南北地震带岩石圈S波速度结构面波层析成像

本文利用天然地震面波记录和层析成像方法,研究了南北地震带及邻近区域的岩石圈S波速度结构和各向异性特征.结果表明南北地震带的东边界不但是地壳厚度剧变带,也是地壳速度的显著分界.其西侧中下地壳的S波速度显著低于东侧,强震大多发生在低速区内部和边界.青藏高原东缘中下地壳速度显著低于正常大陆地壳,在松潘甘孜地块和川滇地块西部大约25～45 km深度存在壳内低速层;这些低速特征与高原主体的低速区相连,有利于下地壳物质的侧向流动.地壳的各向异性图像与下地壳流动模式相符,即下地壳物质绕喜马拉雅东构造结运动,东向的运动遇到扬子坚硬地壳阻挡而变为向南和向北东的运动.面波层析成像结果支持青藏高原地壳运动的下地壳流动模型.南北地震带的岩石圈厚度与其东侧的扬子和鄂尔多斯地块相似但速度较低.川滇西部地块上地幔顶部(莫霍面至88 km左右)异常低速;松潘甘孜地块上地幔盖层中有低速夹层(约90～130 km深度).岩石圈上地幔的速度分布图像与地壳显著不同,在高原主体与川滇之间存在北北东向高速带,可能会阻挡地幔物质的东向运动.上地幔各向异性较弱且与地壳的分布图像显然不同.因此青藏高原岩石圈地幔的构造运动具有与地壳不同的模式,软弱的下地壳提供了壳幔运动解耦的条件.     

南北地震带壳幔结构成像研究

<正>对地壳和上地幔的速度结构进行成像是研究地球深部结构及动力学问题的一个有效途径。南北地震带地区是青藏高原与相邻块体的过渡带,这里的地质构造十分复杂,地震活动频繁。在南北地震带地区进行壳幔结构成像研究,有利于提高对青藏高原及其与相邻块体相     

南北构造带及邻域地壳、岩石层速度结构特征研究

本文利用重力数据采用Parker-Oldenburg方法反演了南北构造带及邻域地区的地壳厚度,同时采用体波地震层析成像方法反演了研究区的地壳至上地幔的三维速度结构.根据计算结果对研究区的地壳及岩石层结构进行了探讨,力图揭示南北构造带及邻域地壳、岩石层变形特征,并且对青藏高原边缘活动带壳幔构造演化的深部成因、研究区的上地幔流变性及其动力学意义进行了相应的讨论.通过分析研究表明南北构造带地区为地壳厚度剧变区,西侧为地壳增厚区,东侧的鄂尔多斯、四川盆地为地壳稳定区,而再向东为地壳逐渐减薄区.中国岩石层减薄与增厚的边界基本被限定在大兴安岭—太行山—秦岭—大巴山—武陵山一带,这也是东部陆缘带和中部扬子、鄂尔多斯克拉通地区深部构造边界的分界线,其两侧不仅浅层地质构造存在较大的差异,上地幔深部的物性状态和热活动也明显不同,这说明研究区的岩石层和软流层结构以及深部物质的分布存在横向非均匀性.中部地区和青藏高原深部构造边界的分界线位于东经100°—102°左右.     

在重力作用下的我国西南地区地壳物质流

在重力作用下,青藏高原巨厚的地壳成为高原及其邻区现代构造运动的强大动力源。在其驱动下,我国西南地区存在着往南东方向运动的地壳物质流,它具有独特的运动方式,与冰川下滑运动有所不同。在地壳物质流动过程中,由于阻力的差异,可以表现出不同的构造活动性。西南地区地震的发生受到地壳物质流动的控制。西南地区现代构造运动的动力源与重力关系十分密切,因而可属于重力构造范畴     

南北地震带北段深部构造特征

本文利用重力资料,采用单层地壳模式反演南北地震带北段的地壳厚度.根据艾利均衡假设,进行均衡补偿归算.编制莫氏界面图和11均衡异常图.根据地壳构造特征,划分六个地壳构造区.对天水-文县间立交构造格架进行初步的探讨.结合历史地震资料,讨论了地壳构造、均衡异常与地震的关系.      

