USGS地震目录中4～5级震源深度异常地震可靠性初步研究:以南北地震带若干地震为例

在南北地震带地区,USGS全球地震目录中存在一些震源深度大于30km的地震.这些地震的震源深度是否可靠,对于研究这一地区的孕震机制、岩石圈强度和构造演化等科学问题具有重要意义.本文以南北地震带2012年发生的5个4~5级地震为例,利用区域地震台网的波形数据,基于sPL深度震相、短周期瑞利面波以及CAP等独立方法测定了其震源深度.结果表明:sPL深度震相和CAP方法给出的震源深度比较一致,差别小于2~3km,能够得到比较可靠的震源深度;短周期瑞利面波及其与P波振幅比也确定了地震震源深度较浅的特征.本文研究结果显示:宁夏会宁4.7级、云南富民4.8级和四川会东4.7级地震的震源深度约为8~12km左右,仍为发生于上地壳的地震,USGS地震目录给出的30km甚至更深的震源深度存在明显偏差;对于四川隆昌4.6和4.9级地震,本文给出的震源深度为1~2km,属于极浅源地震,USGS地震目录给出的10km和35km的震源深度结果尚需进一步改进.     

利用接收函数研究程海断裂带莫霍面深度和地壳内S波速度结构特征

利用程海断裂带附近27个数字地震台站远震波形资料,提取每一个台站的接收函数,计算出各台站莫霍面深度同时利用时间域线性反演方法,获得了各个台站下方的横波速度。结果显示:程海断裂带莫霍面深度从南部42km增至北部的54km,南部和北部莫霍面深度有明显的不同。从程海断裂带下方不同深度S波速度剖面可以看出,宾川及其北东部地区中下地壳存在明显的低速层,此低速层可能与还没有固结的热物质有关。而永胜南部地区,地壳中S波速度垂直变化剧烈,低速异常高速异常交替丛生,这可能是此区地震频发的主要原因。同时,本文对宽频带地震仪和短周期地震仪得到的接收函数进行了初步的对比分析。     

唐山北部地区浅层一维剪切波速度结构初步研究

2019年8月2日河北省唐山市路南区某矿井区发生ML2.4巷道塌陷,基于塌陷周边台站观测到的短周期瑞雷波,提取面波基阶群速度频散曲线,并利用迭代反演方法得到研究区域地下10 km深度范围内的一维剪切波速度结构,用于精定位分析。速度分析结果表明,研究区域浅表剪切波速度约为2.46 km/s;深度为2 km时,塌陷周边存在小范围的低速区,速度约为2.57 km/s;深度约为4 km时,剪切波速度达3.47 km/s;深度为5～9 km时,唐山东部沉积盆地内存在1个剪切波低速层。精定位分析结果表明,增加浅层速度模型有助于提高深度较小的地震定位精度;塌陷周边的低速区向下延伸近20 km,为地震多发区。     

Modelling short-period crustal phases at regional distances for the seismic source parameter inversion

Waveforms of short-period crustal phases observed at regional distances are modelled in an attempt to retrieve the source parameters of small earthquakes. For a simple shield type crustal structure, the synthetic seismograms calculated for elementary source mechanisms show that the waveforms of crustal phases are quite distinct for different source mechanisms, and suggest that these features can be used to constrain the source mechanisms. Waveforms of the crustal phases are also strongly affected even by small variations in the crustal thickness as well as in the focal depth.A generalized, linearized waveform inversion technique is used to invert the regional crustal phases for a deviatoric moment tensor source. The inversion technique is applied to regional short-period records from a small earthquake in central Sweden for determining its source parameters. The waveform inversion, which mainly used Lg waves, produced a satisfactory fit between the observed and synthetic records, suggesting that the source mechanism and focal depth estimates were reasonable. The focal depth of 40 km obtained for the event studied suggests the occurrence of a deep crustal earthquake and demonstrates the usefulness of crustal phases in studying small intraplate earthquakes.     

