斯堪的那维亚臭氧亏损和地面加热

对ＮＡＳＡ的ＴＯＭＳ臭氧资料进行分析后指出：冬季在北极的斯堪的那维亚地区存在一个明显的臭氧亏损区，亏损区的中心值达－５０ ＤＵ，相当于该区域平均值的 １５％。对臭氧亏损和北大西洋海温的东西向差异作相关分析得到：其季节变化的相关系数为－０．９６，逐月（ １６８个月）变化的相关系数为－０．７０。同样对臭氧亏损与地面加热进行相关分析后指出：斯堪的那维亚地区的臭氧亏损和该地区地面的热通量关系极其密切，其相关系数均在－０．８７以上。由此我们认为：北大西洋暖流向北输送能量，引起斯堪的纳维亚地区地面加热，由此造成了冬季该地区的臭氧亏损。     

斯堪的纳维亚臭氧亏损和物质输送

冬季在北极的斯堪的纳维亚地区存在一个明显的臭氧亏损区,亏损区的中心值达-50 DU.对臭氧亏损和地面温度进行相关分析后指出:斯堪的纳维亚地区的臭氧亏损和该地区地面温度和地面热通量关系极其密切,进一步分析物质的向上输送表明冬季斯堪的纳维亚地区的臭氧亏损可能是由于地面加热引发的物质抬升所造成的.     

斯堪的纳维亚臭氧亏损和地面加热

研究表明,冬季在北极的斯堪的纳维亚地区存在一个明显的臭氧亏损区,亏损区的中心值达-50DU.对臭氧亏损和地面加热进行相关分析后指出:斯堪的纳维亚地区的臭氧亏损和该地区地面的感热通量、潜热通量、净辐射通量以及总的热通量关系极其密切,其相关系数均在-0.87以上.由此,我们认为冬季斯堪的纳维亚地区的臭氧亏损可能是由于地面加热引发的物质抬升所造成的.     

北大西洋臭氧极小值和北太平洋极大值及其相互关系

利用1979～2002年TOMS卫星观测资料,采用臭氧总量纬向偏差和区域强迫的分析方法,研究北大西洋东北部大气臭氧低值与北太平洋西北部臭氧高值的季节变化过程和相互关系.研究表明,(1)北大西洋东北部存在一个大气臭氧极小值,年平均臭氧总量比纬向平均值低20 DU以上,冬季低50 DU以上; 北太平洋西北部存在一个大气臭氧极大值,年平均臭氧总量比纬向平均值高35 DU以上,冬季高70 DU以上.(2)上述两个地区大气臭氧的季节变化具有很强的区域特征,区域大气动力学输送和化学过程对上述两个地区大气臭氧季节变化的强迫分别为50.3%和42.6%.(3)上述两个地区大气臭氧纬向偏差的季节变化间存在很好的反相关,相关系数达到-0.98,说明其臭氧区域强迫之间存在良好的关系.     

1990年代末东亚北部地区夏季水汽输送年代际变化特征及其影响机制

利用1983～2011年降水量、环流和海温的再分析资料,探讨了东亚北部地区夏季水汽输送的年代际变化特征,并分析了前冬北大西洋海温对东亚北部地区夏季水汽输送与大气环流的可能影响。研究结果表明,20世纪90年代末期东亚北部地区夏季整层水汽与降水年代际的变化特征相一致,整层水汽通量的年代际变化主要是由于纬向水汽输送异常作用的结果。东亚北部地区（35°～55°N,90°～145°E）西边界的水汽输送通量由多变少,东边界的水汽输送通量由少变多特征则直接导致了该地区降水由偏多转为偏少的年代际变化。就外强迫海温角度来说,前冬北大西洋海温跟东亚北部地区夏季500 hPa高度场、850 hPa风场和850 hPa比湿均显著相关。同时,在20世纪90年代中后期前冬北大西洋海温也表现出由偏低向偏高转变的年代际变化特征,且由于海温自身的记忆性前冬的海温异常一直延续到夏季。并在夏季激发出横跨北大西洋和欧亚大陆中高纬度地区的大西洋-欧亚（AEA）遥相关结构,并进一步影响东亚北部地区夏季水汽输送。     

北大西洋上层海温的季节变率分析

利用1981年至2018年的月全球海温同化资料(GODAS)以及热通量、扰动速度和平均流场等数据,统计分析了大西洋上层海温的季节变化特征.以海温控制方程为理论基础,定量诊断了北大西洋不同海区中热通量、扰动速度对平均温度的平流贡献、平均流场对扰动温度的平流贡献,探讨比较了三个上层海温影响因子的季节分布及其对海温影响的相关...     