青藏高原东缘川西地区的现今构造变形、应变分配与深部动力过程

青藏高原东缘的川西地区是中国大陆南北地震带的中段,构造变形复杂,断裂活动强烈,控制着一系列历史强震的发生,2008年5月12日汶川8．0级地震就发生在南北地震带中段的龙门山断裂带．川西地区构造变形图像、运动特性和深部驱动机制的研究,不仅对于理解青藏高原东边界的动力过程具有重要意义,还有助于认识南北带未来强震危险性．研究表明,北西西走向的鲜水河断裂是中国大陆内部活动最强烈的断裂带之一,左旋走滑速率达9-11mm/a,其左旋走滑运动在东部的石绵一带被分解到了安宁河、大凉山和则木河等断裂带之上,仍以左旋走滑为主;再向南,左旋剪切走滑运动沿小江断裂带发生,并以8-9mm／a的走滑速率进入云南,跨过著名的红河断裂,延伸入缅甸境内．龙门山断裂则以地壳缩短和右旋走滑为特征,但其总体滑动速率只有约3mm/a．GPS观测结果也证实了这种运动方式和应变分解图像．青藏高原东边界的构造变形可能是一种近似连续的旋转弧形构造,以左旋剪切为主要特征,只是在向北东方向突出的弧顶部位出现少量的挤压逆冲构造．造成这种弧形左旋走滑运动的深部驱动机制可能是中下地壳的流动．因为川西高原的中下地壳流变强度比正常地壳软弱,并且其与临近四川盆地和华南地块的地壳厚度差达20—30km、地貌高度差达3000—4000m,从而形成能够驱动中下地壳软弱层发生流动的横向压力差,从底部拖曳着被断裂切割的上部脆性地壳,发生以左旋走滑为主的变形和运动,并导致应变在不同的断裂上积累和释放,形成强烈地震．这种由北西西走向左旋剪切转换为近南北向左旋剪切兼挤压的变形模式在中国大陆具有普遍意义．     

青藏高原西北地区与南北地震带地震活动性研究

通过研究青藏高原地区地震的发震时间和空间分布规律，发现青藏高原西北地区70%的6级以上地震发生在青藏高原地震活动高潮时期，以青藏高原西北地区地震的发震时间为基准，以一年的时间窗口去检测南北地震带发生的地震，发现青藏高原西北地区与南北地震带中强震发震时间接近，具有很强的关联。青藏高原西北地区发生的地震与南北地震带南、北、中段的地震活动相关性各不相同，地震活动频次上呈现出与南北地震带北段相关性最弱，与南段相关性最强，但在震级上表现出与南北地震带北段和中段强震活动关系密切，与滇缅构造转换区的中震联系紧密，图像信息方法为两个地区地震活动相关性提供了证据。研究同时发现以海原地震为起始地震时南北地震带的强震具有由北向南往复迁移的特征，南北地震带中段和滇缅构造转换区的地震迁移次数更多，表明两个地区地震活动确实联系紧密。这项研究对于南北地震带的地震危险性评价和"源线模式"地震预测方法具有重要的意义。     

西吉—中卫地震测深剖面及其解释

通过对南北向的西吉－中卫宽角反射／折射剖面测探资料的二维处理、计算和解释，研究了中宁、中卫和同心一带弧形构造及两侧的壳幔速度结构和深部构造的基本特征。结果表明，3个区域的壳幔速度结构在纵向和横向上均具有明显的非均匀性，标志壳幔深部构造存在着差异，地壳厚度变化大，弧形构造带中部为一莫霍面隆起（深45．0km)，弧形构造带南北两侧上地壳中存在不同的低速块体。     

南北构造带中段地壳结构研究

南北构造带一直是地学界关注的焦点,它是第四纪地壳构造变动十分强烈的地震活动带、地质灾害多发带;也是地壳厚度和重力异常的陡变带,它在东亚大陆动力学研究中占有十分重要的地位。从地震活动性来看,该带有史以来曾发生过多次8级以上大震,是中国大陆地区地震活动水平最高的一个地震带。     

