天青石形貌特征的水热晶体生长实验研究

为了更好地了解天青石晶体的形貌特征和沉淀机制,本文利用硫酸钠溶液和氯化锶溶液,采用室温混合-室温生长法、室温混合-高温熟化生长法及高温原位混合法,开展了天青石的水热晶体生长实验。结果表明,温度对天青石晶体的形貌具有重要影响。200℃条件下原位混合实验合成的天青石具有多种形貌,包括粒状、X形、V形、片状、树枝状和菱形体,而室温混合-室温生长与室温混合-高温熟化生长实验合成的天青石晶体形貌差异不大,主要为板状和双锥状。此外,树枝状天青石仅出现在200℃条件下[SO₄^2-]∶[Sr²⁺]的摩尔比为2∶8和3∶7的高温原位合成实验中,这与前人发现的树枝状重晶石仅出现在Ba²⁺相对于SO₄^2-过量的高温原位混合实验的结果相似。可见树枝状形貌可能是重晶石-天青石类质同象固溶体系列矿物的重要形貌标型特征,指示着高温下阳离子相对于阴离子过量的流体混合作用。     

湘黔地区下寒武统黑色岩系型镍钼矿床中重晶石标型特征研究

采用电子探针和硫同位素分析法,对湘黔地区黑色岩系型镍钼矿床中2个样品的重晶石标型特征进行了研究。贵州遵义中南村和湖南张家界柑子坪的重晶石化学成分特征为：Cr₂O₃、NiO、SiO₂含量高,分别为0.39%、0.96%、0.65%;而Al₂O₃含量低,仅为0.15%以下。w（Sr）/w（Ba）比值变化在0.011~0.034之间。湖南张家界柑子坪的重晶石中硫同位素值为54.3‰～57.4‰。重晶石的成分、同位素等标型特征的研究均反映了重晶石的热水成因。     

纤蛇纹石纳米管的水热合成与表征

采用水热法进行了纤维蛇纹石的合成研究,通过改变反应温度、反应体系pH值合成了多个样品,并利用X射线衍射仪、透射电子显微镜、扫描电子显微镜和红外光谱仪等手段对合成样品的物相、结构和形貌进行表征,分析表明在180℃～220℃、pH值为10.39～13的水热体系中均能够合成纤蛇纹石结构纤维;在220℃、pH值为13的条件下合成晶型最好、纤维最长的纤蛇纹石纳米管,其内径约6 nm～8 nm、外径约30 nm～35nm,长约200 nm～400 nm。     

水热体系中导电性矿物原电池反应原位测量方法的研究

水流体-导电性矿物相互作用是自然界中水流体-固体相互作用的重要组成部分,是许多矿床形成和演化的核心过程.     

CO_2饱和条件下水热合成LaPO_4纳米线的实验

稀土磷酸盐La PO4功能材料的性能取决于晶体结构、形貌和晶粒大小等因素,而不同制备方法又影响其晶体结构、形貌和晶粒大小。本文采用La(NO3)3·6H2O和(NH4)2HPO4作为实验初始物,分别在不含CO2条件下水热合成了La PO4纳米棒和在CO2饱和条件下水热合成了La PO4纳米线。结果表明,与不含CO2的常规水热合成方法相比,CO2饱和水热条件下合成的La PO4的XRD衍射峰更尖锐、结晶度更好,且该方法合成的La PO4纳米线尺寸均匀、长径比大、晶界清晰。     

水热条件下费托型合成反应氢同位素分馏研究

费托型合成(F-TT)反应是地下烃类的三大成因之一,H同位素组成研究对其生烃过程和成因识别具有重要意义。本研究分别以无机CO和CO₂为碳源,水为氢源,研究在370℃和50 MPa的水热条件下, F-TT反应生烃过程中H同位素分馏情况。结果显示,不管是CO参与的经典F-T反应,还是CO₂参与的F-TT反应,烃类产物H同位素均呈正序分布(δD(C₁)<δD(C₂)<δD(C₃)<δD(C₄)<δD(C₅)<δD(C₆)),符合前人有关地下非生物成因烃的H同位素正序分布特征。本研究分别根据CO和CO₂为碳源的亚烷基机理和羰基插入机理,从反应原理、链增长机制和分馏过程,对2种生烃过程中的H同位素呈正序分布这一规律进行了详细机理阐述。由于热成因气H同位素也呈正序分布,所以烃类气体的H同位素分布特征不能够作为无机烃类来源的判识标志。但是,通过数据对比发现,按照甲烷的H同位素...     