北大西洋风浪特征研究

本文利用国际气象船舶报资料对北大西洋海区的风场特征和海浪的分布规律及季节变化进行了分析研究,得到了该地区风场特征与海浪季节变化的规律。     

El Ni?o衰减年夏季西太平洋副热带高压的季节内变化

本文分析了El Ni?o衰减年夏季西太平洋副热带高压（副高）的季节内变化,发现其季节内变化存在两种模态,一种是6～8月的一致偏西,另一种是6～7月偏西,而8月逆转为偏东,其中偏西模态的异常要远大于偏东模态。对偏西模态而言,由于热带北大西洋海温正异常的强迫影响,激发出一个从北大西洋经过欧亚大陆高纬度到东亚的遥相关,抑制了暖池地区的对流,东亚地区位势高度增加,从而导致副高加强西伸。在偏东模态下,热带印度洋海温异常演变与偏西模态类似,但强度偏低,同时热带北大西洋海温正异常在4月达到峰值后衰减,导致两大洋对8月暖池地区对流的抑制作用减弱。此外,由于6～7月暖池海温持续升高,在局地海气相互作用下,8月暖池对流发展,位势高度场降低,从而造成副高减弱东退。因此,副高8月异常主要取决于热带北大西洋海温异常。在预测El Ni?o 衰减年副高异常变化时,要综合考虑两大洋海温异常的影响。     

夏季北大西洋三极型海温异常与中国西南地区气温年际变化的联系

利用1951—2016年Hadley中心海温资料、NCEP/NCAR再分析资料和全国160站气温资料，研究了夏季北大西洋三极型海温异常与中国气温年际变化的联系及可能机制。结果表明，夏季北大西洋三极型海温异常与同期中国西南地区气温年际变化存在显著的负相关关系。夏季北大西洋“-+-”三极型海温异常激发的北半球中高纬欧亚遥相关波列，引起贝加尔湖地区位势高度升高，产生反气旋性环流异常，并引起东亚地区位势高度降低，产生气旋性环流异常。西南地区在对流层中下层位于贝加尔湖异常反气旋性环流的东部和东亚异常气旋性环流的西部，在两者的共同作用下，受异常偏北气流影响，有利于冷空气南下和堆积。与此同时，对流层高层的东亚副热带西风急流位置偏南，西南地区位于急流南侧的异常上升气流中。此种环流形势配置导致中国西南地区气温降低，反之亦然。     

冬季极涡的长期预报

利用北半球500 hPa高度场及北太平洋海温场资料，进行统计分析，重点讨论了对我国气温影响颇为显著的冬季Ⅰ区极涡面积指数的预报问题。结果表明:前期3月北大西洋西风环流及5月北美大槽强度对冬季Ⅰ区极涡强弱变化具有很好的指示性。Ⅰ区极涡异常强弱年份，北太平洋海温距平分布表现出截然相反的两种类型。北太平洋中南部地区海温经向差及北太平洋中西部地区海温纬向差对Ⅰ区极涡面积具有显著影响。     

Changes of Air–sea Coupling in the North Atlantic over the 20th Century

Changes of air–sea coupling in the North Atlantic Ocean over the 20 th century are investigated using reanalysis data,climate model simulations, and observational data. It is found that the ocean-to-atmosphere feedback over the North Atlantic is significantly intensified in the second half of the 20 th century. This coupled feedback is characterized by the association between the summer North Atlantic Horseshoe(NAH) SST anomalies and the following winter North Atlantic Oscillation(NAO). The intensification is likely associated with the enhancement of the North Atlantic storm tracks as well as the NAH SST anomalies. Our study also reveals that most IPCC AR4 climate models fail to capture the observed NAO/NAH coupled feedback.     

Impacts of SST anomalies on the North Atlantic atmospheric circulation: a case study for the northern winter 1995/1996