若尔盖盆地及周缘褶皱造山带地壳结构—深地震测深结果

松潘-甘孜地块位于青藏高原东北部、由近东西向构造向近南北向构造转折的部位,若尔盖盆地位于该地块核心。利用近期在该区域完成的深地震测深结果,建立了若尔盖盆地及周缘褶皱造山带地壳结构模型,对若尔盖盆地基底结构、性质,若尔盖高原盆地与周缘褶皱造山带构造关系,青藏高原东北缘地壳形变增厚、壳内解耦松弛进行了研究。结果表明：若尔盖盆地近地表三叠纪岩层为高致密（2.65-2.75g·cm^-3）和高速度（约5.6km·s^-1）介质岩性,形成了特殊的“中生代基底”构造;松潘。甘孜地块在青藏高原隆升、物质东流以及周缘稳定地块的阻挡过程中被改造为相对稳定的若尔盖高原盆地和盆地周缘更为活动的褶皱造山两类不同地壳结构性质的构造单元;青藏高原东北部的地壳增厚、壳内解耦主要发生中下地壳,这种壳内以低速为主、多反射界面结构特征在若尔盖盆地周缘褶皱带造山带更为明显,突出了褶皱造山构造区域中下地壳内部经历了更为强烈的构造形变;若尔盖盆地及南北两侧褶皱造山带地壳厚度约50km,未发现“山根”构造,推测在褶皱造山后期,青藏高原地壳东流物质在周边刚性地块阻挡下围绕东构造结、沿着相对松弛的南侧方向顺时针转向流出,其结果使若尔盖盆地周缘褶皱造山带经历了强烈的伸展构造作用。     

青藏高原东北部东西向构造及其地震活动和构造力学模式研究

本文通过对重力和航磁资料解译,研究了青藏高原东北部东西向构造特征。在该区域存在6条大型东西向构造带,它们的共同特点是:(1)东西向延伸超过1000km,南北宽约60km;(2)越向深部东西向构造越明显;(3)两条相邻构造带的间距为1°20'',显示等间距分布特征;(4)在大型东西向的构造带之外还有次级东西向构造带存在。青藏高原东北部强震活动与东西向构造有密切的关系,这是由于在北东向主压应力作用下东西向构造左旋剪切运动的结果。     

帕米尔东北缘及塔里木盆地西北部弧形构造的扩展特征

归纳了帕米尔东北缘弧形构造的基本特征 ,分析了塔里木盆地西北部EW向逆断裂背斜带与NNW向隐伏走滑断裂之间的关系。通过塔里木盆地与西南天山和帕米尔东北缘变形特征的对比 ,认为塔里木盆地西北部的变形样式与帕米尔东北缘的弧形构造类似 ,弧形构造具有由帕米尔东北缘向塔里木盆地扩展的特征 ,这种构造是帕米尔向北挤入运动所特有的变形样式     

大陆岩石圈塑性流动网络的延性弱面效应

岩石圈下层的网状塑性流动 ,作为包含塑性流动网络的黏塑性流动 ,控制着大陆板块内部的构造变形和动力学过程。塑性流动网络由两组网带共轭相交而成 ,而塑性流动网带是黏塑性流动过程中因剪切局部化、黏性摩擦生热和网带介质的弱化而形成的延性弱面 (弱带 )。研究表明 ,类似于断裂和节理等脆性弱面 ,延性弱面对介质强度的影响也具有条件性 ,即当应力方向改变时 ,只有在滑移角θ不超出一定限值的条件 (θ1≤θ≤θ2 )下才可能沿原有弱面滑移 ,显示其弱化效应 ;延性弱面可以用弱化度R表示其屈服限的相对降低程度 ,弱化度与滑移角下限值之间的关系为R =sin2θ1;根据亚洲中东部地区“塑性流动 -地震”网络的最大共轭角推算 ,网带的弱化度R近似于 0 81。基于延性弱面效应的认识 ,文中就网带由剪切滑移向压性褶皱的转化、网带的继承与弃置以及应力方向的允许偏角等问题进行了探讨     

