热带西太平洋暖池局地海气相互作用的季节依赖性

采用美国伍兹霍尔海洋研究所的客观分析海气通量项目最新发布的海气热通量和相关气象场、NOAA提供的向外长波辐射和表面风场等数据,研究了暖池区域(144～154 °E,1～6 °N)局地海气相互作用的季节依赖性,并探讨可能对其产生影响的外强迫。结果表明,暖池区域海气相互作用在3月显著表现为受ENSO影响的海洋对大气的强迫,而在6月则显著表现为以局地作用为主的大气对海洋的反馈。当海洋强迫大气占主导时,海温趋势(dSST/dt)的年际变化的数值小于海温;而当大气反馈海洋占主导时,海温趋势的年际变化数值大于海温。ENSO会减弱暖池区域3月海洋对大气的强迫,而6月大气对海洋的反馈受ENSO影响不大;去除印度洋偶极子(IOD)影响后海气关系基本维持不变。3月ENSO通过增强暖池上空的对流,减少短波入射,从而使海温呈降低趋势,减弱海洋对大气的强迫。      

THE EFFECT OF WARM POOL THERMAL STATES ON TROPICAL CYCLONES IN THE WESTERN NORTH PACIFIC

The influence of thermal states in the warm pool on tropical cyclones (TCs) in the western North Pacific (WNP) is investigated. There are fewer typhoons during warm years of the warm pool in which tropical storms tend to form in the northwest quadrant and move westward. Inversely, typhoons tend to recurve northeastward to the southeast of Japan and increase in number in the southeast quadrant during cold years. Based on composite analyses, circulation-induced dynamic factors rather than thermal factors are identified as being responsible for TCs activities. During the warm state, the monsoon trough retreats westwards, which leads to anomalous vorticity in low-level and divergence in high-level in the western part of west Pacific. Above-normal TCs activity is found in this area. Furthermore, wind anomalies at 500 hPa determine the main track types. On the contrary, when the warm pool is in cold state, the atmospheric circulation is responsible for the formation of more TCs in the southeast quadrant and recurving track.     

热带西太平洋暖池和副热带高压之间的关系

文中研究了热带西太平洋暖池和西太平洋副热带高压的季节性变化和年际变化关系。结果表明,西太平洋暖池面积和副热带高压面积指数季节变化趋势基本一致,暖池中心的纬向移动与副热带高压西伸脊点相反,而经向移动和５００ｈＰａ副热带高压脊平均位置的南北季节性变化非常一致。西太平洋副热带高压的年际变化落后暖池大约３个月左右,用暖池２８℃或２９℃面积指数可以很好地预测出当年６,７,８三个月西太平洋副热带高压的面积指数。     

THE CLIMATIC JUMP OF THE WESTERN PACIFIC WARM POOL AND ITS CLIMATIC EFFECTS

1INTRODUCTIONTropicalwesternPacificOceanisanareathathasthehighestoceantemperatureacrosstheglobe.Asmostofthewarmwaterconcentratesintheregion,itisknownasthe搘esternPacificwarmpool?Asshowninsomestudies[1-5],thegeneralcirculationandshort-termclimaticchangeswillbeseriouslyaffectedifthermodynamicconditionchangesinthewaters,whichthenhaveanimportantroletoplayintheonsetofanyENSOepisodes.Therehasnotbeenanyunifieddefinitionoftheindexforthewarmpool.FollowingthecriterionofWyrtki[4],however,theareae…     

西北太平洋暖池热状态对热带气旋活动的影响

研究1959-2003年西北太平洋热带气旋与暖池热状况的联系。结果发现暖池次表层海温与生成的台风个数具有显著相关,当暖池处于热状态时,台风偏少,生成热带风暴的位置偏向于靠近大陆的西北侧,且以西行路径为主,因此对我国的影响较为频繁。而暖池处于冷状态时,生成于西北太平洋东南侧的台风较为频繁,西北向移动至日本东南侧易于发生东北的转向。另外,对暖池冷暖状态年的环流合成发现,海表温度不是影响热带气旋年际数量异常的主要因子,而是由大气环流所引发的动力因素起决定作用。当暖池暖状态时,季风槽东端位置偏西北,对应于低层涡度和高层散度为正距平。引发中层垂直上升运动异常。有利于热带气旋在西北侧海域生成。此时500hPa风场以东风距平为主,且西北太平洋南北侧分别为西风和东风垂直切变距平。而暖池处于冷状态时,东亚季风槽东扩,使得西北太平洋东南侧产生有利于气旋生成的环流背景,同时东亚大槽加强,中层西南风易引导热带气旋东北转向,西北太平洋南北侧分别为东风和西风垂直切变距平。     