青海抗得弄舍重晶石型金多金属矿床成矿地质特征

抗得弄舍重晶石型金多金属矿床为近几年在东昆仑成矿带东段新发现的典型的热水喷流沉积型金多金属矿床,目前该矿床金矿和铅锌矿的规模均已达大型以上,矿床的发现对东昆仑成矿带东段的找矿带来了新的生机和活力。该矿床以典型的热水沉积岩重晶石含金矿为特点,矿床受地层岩性和同生断裂构造双重控制,矿化与蚀变具有明显的空间分带特征。研究表明硫化物中的铅主要来自地幔,硫来自海水或者海相硫酸盐。指出成矿作用经历了早期喷流沉积成矿期,主要在中低温条件下形成铅锌硫化物矿;晚期热水沉积成矿期,主要在低温条件下形成重晶石和金矿;后期热液及构造活动对矿床有了进一步的富集和改造。     

BaZrO_3基高温质子导体研究现状及在水热体系原位测氢中的应用

氢逸度是高温高压水热体系极为重要的物理化学变量之一,其原位测定对于高温高压水热体系物理化学条件的控制具有非常重要的意义。BaZrO3基质子导体具有良好的化学稳定性和较高的质子电导率,适合作为固体电解质运用到电化学氢传感器上。本文介绍了BaZrO3基质子导体的制备方法和质子传导机理,分析了BaZrO3基质子导体在水热体系原位测氢中的应用及其存在的问题和今后的发展方向。     

偏高岭土基地质聚合物原位水热合成P型沸石分子筛的研究

本文以偏高岭土基地质聚合物(SiO_2/Al_2O_3=3.2)为基体,通过水热合成法将其原位转化成P型沸石分子筛。研究水热温度、NaOH浓度及水热时间对P型沸石分子筛的结晶程度及形貌的影响,得到偏高岭土基地质聚合物原位合成P型沸石分子筛的适宜条件为:水热温度100℃,NaOH浓度2.0 mol/L,水热时间24 h。该法工艺简单,环境友好,可控成型。在此方法的基础上通过改变原材料和反应条件,可以合成其他类型的沸石分子筛。     

蒙脱石伊利石化的水热实验模拟

以蒙脱石为初始材料,通过水热实验模拟在不同温度压力条件下蒙脱石的伊利石化过程。利用X射线粉末衍射及X射线荧光光谱、红外光谱和扫描电镜等方法对样品的矿物物相、化学成分、晶体结构与微观形貌等进行分析,其结果表明:(1)蒙脱石至伊利石的转化受温度和压力条件的控制;(2)随着温度和压力的增高,蒙脱石伊利石化沿着蒙脱石-无序伊蒙混层-有序伊蒙混层-伊利石的转化序列进行转化;(3)水热实验模拟表明蒙脱石至伊利石的转化以溶解重结晶机制为主。实验结果不仅有助于了解埋藏与低级变质作用中的蒙脱石伊利石化过程,同时为研究断层活动所致断层泥中黏土矿物的转化及反演断层形成时温度压力条件提供基本参数。     

Modelling in-situ upgrading of heavy oil using operator splitting method

The in-situ upgrading (ISU) of bitumen and oil shale is a very challenging process to model numerically because of the large number of components that need to be modelled using a system of equations that are both highly non-linear and strongly coupled. Operator splitting methods are one way of potentially improving computational performance. Each numerical operator in a process is modelled separately, allowing the best solution method to be used for the given numerical operator. A significant drawback to the approach is that decoupling the governing equations introduces an additional source of numerical error, known as the splitting error. The best splitting method for modelling a given process minimises the splitting error whilst improving computational performance compared to a fully implicit approach. Although operator splitting has been widely used for the modelling of reactive-transport problems, it has not yet been applied to the modelling of ISU. One reason is that it is not clear which operator splitting technique to use. Numerous such techniques are described in the literature and each leads to a different splitting error. While this error has been extensively analysed for linear operators for a wide range of methods, the results cannot be extended to general non-linear systems. It is therefore not clear which of these techniques is most appropriate for the modelling of ISU. In this paper, we investigate the application of various operator splitting techniques to the modelling of the ISU of bitumen and oil shale. The techniques were tested on a simplified model of the physical system in which a solid or heavy liquid component is decomposed by pyrolysis into lighter liquid and gas components. The operator splitting techniques examined include the sequential split operator (SSO), the Strang-Marchuk split operator (SMSO) and the iterative split operator (ISO). They were evaluated on various test cases by considering the evolution of the discretization error as a function of the time-step size compared with the results obtained from a fully implicit simulation. We observed that the error was least for a splitting scheme where the thermal conduction was performed first, followed by the chemical reaction step and finally the heat and mass convection operator (SSO-CKA). This method was then applied to a more realistic model of the ISU of bitumen with multiple components, and we were able to obtain a speed-up of between 3 and 5.     