THE MECHANISMS OF ARCUATE STRUCTURES ON THE SOUTH SIDE OF THE ALTYN TAGH FAULT AND THEIR TECTONIC IMPLICATIONS

The giant sinistral Altyn Tagh Fault(ATF)is the northern boundary of the Tibetan Plateau. It has been playing important role in adjusting the India-Eurasia collision and the tectonic evolution of the northeastern Tibetan Plateau. Knowledge of the evolution of the ATF can provide comprehensive understanding of the processes and mechanisms of the deformation of the Tibetan Plateau. However, its timing of commencement, amount of displacement and strike-slip rate, as well as the tectonic evolution of the region are still under debate. South of the ATF, there exist a series of oroclinal-like arcuate structures. Knowledge of whether these curved geometries represent original curvatures or the bending of originally straight/aligned geological units has significant tectonic implications for the evolution of the ATF. The Yingxiongling arcuate belt in the western Qaidam Basin and the northern Qaidam marginal thrust belt(NQMTB)north of the Qaidam Basin are the two typical arcuate thrust belts, where the former has a "7-types" structure, and the latter has a reverse "S-type" structure. Successive Cenozoic sediments are well exposed and magnetostratigraphically dated in both belts. Paleomagnetic declination has great advantage to reveal vertical-axis rotations of geological bodies since they become magnetized. Recently conducted paleomagnetic rotation studies in different parts of these two thrust belts revealed detailed Cenozoic rotation patterns and magnitudes of the region. By integrating these paleomagnetic rotation results with regional geometric features and lines of geological evidence, we propose that these two arcuate thrust belts were most likely caused by different rotations in different parts of these curvatures, due to the sinistral strike-slip faulting along the ATF, rather than originally curved ones. The Yingxiongling arcuate belt was shaped by the significant counterclockwise(CCW)rotations of its northwestern half(the Akatengnengshan anticline)near the ATF during~16~11Ma BP, while its southeastern half(the Youshashan anticline)had no significant rotations since at least~20Ma BP. The geometry of the NQMTB was developed firstly by remarkable clockwise rotations of its middle part during~33~14Ma BP, and later possibly CCW rotations of its northwestern part during the Middle to Late Miocene, similar to that of the northwestern part of the Yingxiongling arcuate belt. The characteristics of two-stage strike-slip evolution of the ATF since the Early Oligocene were enriched:1)During the Early Oligocene to mid-Miocene, fast strike-slip faulting along the ATF was proposed to accommodate the eastward extrusion of the northern Tibetan Plateau with its sinistral shear confined to the fault itself. While in the NQMTB and farther east area in the Qilian Shan, its sinistral shear was transferred to the interior of the plateau and was accommodated by deformation of differential crustal shortenings and block rotations in these regions. Thus, the displacement along the ATF west of the NQMTB is larger than that east of the NQMTB. 2)Since the mid-late Miocene, sinistral shear of the ATF was widespread distributed within the northern Tibetan Plateau, instead of concentrated to the fault itself. Its sinistral offsets were partially absorbed by the shortening deformation within the Qaidam Basin and the Qilian Shan, leading the offsets along the ATF decreasing to the east. With the sinistral frictional drag of blocks(the Tarim Basin and the Altyn Tagh Range)on the other side during the second stage evolution of the ATF, a transitional zone south of the ATF was likely developed by remarkable CCW rotations during the Middle to Late Miocene, which is probably confined to east of the Tula syncline. Combining the sinistral offsets along the ATF derived from the paleomagnetic rotations during the Early Oligocene to mid-late Miocene and that by piercing points since the Late Miocene, the post Oligocene strike-slip offsets were constrained as at least~350~430km for the reference in the western Qaidam Basin and~380~460km for the reference in the NQMTB, with an average slip rate of at least~10.6~13.9mm/a. The post Early Oligocene offsets are consistent with the widely accepted offsets of~300~500km obtained by piercing point analyses.     