西太平洋暖池混合层热力异常与我国东部夏季降水的关系

利用1981—2012年GODAS(Global Ocean Data Assimilation System)月平均次表层海温资料、混合层深度资料、NCEP/NCAR再分析资料及中国756个站的逐日降水资料,分析西太平洋暖池混合层热力异常与中国东部夏季降水的关系及可能的影响途径。结果表明,前期5月是西太平洋暖池(125~150 °E,0~18 °N)混合层热力异常影响我国东部夏季降水的关键期。在前期5月西太平洋暖池异常偏暖(冷)年,长江中下游流域的夏季降水偏少(多),黄河中下游流域夏季降水偏多(少)。1991—2012年,5月的西太平洋暖池热力异常呈现明显的变化趋势,由异常偏冷期向偏暖期转变。机制分析表明,由于前期5月西太平洋暖池热力异常,引起夏季菲律宾附近及其以东洋面和印度半岛中北部上空的对流活动、西太平洋副热带高压(简称副高)和南亚高压位置及强度的异常,进而影响水汽输送及上升运动,最终导致我国东部夏季降水的异常分布。      

热带西太平洋暖池表层热含量分析

利用１９６１￣１９９７年中的资料,对热带西太平洋暖池的热含量进行了分析,并搪塞了暖池热含量变化与南方涛动的关系,结果表明：暖池热含量具有明显的季节和年际变化,暖池全域,西部（１６０°Ｅ以西部分）和东部（１８０°Ｅ以东部分）热呈的年际变化存在较明显的差异,暖池全域和暖池东部热呈与南方涛动存在着负相关,暖池西部热含量与南方涛是为正相关。     

CLIMATIC FEATURES OF SEA TEMPERATURE OF WARM POOL AND RELATIONSHIP WITH SST OF ITS ADJACENT REGIONS

In this paper,climatic features of sea temperature of western Pacific warm pool and therelationship with sea surface temperature (SST) of its adjacent regions are analyzed based on theobserved sea temperature on vertical cross section along 137°E in western Pacific,the monthlymean SST of Xisha Station in South China Sea and the global monthly mean SST with resolution of1°×1°(U.K./GISST2.2).The results indicate that (1) in a sense of correlation.SST of westernPacific warm pool can represent its sea subsurface temperature from surface to 200 m-depth level inwinter,and it can only represent sea temperature from surface to 70 m depth in summer.The seasubsurface temperature anomaly of warm pool may be more suitable for representing thermalregime of western Pacific warm pool.The sea subsurface temperature of warm pool has acharacteristic of quasi-biennial oscillation.(2)Warm pool and Kuroshio current are subject todifferent ocean current systems (3)Furthermore,the relationship between SST of Xisha Stationand SST of warm pool has a characteristic of negative correlation in winter and positive correlationin summer,and a better lag negative correlation of SST of Xisha Station with sea subsurfacetemperature of warm pool exists.(4)Additionally,oscillation structure of sea temperature like “aseesaw” exists in between warm pool and Regions Nino3 and Nino4.January (June) maximum(minimum) sea subsurface temperature anomaly of warm pool may serve as a strong signal thatindicates maturity phase (development phase) of La Nina (El Nino) event,it also acts as a strongsignal which reveals variations of SST of Regions Nino3 and Nino4.     

THE ABRUPT CHANGE OF TROPICAL CYCLONE NUMBER OVER THE WESTERN NORTH PACIFIC IN THE MID-1990s

Based on the CMA tropical cyclone(TC) best track data as well as the reanalysis datasets from the NCEP/NCAR and NOAA, the variation characteristics of TC number from 1949 to 2013 over the western North Pacific(including the South China Sea) are examined. Notably, the time series of TC number exhibits a significant abrupt change from more to less around 1995. Comparative analysis indicates that the environmental factors necessary to TC formation also change significantly around the mid-1990 s. After 1995, accompanying with anomalous warm sea surface temperature(SST) in western equatorial Pacific, a La Nia-like pattern in tropical Pacific appears obviously. However,compared with the period before 1995, the vertical upward movement decreases, vertical shear of tropospheric zonal wind increases, and sea level pressure(SLP) rises, all of which are unfavorable to TC formation and work together to make TC number reduce markedly after 1995. Furthermore, when the typical interannual more and less TCs years are selected in the two separate stages before and after 1995, the relative importance of oceanic and atmospheric environments in interannual TC generation is also investigated respectively. The results imply that the SST over the tropical Pacific exerts relatively important influence on TC formation before 1995 whereas the atmospheric circulation plays a more prominent role in the generation of TC after 1995.     