Research of in-situ hydraulic test method by using double packer equipment

Double packer equipment for hydraulic test can be used to measure pressure of test zone directly, and it is frequently used to perform many kinds of hydraulic tests and take groundwater sample from borehole. The test method of this equipment mainly includes the test design, implementation, interpretation and synthetic analysis. By adopting the double packer equipment for hydraulic test, the parameter distribution of rock permeability along borehole can be acquired, as well as the connectivity, water conductivity and water bearing capacity of the disclosed structure and the chemical characteristics of the deep groundwater. It is a necessary method for the research and evaluation of the complex hypotonicity terrace site selection under geological conditions. This method is not only suitable for the geological disposal of high level radioactive waste, but also can be used in the site selection of underground facilities such as storage of petroleum and carbon dioxide. Meanwhile, it has a good application prospect in other hydrogeological investigation fields.     

Study of intergranular films and interstitial phases in geomaterials using high temperature centrifuge and ultrasonic method at high pressure

Water fluids in the Earth's crust may initiate a number of mineral reactions resulting in different microstructure changes, which may appear in the form of intergranular melt films and interstitial phases. Therefore, they have an essential influence on elastic wave velocities of rocks (for example, sandstone, amphibolite, basalt). The aim of the experiment was to determine the conditions of the silicate liquid and others interstitial phases distribution in the rock intergranular space.The results obtained using the ultrasonic method at temperature up to 950 °C and under fluid pressure of 300 MPa revealed that the formation of intergranular melt films and interstitial phases network depend on chemical composition of fluids. The experiments with use of a high-temperature centrifuge at temperature 1400 °C showed that the amount of melt films, higher than 6 %, is sufficient to form a system of interconnected intergranular channels. These studies can be contributed to the petrophysical and geochemical interpretation of geophysical measurements.     

Hydrothermal synthesis and consideration of the genesis of malayaite

The conditions of formation of malayaite, CaSnOSiO₄, were studied via hydrothermal synthesis, and the region of the solid solution between malayaite and sphene determined. It was found that the immiscible region exists at temperatures lower than 615°±15°C. The peak of the solvus was experimentally determined to be Ca(Sn_1/4Ti_3/4)OSiO₄. X-ray powder diffraction patterns of the solid solution showed a successive change from malayaite to sphene with the change of composition. The relation between the d₍₂₀₀₎ and d₍₀₀₂₎ values and the tin content of the solid solution was found to be linear. The occurrence is reported of malayaite from pyrometasomatic ore deposits in south-western Japan. It is concluded that malayaite would have been formed in the front of skarn, in the quartz or calcite veinlets cutting skarn, and in the altered zones of tin-bearing minerals.

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Zusammenfassung Die Bildungsbedingung von Malayait, CaSnOSiO₄, wurde durch hydrothermale Synthese untersucht, und das Gebiet der festen Lösung zwischen Malayait und Titanit bestimmt. Es ergibt sich, daß das heterogene Gebiet unterhalb 615°±15°C liegt. Der höchste Punkt des Solvus wurde als Ca(Sn_1/4Ti_3/4)OSiO₄ bestimmt. Die röntgenographischen Diffraktionsfiguren der festen Lösung zeigen einen kontinuierlichen Übergang von Malayait zu Titanit, der dem Wechsel der Zusammensetzung entspricht. Das Verhältnis zwischen dem d₍₂₀₀₎- und d₍₀₀₂₎-Wert und den Mol-Prozenten von Zinn der festen Lösung werden in Diagrammen geradlinig dargestellt. Von pyrometasomatischen Lagerstätten in Südwestjapan werden neue Vorkommen von Malayait gemeldet. Aus den Untersuchungen folgt, daß Malayait sich in den Rändern von Skarnzonen, in Quarz- oder Calcit-Adern, die Skarn schneiden, und in Umwandlungszonen mit Zinn-Mineralien befinden.