华北地区近期地壳水平运动与应力应变场特征

利用华北GPS监测网 1 992年、1 995年、1 996年的观测资料 ,应用最小二乘配置给出了华北地区相对水平位移场、应变场的分布图像 .经初步研究表明 :华北地区 1 992-1 995年间的水平位移和应变场表现为整体性不均匀的压性运动 ,1 995- 1 996年测区东部仍以水平压性运动为主 ,但测区西部则主要表现为张性运动 .水平运动 （方向、大小 ）发生显著变化和应变高值区的地带主要位于块体边界带和主要断裂带附近 .燕山断块南边界的北东向断裂存在着较显著的左旋运动 .区内最大剪应变、面膨胀的高值区在天津、北京、唐山一带 .结合非连续变形数值分析方法 （DDA）初步分析认为 ,1 992- 1 995年GPS观测结果显示的华北地区存在东、西部构造应力作用的明显差别 ,华北东部以东西向压应力作用为主 ,而西部的南北向构造应力作用又明显大于东部 .     

塑性流动网络控制下川滇菱形块体及邻区构造应力场与地震构造

川滇地区位于中东亚塑性流动网络系统东南部 ,研究区内岩石圈下层含右向网带 6条和左向网带 16条 ,受其控制在多震层内形成相应的地震带。多震层和岩石圈下层的构造应力场在总趋势上基本一致 ,进一步证明了下层网状流动对上层的控制。沿网带以不同交角展布的发震断裂组成地震构造带 ,其中多数右向地震构造带已发育成熟 (视成熟度Λ≥ 0 .8) ,而左向带除大理 -通海和腾冲 -景洪两带接近成熟外 ,多数的Λ值显著小于 0 .8。“川滇菱形块体”因塑性流动网络的存在和块体边界的变迁 ,其现今构造和动力学涵义有待探讨     

青藏高原岩石圈多层构造应力场

青藏高原构造应力场可按岩石圈下层、多震层和浅层地壳区分为三层。除了震源机制解方法和井孔原地测量方法可分别用于推测多震层和浅层的应力状况外,还可根据下层塑性流动网络,采用平分网络共轭角的方法估计下层的应力方向。对比岩石圈下层与上层(多震层)的构造应力场,其结果表明: 由于板块边缘驱动力主要通过下层的网络状流动实现其远程传递,故在总体作用趋势上,上层的应力方向受控于下层;又由于高原靠近喜马拉雅驱动边界,部分驱动力直接沿上层传递,致使局部地区上、下层应力方向相差显著。     

The structure of Circum-Tibetan Plateau Basin-Range System and the large gas provinces

Northward subduction of the Cenozoic Tethys ocean caused the convergence and collision of Eurasia-Indian Plates, resulting in the lower crust thickening, the upper crust thrusting, and the Qinghai-Tibet uplifting, and forming the plateau landscape. In company with uplifting and northward extruding of the Tibetan plateau, the contractional tectonic deformations persistently spread outward, building a gigantic basin-range system around the Tibetan plateau. This system is herein termed as the Circum-Tibetan Plateau Basin-Range System, in which the global largest diffuse and the most energetic intra-continental deformations were involved, and populations of inheritance foreland basins or thrust belts were developed along the margins of ancient cratonic plates due to the effects of the cratonic amalgamation, crust differentiation, orogen rejuvenation, and basin subsidence. There are three primary tectonic units in the Circum-Tibet Plateau Basin-Range System, which are the reactivated ancient orogens, the foreland thrust belts, and the miniature cratonic basins. The Circum-Tibetan Plateau Basin-Range System is a gigantic deformation system and particular Himalayan tectonic domain in central-western China and is comparable to the Tibetan Plateau. In this system, northward and eastward developments of thrust deformations exhibit an arc-shaped area along the Kunlun-Altyn-Qilian-Longmenshan mountain belts, and further expand outward to the Altai-Yinshan-Luliangshan-Huayingshan mountain belts during the Late Cenozoic sustained collision of Indo-Asia. Intense intra-continental deformations lead ancient orogens to rejuvenate, young foreland basins to form in-between orogens and cratons, and thrusts to propagate from orogens to cratons in successive order. Driven by the Eurasia-Indian collision and its far field effects, both deformation and basin-range couplings in the arc-shaped area decrease from south to north. When a single basin-range unit is focused on, deformations become younger and younger together with more and more simple structural styles from piedmonts to craton interiors. In the Circum-Tibetan Plateau Basin-Range System, it presents three segmented tectonic deformational patterns: propagating in the west, growth-overthrusting in the middle, and slip-uplifting in the east. For natural gas exploration, two tectonic units, both the Paleozoic cratonic basins and the Cenozoic foreland thrust belts, are important because hydrocarbon in central-western China is preserved mainly in the Paleozoic cratonic paleo-highs and the Meso-Cenozoic foreland thrust belts, together with characteristics of multiphrase hydrocarbon generation but late accumulation and enrichment.     