Crustal Structure of the Korean Peninsula Using Surface Wave Dispersion and Numerical Modeling

Surface wave dispersion is studied to obtain the 1-D average velocity structure of the crust in the Korean Peninsula by inverting group- and phase-velocities jointly. Group velocities of short-period Rayleigh and Love waves are obtained from cross-correlations of seismic noise. Multiple-filter analysis is used to extract the group velocities at periods between 0.5 and 20 s. Phase velocities of Rayleigh waves in 10- and 50-s periods are obtained by applying the two-station method to teleseismic data. Dispersion curves of all group and phase velocities are jointly inverted for the 1-D average model of the Korean Peninsula. The resultant model from surface wave analysis can be used as an initial model for numerical modeling of observations of North Korean events for a velocity model appropriated to the Korean Peninsula. The iterative process is focused especially on the surface sedimentary layer in the numerical modeling. The final model, modified by numerical modeling from the initial model, indicates that the crust shear wave velocity increases with depth from 2.16 km/s for a 2-km-thick surface sedimentary layer to 3.79 km/s at a Moho depth of 33 km, and the upper mantle has a velocity of 4.70 km/s.     

The April 24, 2013 Changning M s4.8 earthquake: a felt earthquake that occurred in Paleozoic sediment

The dense broadband seismic network provides more high-quality waveform that is helpful to improve constraint focal depth of shallow earthquake. Many shallow earthquakes occurring in sediment were regarded as induced events. In Sichuan basin, gas industry and salt mining are dependent on fluid injection technique that triggers microseismicity. We adopted waveform inversion method with regional records to obtain focal mechanism of an M _s4.8 earthquake at Changning. The result suggested that the Changning earthquake occurred at a ESE thrust fault, and its focal depth was about 3 km. The depth phases including teleseismic pP phase and regional sPL phase shows that the focal depth is about 2 km. The strong, short-period surface wave suggests that this event is a very shallow earthquake. The amplitude ratio between Rayleigh wave and direct S wave was also used to estimate the source depth of the mainshock. The focal depth (2–4 km) is far less than the depth of the sedimentary layer thickness (6–8 km) in epicentral region. It is close to the depth of fluid injection of salt mining, which may imply that this event was triggered by the industrial activity.     

渤海西岸的电导率异常

从地磁弯扰和急始的记录揭示出渤海西岸的昌黎-唐山地区是一个电导率异常区。根据地磁感应矢量和昌黎的大地电磁测深曲线推测,这个异常可能属于DV型CA,其走向近于东西向。一种可能的解释是:构造的南侧离地面60公里以下有一低电阻率层,电阻率约为20欧姆米;北侧可能不存在这样的低电阻率层。     

The Western Bohemia uppermost crust shear wave velocities from Love wave dispersion

We present a detailed study of Western Bohemia Love waves generated by blasts with an intention to estimate the uppermost crust structure for a more detailed layer distribution than previous studies have used. The use of short-period (4 s and shorter) Love waves represents a new approach in the studied region. Properties of multiple filtering as a tool of frequency–time analysis are discussed. A new method of selecting the dispersion ridges is introduced. Tests of filtering are provided by analyzing signals with analytically known dispersion. The isometric algorithm for the inversion problem is applied, the problem of non-uniqueness is discussed, and tests of reliability of the inversion are presented. During the inversion, the forward problem is solved by use of the matrix method. Six records of blasts from the Western Bohemia region are analyzed to separate the fundamental modes of Love wavegroups, and shear wave velocity distributions down to a depth of 3.0 km are inferred. Modal summation is used to compute synthetic velocigrams, which are compared to measured ones. The lateral heterogeneity of the region is discussed and the presented models are compared to those of previous studies and to the geological setting of the region.     

Heterogeneities in the mantle transition zone from observations of P-to-SV converted waves

The method of detection of P-to-SV converted waves from distant earthquakes (Vinnik, 1977) was applied to sets of long-period records from a few seismograph stations in Europe and the west of North America. The results obtained suggest that the converted phases related to the major boundaries in the mantle can be reliably detected and the depths of conversion evaluated with an accuracy of a few kilometres. The depth of the olivine-spinel transition is close to 400 km and no difference between the estimates for the north of Europe and the west of North America is found. The depth of the boundary separating the upper and lower mantle is close to 640 km, which is 30 km less than in the recent Earth-reference models. Fine S velocity stratification of this transition changes laterally from a high-gradient layer 50 km thick, terminated at the bottom by a sharp discontinuity, to a gradient layer 100 km or more thick without the discontinuity. A striking anomaly of the mantle transition zone is found in the Rio Grande rift area where a well pronounced boundary is found at 510 km depth.     