     

The influence of impurities on the dissolution of Ca- and Sr-bearing barite at room temperature

1INTRODUCTION BARITE(BASO4)ISANEXTREMELYINSOLUBLESALT;THISAROUSESPROBLEMSINPETROLEUMINDUSTRYBECAUSE BASO4ISAPARTICULARLYINTRACTABLESCALINGAGENT.BARITE PRECIPITATIONINTHEWELLBOREENVIRONMENTGENERALLYRE QUIRESMECHANICALREMOVAL,WITHCONSIDERABLEASSOCIAT EDEXPE…     

冻土区块石护坡路基调温效果试验研究

块石护坡调温路基是多年冻土区铁路设计中所采取的一种积极保护冻土的措施,该调温过程包括暖季的热屏蔽作用和冷季的对流降温两个方面。根据现场观测资料,对两种不同粒径的块石层下地温热状况给予了初步分析。结果表明,暖季小块石层（粒径为50～80 mm）的热屏蔽作用要优于大块石层（粒径为400～500 mm）,而冷季大块石层的对流降温作用要强于小块石层;综合一个暖冷季循环周期来看,大块石层的调温效果要好于小块石层。块石护坡路基下0 ℃等温线大部分已基本接近原天然地表。初步认为,此种发展趋势有利于路基的稳定。     

Hydrothermal synthesis of pyrochlores and their characterization

Pyrochlores, microlites, and U-betafites of pyrochlore group minerals were obtained from mixing experiments of the corresponding oxides and fluorides by hydrothermal synthesis at T = 800 °C and P = 200 MPa in the solution of 1.0 M NaF. The presence of U⁴⁺ in pyrochlore does not affect the cell parameter, which for the phases of pyrochlore–microlite series is 10.42 ± 0.01 Å. In a system with an excess of UO₂, pyrochlores and microlites, containing uranium up to 0.2–0.3 atoms per formula unit (apfu), are formed. In the uranium-free system of betafites composition, perovskites and Ti-bearing pyrochlores are formed. U-pyrochlores of betafite series, containing 2Ti = Nb + Ta in moles, have cubic cell parameters of 10.26 ± 0.02 Å and U⁴⁺ isomorphic capacity of 0.4–0.5 apfu. In the pyrochlore structure, U⁴⁺ may substitute for Ca²⁺ and Na⁺ cations in the eightfold site. In pyrochlores of pyrochlore–microlite series, Ca²⁺ is replaced by U⁴⁺, while in pyrochlores of betafite series, U⁴⁺ replaces Na⁺. Phases with pyrochlore structure, containing U⁵⁺ and U⁶⁺ in the sixfold site, usually occupied by Nb⁵⁺, Ta⁵⁺, and Ti⁴⁺, are formed under oxidizing conditions (Cu–Cu₂O buffer). They are characterized by low content of Nb⁵⁺, Ta⁵⁺ (<0.1 apfu), and anomalous behavior of the crystal lattice (compression, instead of expansion). Under natural conditions, the formation of pyrochlores containing a significant amount of U⁵⁺ and U⁶⁺ is unlikely.     

Hydrothermal synthesis and morphology of Ga-bearing tourmaline

Ga-bearing tourmaline was originally synthesized in boron, boron–alkaline, and boron–fluorine hydrothermal solutions at a temperature of 600–650°C and pressure of 100 MPa as crystals of spontaneous growth and on seeds. The maximal concentration of Ga₂O₃ in synthetic crystals reaches ~24.5 wt %. In addition to Ga-bearing tourmaline, Ga-bearing topaz crystallizes in boron–fluorine solution. Ga-bearing albite crystallizes in boron–alkaline solutions, whereas no additional phases are formed in pure boron solutions.     

地球内部物质物性的原位高温高压研究:大体积压机与同步辐射源的结合

大体积压机(large-volume press,简称为LVP)与金刚石对顶砧(diamond-anvil cell,简称为DAC)是两种相辅相成的、在高压研究中不可或缺的重要技术。大体积压机在温压范围上较金刚石对顶砧小,但它具有更加均匀的温压环境以及高于金刚石对顶砧几千以至百万倍的试样体积。这些特色使大体积压机成为精确测量试样整体物性和系统研究复杂材料系列的理想工具。在过去的20年里,高压和同步辐射技术方面的进展使大体积高压研究取得了革命性的突破。文中选择近期地学界的一些重要科研成果和技术突破作为例子,力图对同步辐射和大体积高压技术在高温高压研究中的近期进展作综合评述,最后简略讨论了LVP的发展前景。