NUMERICAL EXPERIMENTS ON THE TROPICAL AIR-SEA INTERACTION WAVES

By means of the numerical method,the tropical air-sea interaction waves are studied.The results show that whenthe Kelvin waves are filtered out and only the equatorial Rossby waves are reserved both in the atmosphere and in theocean,the disturbances can also propagate eastward because of the air-sea interaction.The critical wavelength of theeastward propagating waves is related to the intensity of the air-sea interaction.The stronger the air-sea interaction,thelarger the eastward propagating components of the air-sea interaction waves.The results of the numerical experimentsare in good agreement with those of the theoretical analysis(Chao and Zhang,1988).     

西太平洋暖池的跃变及其气候效应

用SST（COADS，NCEP）资料研究热带西太平洋暖池的年代际变化和跃变特征，讨论其气候效应。结果表明：西太平洋暖池有显著的10-20年周期的年人际变化和40-50年周期的气候跃变：一百多年来西太平洋暖池发生了4次大跃变，在1910年代中期和1950年代中期，西太平洋暖池由异常发展转为异常减弱，1930年代初和1980年代初，西太平洋暖池由异常减弱转为异常发展：西太平洋暖池在1980年代初的跃变，具明显的效应，跃变后热带中东太平洋海温显著升高，大范围海域升温超过0.5℃，夏季西太平洋副高加强西伸，脊线偏南，我国汛期降水呈南方偏多、北方偏少的分布趋势，与跃变前基本相反。研究结果还表明：在西太平洋暖池异常发展期，El Nino事件出现多且强于La Nina事件，而在西太平洋暖池异常减弱期，La Nina事件出现多且强于El Nino事件。     

IMPACT OF AIR-SEA INTERACTION ON THE GENESIS OF TROPICAL INCIPIENT VORTEX OVER SOUTH CHINA SEA: A CASE STUDY

Based on 6-hourly sensible heat flux and latent heat flux from the NCEP Climate Forecast System Reanalysis (CFSR) and circulation data from the Japanese 25-year Reanalysis (JRA-25), the initial developing process of tropical cyclone Mindulle (1005) in 2010 has been diagnosed to reveal the impact of air-sea interaction over the South China Sea (SCS) on the genesis of its incipient vortex. The results show that the incipient vortex first occurred east of the Luzon Island on 0000 UTC 20 August, suggesting that the topographic forcing of the Luzon Island for easterly winds over the western Pacific might be one of the factors responsible for the formation of the incipient vortex. During the formation stage of the incipient vortex, strong southeasterlies over the SCS caused warm water of the middle and eastern SCS to flow toward the Luzon Island due to Ekman transport resulting from wind stress, leading to an increase of the sea surface temperature and sensible heat flux into the atmosphere. Although the anomalous sensible heating favored surface pressure to reduce, it was not conducive to the increase of local vorticity associated with the vortex above the heating area because, according to the atmospheric thermal adaptation theory, the anticyclonic vorticity would be created in the lower troposphere due to the decreased vertical gradient of the sensible heating. However, the ascending motions occurred over the eastern area of the anomalous sensible heating due to the augmentation of the vorticity advection with increasing height, causing water vapor to condense in the middle and upper troposphere. In turn, cyclonic vorticity was generated in the lower troposphere due to the increased vertical gradient of the condensation latent heating, resulting in the formation and further growth of the incipient vortex. Therefore, the vorticity creation due to the condensation heating played a dominant role during the subsequent enhancing stage of the incipient vortex.     

赤道西太平洋暖池次表层水温变化对热带气旋的影响

分析了西太平洋暖池和南海次表层水温变化对TC的影响，研究结果表明：当赤道西太平洋暖池次表层水温夏半年持续出现正(负)距平时，西北太平洋生成的TC个数比常年偏多(少)是主要现象，这种现象极值年份尤其明显，对南海1℃(指南海生成的TC，下同)的个数影响不明显，西北太平洋和南海生成TC的时间比常年提早(推迟)。当南海北部次表层水温夏季和秋季持续出现正(负)距平时，南海TC比常年偏多(少)。TC对南海和东海的影响趋势是一致的，但所受影响的程度东海比南海更为强烈。原因是东海台风波浪比南海高、海面气温比南海低、相对湿度比南海小，故导致SST急速下降。     