A regional study of mantle velocity variations beneath eastern Australia and the southwestern Pacific using short-period recordings of P,S, PcP,ScP and ScS waves produced by Tongan deep earthquakes

Deep earthquakes located in the Tonga-Kermadec region produce exceptionally clear and sharp short-period P, S, PcP, ScP, and ScS phases which are recorded at many stations at distances of less than 60°. The data used in this study are produced by short-period stations located in oceanic-type regions (Fiji and New Caledonia), a mobile continental region (eastern Australia) and a shield region (central Australia). Differential travel-time residuals of the above phases at these stations are investigated to determine the contribution to the differential residuals from: (1) the upper part of the mantle (S-P residuals); (2) the core-to-station portion of the mantle (ScS-ScP residuals); and (3) the hypocenter-to core portion of the mantle (ScP-PcP residuals). The use of differential travel-time residuals considerably reduces near-station effects and effects due to inaccurate determination of the source parameters, and hence the results can be interpreted as due to variations along the propagation paths. The results show that (S-P) residuals from phases traveling along event-to-station paths are about 7 s smaller at the shield station than at the oceanic stations. This correlation with surface tectonic environments is equally strong for the (ScS-ScP) residuals, with the shield/oceanic station difference being about 4 s. Moreover, the data suggest that this correlation between differential residuals and surface tectonic environments is caused by variations in shear velocity within the upper part of the mantle. However, the data cannot uniquely resolve the required depth of these variations within the mantle. For example, if the shear velocity variations extend to a depth of 400 km beneath the recording stations, then the average shear velocity difference between shield- and oceanic-type environments is about 4%. However, if the variations extend only to a depth of 200 km, this difference is more than 8%.(ScP-PcP) and (ScS-PcS) residuals vary from about +1 to about +4 s at the different stations, apparently because of compressional velocity variations in the mantle along the Pc path. If the variation in compressional velocity within the mantle below a depth of about 600 km is about 10% and occurs near the source region, these results suggest that, in the vicinity of deep earthquake zones, variations in compressional velocity extend to a depth of about 1000 km. However, these results can equally be explained by a 1% variation in compressional velocity, evenly distributed along the entire Pc path. An estimate of Q determined from the observed predominant frequency of ScS waves, as recorded at the shield station, suggests that the average 〈Q_s〉 of the mantle beneath about 600 km is about 1050 at frequencies of about 1 Hz.     

短周期地震仪接收函数的可行性分析——以新疆和田地震台阵为例

利用新疆和田地震台阵3 km孔径范围内架设的9个子台(包括1套宽频带和9套短周期地震仪)记录的3年远震波形数据,对比研究和分析了短周期地震仪接收函数的稳定性和可靠性.通过比较和分析短周期和长周期地震仪获取的接收函数波形,结果发现:(1)短周期地震仪记录与宽频带地震仪记录得到的接收函数有很好的一致性,且具有较高的稳定性,无论α取值为1.5还是2.5,短周期地震仪接收函数与宽频带地震仪接收函数都具有较强的线性相关性(相关系数0.9),但Ps震相均存在小幅的振幅差(约20%);(2)采用接收函数震相到时信息的方法(如H-κ叠加搜索),短周期地震仪可以代替宽频带地震仪;(3)由于短周期地震仪缺乏0.155 Hz以下的低频信号和在1 Hz以下频段非线性的振幅响应,仅仅采用短周期地震仪接收函数波形反演台站下方S波速度结构,获得下地壳到上地幔顶部的速度偏差较大(约0.3 km/s),可能会造成错误解释(如下地壳低速层),因此需要和其它对波速值敏感的数据(如面波频散)进行联合分析.     