The present paper selects the northern winter of December 1995–February 1996 for a case study on the impact of sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies on the atmospheric circulation over the North Atlantic and Western Europe. In the Atlantic, the selected winter was characterized by positive SST anomalies over the northern subtropics and east of Newfoundland, and negative anomalies along the US coast. A weak La Niña event developed in the Pacific. The North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) index was low, precipitation over the Iberian Peninsula and northern Africa was anomalously high, and precipitation over northern Europe was anomalously low. The method of study consists of assessing the sensitivity of ensemble simulations by the UCLA atmospheric general circulation model (UCLA AGCM) to SST anomalies from the observation, which are prescribed either in the World Oceans, the Atlantic Ocean only, or the subtropical North Atlantic only. The results obtained are compared with a control run that uses global, time-varying climatological SST. The ensemble simulations with global and Atlantic-only SST anomalies both produce results that resemble the observations over the North Atlantic and Western Europe. It is suggested that the anomalous behavior of the atmosphere in the selected winter over those regions, therefore, was primarily determined by conditions within the Atlantic basin. The simulated fields in the tropical North Atlantic show anomalous upward motion and lower (upper) level convergence (divergence) in the atmosphere overlying the positive SST anomalies. Consistently, the subtropical jet intensifies and its core moves equatorward, and precipitation increases over northern Africa and southern Europe. The results also suggest that the SST anomalies in the tropical North Atlantic only do not suffice to produce the atmospheric anomalies observed in the basin during the selected winter. The extratropical SST anomalies would provide a key contribution through increased transient eddy activity, which causes an extension of the subtropical jet eastward from the coast of North America.     

1998年和2016年北大西洋海温异常对中国夏季降水影响的数值模拟研究

基于1979-2016年ERA-Interim再分析资料和CAM5.3模式,研究了2016年和1998年北大西洋海温异常对中国夏季降水以及大尺度环流的可能影响及其机制。结果表明,这两年前夏（6-7月）长江中下游及其以南地区降水均异常偏多,但1998年降水异常较2016年更为显著。后夏（8月）,2016年长江以南地区降水异常偏多,长江-黄河流域降水异常偏少,而1998年降水异常分布与之相反。2016年和1998年夏季中国东部降水异常的差异与西北太平洋对流层低层异常反气旋以及欧亚中高纬度环流变化的共同作用直接相关。敏感性数值试验的结果表明,北大西洋海温异常的显著差异是导致2016年和1998年夏季中国东部降水以及大尺度环流异常存在明显差异的重要原因之一。一方面,北大西洋海温异常可以通过改变欧亚中高纬度环流进而对中国夏季降水产生影响。1998年北大西洋海温异常自热带至副极地呈类似"+ - +"型分布,这种海温异常型能够在前夏欧亚中高纬度地区激发出双阻型的环流异常响应。2016年北大西洋海温异常自热带至副极地呈相对弱的"- + -"型分布,欧亚中高纬度环流异常响应总体偏弱。另一方面,北大西洋海温异常还可以通过影响热带纬向环流进而对西北太平洋对流层低层异常反气旋起调制作用。1998年北大西洋海温异常对夏季西北太平洋异常反气旋起增强作用,这与热带印度洋-太平洋海温的强迫作用相协调。然而,2016年北大西洋海温异常则有利于西北太平洋异常反气旋的减弱,这与热带印度洋-太平洋海温的强迫作用相反。因此,在这3个大洋的协同作用下,2016年和1998年前夏西北太平洋异常反气旋均偏强,但前者的振幅弱于后者。在后夏,1998年西北太平洋对流层低层仍受异常反气旋控制,2016年则为异常气旋控制。      

Influence of Atlantic sea surface temperatures on persistent drought in North America

This study investigates the relationship between North Atlantic sea surface temperatures (SST) and persistent drought in North America using modern observations, proxy paleo-data, and simulations from multiple climate models. The observational results show that persistent droughts in the Great Plains and the southwest North America are closely related to multidecadal variations of North Atlantic SST (Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillations, AMO). During the AMO warm (cold) phases, most of North America is dry (wet). This relationship is persistent since at least 1567 AD, as based on proxy SST for the North Atlantic and the reconstructed drought index for North America. On centennial timescales, proxy SST records from the North Atlantic and proxy drought records for North America suggest that major periods of AMO-like warm (cold) SST anomalies during the last 7.0?ka correspond to dry (wet) conditions in the Great Plains. The influence of North Atlantic SST on North American droughts is examined using simulations made by five global climate models. When forced by warm North Atlantic SST anomalies, all models captured significant drying over North America, despite some regional differences. Specifically, dry summers in the Great Plains and the southwest North America are simulated by all models. The precipitation response to a cold North Atlantic is much weaker and contains greater disagreement among the models. Overall, the ensemble of the five models could well reproduce the statistical relationship between the dry/wet fluctuations in the North America and North Atlantic SST anomalies. Our results suggest that North Atlantic SSTs are likely a major driver of decadal and centennial timescale circulation, including droughts, in North America. Possible mechanisms that connect North Atlantic SST with North American drought, as well as interactions between North Atlantic and tropical Pacific SST and their relative roles on drought are also discussed.     