CLIMATIC FEATURES OF SEA TEMPERATURE OF WARM POOL AND RELATIONSHIP WITH SST OF ITS ADJACENT REGIONS*

In this paper,climatic features of sea temperature of western Pacific warm pool and the relationship with sea surface temperature (SST) of its adjacent regions are analyzed based on the observed sea temperature on vertical cross section along 137°E in western Pacific,the monthly mean SST of Xisha Station in South China Sea and the global monthly mean SST with resolution of 1°×1° (U.K./GISST2.2).The results indicate that (1) in a sense of correlation.SST of western Pacific warm pool can represent its sea subsurface temperature from surface to 200 m-depth level in winter,and it can only represent sea temperature from surface to 70 m depth in summer.The sea subsurface temperature anomaly of warm pool may be more suitable for representing thermal regime of western Pacific warm pool.The sea subsurface temperature of warm pool has a characteristic of quasi-biennial oscillation.(2)Warm pool and Kuroshio current are subject to different ocean current systems (3)Furthermore,the relationship between SST of Xisha Station and SST of warm pool has a characteristic of negative correlation in winter and positive correlation in summer,and a better lag negative correlation of SST of Xisha Station with sea subsurface temperature of warm pool exists.(4)Additionally,oscillation structure of sea temperature like "a seesaw" exists in between warm pool and Regions Nino3 and Nino4.January (June) maximum (minimum) sea subsurface temperature anomaly of warm pool may serve as a strong signal that indicates maturity phase (development phase) of La Nina (El Nino) event,it also acts as a strong signal which reveals variations of SST of Regions Nino3 and Nino4.     

赤道西太平洋暖池次表层水温与热带气旋的关系

为探索赤道西太平洋暖池次表层水温异常与热带气旋的关系,用赤道西太平洋暖池和南海SOTA实测资料,对TC的影响做了统计分析。赤道西太平洋暖池SOTA与同步西太平洋TC个数不存在线性相关;赤道西太平洋暖池1月SOTA滞后5～7个月影响西太平洋的TC;赤道西太平洋暖池区1月的SOTA出现正(负)距平值时,当年西北太平洋和南海的TC生成时间比常年提早(推迟)是主要现象,极值年份尤其明显,当年夏季西北太平洋副热带高压偏弱(强),位置偏北(南),西太平洋暖池区上空对流加强(减弱),对台风生成有(不)利,台风生成平均位置偏西(东),TC的个数偏多(少)、偏强(弱),易于出现西行(东北转向)路径为主;南海中北部2月SOTA出现偏暖(冷)年,当年南海TC生成日期偏早(晚)、数量偏多(少)、偏强(弱)是主要现象。赤道西太平洋暖池SOTA对TC影响明显,时间滞后。     

西太平洋暖池海温异常与中国夏季降水的关系

利用1951—2007年NOAA延长重构的海温资料、NCEP/NCAR再分析资料和中国160站降水资料,研究了夏季西太平洋暖池海温的年际变化特征及其与中国夏季降水的关系。结果表明,夏季西太平洋暖池海温异常具有明显的年际变化特征;夏季西太平洋暖池海温异常偏高(低)时,亚洲热低压减弱(加强),西太平洋副热带高压加强(减弱)、位置偏西(偏东),850 hPa风场上中国东部地区为偏北(南)风距平,使得东亚夏季风减弱(增强),导致长江中下游地区夏季降水偏多(少)。     

AIR-SEA COUPLING MODES OF TROPICAL PACIFIC SSTA AND WIND STRESS FIELDS

The EOF thechnique is employed to investigate the characteristic modes of spatial distribution and features of temporal variation in the context of 1970-1989 wind stress and SSTA datasets over the tropical Pacific. Results show similar variation in the time coefficients of the first eigenvectors for the wind stress and SSTA fields, revealing air-sea interaction and coupling at the multiple space/time scales,which are in fairly good correspondence to the E1 Nino cycle.     

热带太平洋经向风异常年际变化与海温异常的关系

运用奇异谱分析（SSA）方法对热带太平洋海温和经向风进行周期分析，结果表明太平洋海气系统存在准4年、准2年和年代际尺度的变化周期，其中准4年的变率最大。不同区域的风场，在不同时间尺度上与海温异常联系的紧密程度不同，位相的演变也有差异。文中还讨论了在准4年与准2年分量之间因风场的不同而导致的海温异常的差异。     

热带西太平洋热状况年代际和年际变化特征分析

采用谐波分析和EOF分析方法,对比研究了暖池区域表层热状况(海表温度距平SST'表征)和浅层热状况(热含量距平HS'和次表层海温距平ST'表征)在1月和7月的年代际、年际尺度时空特征.分析结果表明:⑴不同季节的年代际、年际尺度SST'和HS'都存在两个显著模态,HS'1月的年代际、年际尺度结构最简单,而SST'7月的年代际和1月年际结构最复杂;⑵ 1970年代末和1980年代初发生的年代际跃变HS'晚于SST', 且SST'(HS')呈增温(减少)趋势;⑶ HS'的年际异常与ENSO关系密切,而SST'与ENSO关系不显著.