利用数字地震记录研究唐山震区台下的P、S波速度结构

直接采集数字地震记录的原始 P波、S波记录波形 ,与利用 Haskell矩阵传递方法得到的理论综合地震图进行对比 ,通过不断调整介质模型 ,最后得到台站下方的体波速度结构模型 ,此方法中得到的 S波速度结构不同于通过其他波形转换而来的结果 ,而是同 P波一样从原始波形拟合而来 ,同时获得地震台下方 P、S速度介质模型 ,这为我们讨论地下介质的性质提供了更多的信息。数字地震波形资料取自于唐山市遥测地震台网陡河和滦县的短周期地震记录 ,共选用了震中距范围为 30～ 60°、震源深度为 1 0 0～ 60 0 km的 5个不同地点的深源远震记录资料。结果表明 ,台站下方的纵波和横波速度分层结构相当吻合 ,说明拟合结果相当可靠。两个台站下的地壳厚度均为 38km,速度结构在 1 3km的低速层处出现差异 ,滦县的低速层比陡河要更厚一些。两个台站的地壳速度结构都是高低相同 ,而且陡河的高低差异较滦县更为显著。唐山震区滦县部分的震源比陡河附近的浅 ,而 1 976年唐山 7.8级地震发生在陡河附近 ,可见地震的发生与壳内低速层的差异幅度有关。从泊松比高值来看 ,地幔顶部存在低速层 ,该区域是地幔上隆区 ,可能有部分熔融     

Crustal S-wave velocity structure of the Yellowstone region using a seismic ambient noise method

The Yellowstone volcano is one of the largest active volcanoes in the world, and its potential hazards demand detailed seismological and geodetic studies. Previous studies with travel time tomography and receiver functions have revealed a low-velocity layer in the crust beneath the Yellowstone volcano, suggesting the presence of a magma chamber at depth. We use ambient seismic noise from regional seismic stations to retrieve short-period surface waves and then study the shallow shear velocity structure of the Yellowstone region by surface wave dispersion analysis. We first obtained a crustal model of the area outside of the Yellowstone volcano and then constructed an absolute shear wave velocity structure in combination with receiver function results for the crust beneath the Yellowstone volcano. The velocity model shows a low-velocity layer with shear velocity at around 1.3 km/s, suggesting that a large-scale magma chamber exists at shallow levels within the crust of the Yellowstone volcanic region.     

2015年8月12日天津化学爆炸产生的多模式面波分析及其应用研究

2015年8月12日天津滨海新区发生的强烈化学品爆炸造成了巨大的经济损失和社会影响.天津爆炸产生了清晰的大振幅面波信号,分析结果表明这组信号由基阶和高阶面波组成,可以追踪到约135 km外的远处台站.利用这组面波信号分别开展了以下研究：（1）利用附近三个台站记录的四个单频基阶Rayleigh波信号对爆破事件的绝对位置进行了网格搜索,结果与利用GPS测量的位置相差仅0.498 km;（2）分别利用网格搜索和主事件定位法,对两次子事件的相对位置进行了确定,距离约75 m左右,与前人研究结果吻合;（3）从面波记录中测量到36条基阶Rayleigh波、49条第一高阶Rayleigh波、9条基阶Love波和29条第一高阶Love波的频散曲线,并进一步反演获得研究区域地下4 km内的S波速度结构.反演结果显示地表处S波速度低至0.375 km·s^-1,在小于1 km的浅地表速度梯度较大,符合典型的盆地结构特征.本文的研究结果为类似爆炸等突发事件快速定位提供了新的思路,有助于灾后救援的迅速展开;同时得到天津滨海新区及周边浅层精细的速度结构,对于地震灾害评估有很大帮助.

     

2015年8月12日天津化学爆炸产生的多模式面波分析及其应用研究

2015年8月12日天津滨海新区发生的强烈化学品爆炸造成了巨大的经济损失和社会影响.天津爆炸产生了清晰的大振幅面波信号,分析结果表明这组信号由基阶和高阶面波组成,可以追踪到约135 km外的远处台站.利用这组面波信号分别开展了以下研究：（1）利用附近三个台站记录的四个单频基阶Rayleigh波信号对爆破事件的绝对位置进行了网格搜索,结果与利用GPS测量的位置相差仅0.498 km;（2）分别利用网格搜索和主事件定位法,对两次子事件的相对位置进行了确定,距离约75 m左右,与前人研究结果吻合;（3）从面波记录中测量到36条基阶Rayleigh波、49条第一高阶Rayleigh波、9条基阶Love波和29条第一高阶Love波的频散曲线,并进一步反演获得研究区域地下4 km内的S波速度结构.反演结果显示地表处S波速度低至0.375 km·s^-1,在小于1 km的浅地表速度梯度较大,符合典型的盆地结构特征.本文的研究结果为类似爆炸等突发事件快速定位提供了新的思路,有助于灾后救援的迅速展开;同时得到天津滨海新区及周边浅层精细的速度结构,对于地震灾害评估有很大帮助.     

