that describes both saturated and unsaturated flow processes in a single equation is presented. Subsurface flow processes in the groundwater, the vadose zone, and the capillary fringe are accounted for through the computation of aggregated hydrodynamic parameters that result from the integration of the governing flow equations from the bedrock to the land surface. The three-dimensional subsurface flow dynamics are thus described by a two-dimensional equation, allowing for a drastic reduction of model unknowns and simplification of the model parameterizations. This approach is compared with a full resolution of the Richards equation in different synthetic test cases. Because the model reduction stems from the vertical integration of the flow equations, the test cases all use different configurations of heterogeneity for vertical cross-sections of a soil-aquifer system. The low-dimensional flow model shows strong consistency with results from a complete resolution of the Richards equation for both the water table and fluxes. The proposed approach is therefore well suited to the accurate reproduction of complex subsurface flow processes.     

A finite difference method for measuring soil thermal diffusivity in situ

A method is devised for measuring soil thermal diffusivity in situ. It is based on direct experimental simulation of the finite difference approximation to the one-dimensional heat conduction equation. The method does not require the soil to be homogeneous except between the three thermometers that are used, at depths z + d, z and z ? d. Nor need the energy input curve be sinusoidal. However, it must be fairly smooth for the finite difference approximation to be accurate. Experimental results for London Clay are presented, obtained using thermometers at depths of 1, 6 and 11 cm to give a mean thermal diffusivity of 0.0074 cm²/s at a depth of 6 cm. This value is consistent with other estimates of diffusivity for clay soils. The method is capable of automation, and should be suitable for use on engineering sites, at low cost. The method is capable of generalization to other linear diffusion equations containing one independent parameter. The same limitation also applies to its application to constitutive or geometrical non-linear one dimensional diffusion equations, and each equation requires individual study to assess feasibility of use of the method. The method in effect uses the usual finite difference approximation, not to prepare a numerical solution, but to design an experiment carried out essentially within the finite difference ‘molecule’. The measured parameter of the diffusion equation is the usable product of the method.