冲绳海槽南部基底构造特征

利用最新的重磁数据对冲绳海槽南部的基底构造进行了推断解释,研究表明,在冲绳海槽南部,莫霍面构造为一南北两端高,中间低的鞍状构造,地壳厚度在15.5~21 km之间变化.基底深度一般在4~6 km之间变化,表现为南段深度大,北段深度小,在北西向断裂系的作用下,基底局部构造大都成北西向展布,说明冲绳海槽早期的北东向带状构造受到了后期的北西向构造活动的强烈改造作用.在冲绳海槽南部发育有两条沿北北东向展布的火成岩带,一条分布在冲绳海槽扩张轴以东及琉球岛弧西侧下坡;另一条分布在冲绳海槽与琉球岛弧隆褶带的结合部位,火成岩主要是由北东向构造活动产生的,而与北西向断裂关系不密切.     

Numerical and functional representations of regional heat flow in South America

A summary of heat flow data acquired over recent years in several areas in the eastern (Brazil and Paraguay) and western (Bolivia, Chile, Colombia and Ecuador) parts of South American continent are presented. The improvements in the database have allowed numerical representations of heat flow for southeastern and central segments of the Precambrian fold belts in Brazil, Central Andean cordilleras in Chile and Bolivia, Southern Volcanic arc in Peru, Neuquén Province in southwestern Argentina, Chaco basin in Paraguay, Oriente basin in Ecuador and the system of pericratonic basins in north central Colombia. The maps reveal considerable variability in heat flow, not only between the main tectonic units but also within them. The intra-regional variations seem to originate mainly from complexities in local geologic structures while the inter-regional ones seem to point to action of deep-seated tectonic processes. The cordilleran regions are, in general, characterized by relatively high heat flow (>70 mW/m²), compared with the coastal regions to the west and the Pre-cordilleran basins to the east. In the eastern part of the continent, heat flow is low to normal (<60 mW/m²), the exceptions being the Mesozoic rift basins, areas of Cenozoic alkaline intrusions and some isolated belts of overthrust tectonics in the central parts of Brazil. There are indications that heat flow is high in the Patagonian Platform relative to that found in the Brazilian Platform.In addition, polynomial methods were employed for examining large-scale variations of heat flow over the continent. Specifically, a general-purpose least square solution was used to determine the coefficients of up to fourth order in latitude and longitude. Some of the large-scale trends seen in low order polynomial representations seem to be indicative of the nature of deep-seated heat transfer processes. The systematic increase in regional heat flow in the north-south direction is an example. It is considered as the consequence of thermal blanketing effect of the continental segment of the South American lithosphere. Trends seen in higher order polynomials seem to be associated with regional tectonic patterns and subduction-related magmatism. Prominent among these are east-west trending belts of low heat flow in northern Peru and in central Chile, as well as the high heat flow belts in northern Chile, Altiplano of Bolivia and northwestern Argentina. Limitations arising from low data density and uneven geographic distribution warrant higher degree polynomial representations.