夏季热带北大西洋海温异常对西北太平洋热带气旋生成的影响

利用1979—2012年西北太平洋热带气旋最佳路径资料,Hadley中心的海温资料和NCEP/NCAR再分析资料等,研究了夏季(6—10月)热带北大西洋海温异常与西北太平洋热带气旋(Tropical Cyclone,TC)生成的关系及其可能机制。结果表明,夏季热带北大西洋海温异常与同期西北太平洋TC生成频次之间存在显著的负相关关系。热带北大西洋海温的异常增暖可产生一对东—西向分布的偶极型低层异常环流,其中气旋性异常环流位于北大西洋/东太平洋地区,反气旋异常环流位于西北太平洋地区。该反气旋环流异常使得TC主要生成区的对流活动受到抑制、低层涡度正异常、中低层相对湿度负异常、中层下沉气流异常,这些动力/热力条件均不利于TC生成。此外,西北太平洋地区低层涡旋动能负异常,同时来自大尺度环流的涡旋动能的正压转换也受到抑制,不能为TC的生成和发展提供额外能量源。反之亦然。     

Solar wind: A possible factor driving the interannual sea surface temperature tripolar mode over North Atlantic

The effect of solar wind (SW) on the North Atlantic sea surface temperature (SST) in boreal winter is examined through an analysis of observational data during 1964-2013. The North Atlantic SSTs show a pronounced meridional tripolar pattern in response to solar wind speed (SWS) variations. This pattern is broadly similar to the leading empirical orthogonal function (EOF) mode of interannual variations in the wintertime SSTs over North Atlantic. The time series of this leading EOF mode of SST shows a significant interannual period, which is the same as that of wintertime SWS. This response also appears as a compact north-south seesaw of sea level pressure and a vertical tripolar structure of zonal wind, which simultaneously resembles the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) in the overlying atmosphere. As compared with the typical low SWS winters, during the typical high SWS winters, the stratospheric polar night jet (PNJ) is evidently enhanced and extends from the stratosphere to the troposphere, even down to the North Atlantic Ocean surface. Notably, the North Atlantic Ocean is an exclusive region in which the SW signal spreads downward from the stratosphere to the troposphere. Thus, it seems that the SW is a possible factor for this North Atlantic SST tripolar mode. The dynamical process of stratosphere-troposphere coupling, together with the global atmospheric electric circuit-cloud microphysical process, probably accounts for the particular downward propagation of the SW signal.     

Solar Wind:A Possible Factor Driving the Interannual Sea Surface Temperature Tripolar Mode over North Atlantic

The effect of solar wind(SW) on the North Atlantic sea surface temperature(SST) in boreal winter is examined through an analysis of observational data during 1964-2013.The North Atlantic SSTs show a pronounced meridional tripolar pattern in response to solar wind speed(SWS) variations.This pattern is broadly similar to the leading empirical orthogonal function(EOF) mode of interannual variations in the wintertime SSTs over North Atlantic.The time series of this leading EOF mode of SST shows a significant interannual period,which is the same as that of wintertime SWS.This response also appears as a compact north-south seesaw of sea level pressure and a vertical tripolar structure of zonal wind,which simultaneously resembles the North Atlantic Oscillation(NAO) in the overlying atmosphere.As compared with the typical low SWS winters,during the typical high SWS winters,the stratospheric polar night jet(PNJ) is evidently enhanced and extends from the stratosphere to the troposphere,even down to the North Atlantic Ocean surface.Notably,the North Atlantic Ocean is an exclusive region in which the SW signal spreads downward from the stratosphere to the troposphere.Thus,it seems that the SW is a possible factor for this North Atlantic SST tripolar mode.The dynamical process of stratosphere-troposphere coupling,together with the global atmospheric electric circuit-cloud microphysical process,probably accounts for the particular downward propagation of the SW signal.     

Role of tropical atlantic SST variability as a modulator of El Niño teleconnections

The present study suggests that the off-equatorial North Atlantic (NATL) SST warming plays a significant role in modulating El Niño teleconnection and its impact on the North Atlantic and European regions. The El Niño events accompanied by NATL SST warming exhibit south-north dipole pattern over the Western Europe to Atlantic, while the ENSO teleconnection pattern without NATL warming exhibits a Rossby wave-like pattern confined over the North Pacific and western Atlantic. Especially, the El Niño events with NATL warming show positive (negative) geopotential-height anomalies over the North Atlantic (Western Europe) which resemble the negative phase of the NAO. Consistently, it is shown using a simple statistical model that NATL SSTA in addition to the tropical Pacific SSTA leads to better prediction on regional climate variation over the North Atlantic and European regions. This role of NATL SST on ENSO teleconnection is also validated and discussed in a long term simulation of coupled global circulation model (CGCM).