北京-萨哈林剖面的地幔纵向速度结构

本文根据北京台网、大连、长春、牡丹江、海参威等26个台站的记录,选用了从北京地区到阿留申群岛西端的300多个地震,研究了北京-萨哈林剖面的地幔纵向速度分布。 用Herglotz-Wiechert公式计算得出的V-h作为初始模型,计算理论走时曲线,找出了与实际走时曲线符合较好的速度结构。其特点为:上地幔顶部的速度为7.8公里/秒;高速盖层中有正速度梯度;在约60-120公里深度范围内为低速层;130公里以下速度缓慢增大;在370-440公里、600-740公里有两个速度梯度较大的过渡层,其中以370-440公里的正速度梯度最大,与之相应的震中距为19°。在1060公里以下有微弱的正梯度。 用Kaila方法计算了深度为400公里左右的地震震源深度处的速度值,与上述结果一致。     

北京—萨哈林剖面的地幔纵向速度结构

本文根据北京台网、大连、长春、牡丹江、海参威等26个台站的记录,选用了从北京地区到阿留申群岛西端的300多个地震,研究了北京—萨哈林剖面的地幔纵向速度分布。 用Herglotz-Wiechert公式计算得出的V-h作为初始模型,计算理论走时曲线,找出了与实际走时曲线符合较好的速度结构。其特点为:上地幔顶部的速度为7.8公里/秒;高速盖层中有正速度梯度;在约60—120公里深度范围内为低速层;130公里以下速度缓慢增大;在370—440公里、600—740公里有两个速度梯度较大的过渡层,其中以370—440公里的正速度梯度最大,与之相应的震中距为19°。在1060公里以下有微弱的正梯度。 用Kaila方法计算了深度为400公里左右的地震震源深度处的速度值,与上述结果一致。     

Inversion ofQ value structure beneath the Tibet Plateau

A total of 11 earthquakes with 15 Rayleigh wave paths, recorded at 11 broadband digital PASSCAL seismometers installed in the Tibet Plateau by the Sino-U.S. joint research group, were used to determine the phase velocity and attenuation coefficient of surface waves in periods of 10–130 s. The average shear wave velocity and quality factor {ie271-1} structures in the crust and upper mantle were obtained in this region. The result shows the average {ie271-2} is low and there exists a high attenuation ({ie271-3}=93–141) layer in the crust. The depth range of the low {ie271-4} value layer (16–42 km) is consistent with the range of low velocity layer (21–51 km) in the crust. Below 63 km in the lower crust, {ie271-5} decreases with depth from 114 to 34 at depth of 180 km. The low shear wave velocity and low value of {ie271-6} at the same depth range in the crust indicate that the rocks in the range is probably melted or partially melted. According to the shear wave velocity structure, the average thickness of the crust is about 71 km and a clear velocity discontiniuty appears at the depth of 51 km. The low-velocity zone (4. 26 km/s) at depth of 96–180 km may be corresponding to the asthenosphere.     

Crustal structure from spectral ratio of short-period P waves

This study examines the method of spectral ratio response and verifies a structure beneath Umeå from short-period P waves of teleseismic events. Previously, researchers reported difficulty in interpreting observed ratios of short-period waves in terms of realistic models. Compatible results are returned here by restricting the length of analysis to a short duration (about 12 s) with the understanding that only the gross features of the crust may be modelled. Our results indicate a 42-km two-layer shield structure similar to that derived from long-period P waves. The structure so inferred is attributed to considerations of the observed and theoretical model truncated ratios in the frequency range 0.9–1.3 Hz, the dominant periods of the signals analysed, a short data window, analysis of records with a well-developed beat character and a relatively simple crust beneath the recording station.     

地下爆炸各向同性源和补偿线性矢量偶极源共同作用对Rg波低谷点的影响

本文利用地震面波激发理论计算了两种震源不同相对强度、相对埋深及源时间函数情况下的Rg波频谱,研究地下爆炸中各向同性(ISO)源和补偿线性矢量偶极(CLVD)源共同激发的Rg波信号低谷点特性.结果表明,由于两种震源相对强度、相对埋深及源频谱的影响,混合信号低谷点频率与单一CLVD源激发的信号有很大差异,因此实际地下爆炸中...