Sedimentology in metamorphic rocks,the Willyama Supergroup,Broken Hill,Australia

In the upper greenschist to granulite grade rocks of the Willyama Supergroup at Broken Hill, Australia, earlier recognition of metamorphosed graded bedding in siliciclastic metasedimentary rocks led to interpretations of these rocks as deep-water turbidites. However, graded beds can also be deposited in shelfal environments below storm wave base. This study identified other tempestite features including wave oscillation ripples, hummocky cross-stratification and swaley cross-stratification indicating that deposition took place above the wave base of the larger storms.

Albitised metasedimentary rocks of the upper Thackaringa Group show structures such as swaley cross-stratification typical of shallow-water conditions above fair-weather wave base. Deposition of the Broken Hill Group commenced with muddy Allendale Metasediments conformable on the Thackaringa Group. The Ettlewood Calc-Silicate Member, originally a dolomitic, siliceous sediment, is interpreted as coastal sabkha indicating onset of a marine transgression. The Parnell Gneiss represents a volcanic or volcaniclastic interruption, heralding gradually increasing input of sand in the Freyers Metasediments reaching a maximum in middle Freyers Metasediments, followed by an abrupt reversion to mud, still influenced by wave action. An open marine shelf is interpreted, possibly 30 m deep (no more than 100 m) in the final stage of a developing rift. The Broken Hill Group terminated with the massive Hores Gneiss volcanic unit.

Sedimentation of the siliciclastic Sundown Group took place in similar conditions, commencing with a muddy interval overlying the Hores Gneiss. The shallowing produced by ～90 m thickness of volcanic/volcaniclastic Hores Gneiss was compensated by subsidence.

Paragon Group deposition commenced with substantial black mud, resulting from isolation from the sand supply and probably isolation from the sea. A fresh connection to the sea led first to the deposition of dolomitic carbonate (King Gunnia Calc-Silicate Member), then to deposition of parallel-laminated fine sand below wave base (upper Cartwrights Creek Metasediments), followed by ripple cross-laminated sand above wave base (Bijerkerno Metasediments). The Dalnit Bore Metasediments show abundant very thin graded silt–mud units possibly deposited below storm wave base, and thicker units of stacked wave oscillation ripples deposited above the wave base of larger storms.

The Broken Hill orebody is hosted by altered Broken Hill Group metasedimentary rocks deposited at water depths of ～30 m. Unless the ore fluid temperature was less than 150°C, it is likely that the orebody formed below the seafloor: at such shallow-water depths, the confining pressure would be inadequate to suppress boiling of hotter rising hydrothermal fluids.     

The Research Status and Development Trends of Wind-Sand Engineering in China

The concept and category of wind-sand engineering were discussed in this paper. The development processes of wind-sand engineering in China were reviewed preliminarily. Based on different regional environments, wind-sand engineering research in our country can be divided into two parts: aeolian research of major engineering in desert areas, and aeolian research of major engineering in other areas with special environment. Further than that, aeolian research of major engineering in desert areas can be divided into 4 stages, and aeolian research of major engineering in other areas with special environment mainly focuses on tropical coastal areas, Tibet Plateau and gobi in arid areas. Our research suggests that the development trends of major wind-sand engineering can be summarized as the following aspects. \mathrm{①} Revealing principles of the wind-sand engineering shelter systems; \mathrm{②} Evaluating environmental effects of the major wind-sand engineering; \mathrm{③} Functions of the wind-sand engineering transforming from simple sand prevention to eco-economic types shelter systems; \mathrm{④} A kind of treatment technology with fabricated materials and equipped construction processes needs to be studied urgently, which can make sand prevention with rapid pace, high efficiency and high quality.     

Bibliometric Analysis of Research Progress on Coastal Surface Water and Groundwater Interaction

The interactions among surface water, groundwater and seawater are closely related in the coastal area with complex hydrological conditions. A series of impacts from human activities and climate change are also more significant in this region. In order to understand the key knowledge and research status of surface water and groundwater interaction in coastal area, it is a useful method to analyze literatures in this research scope in the core database of Web of Science by using CiteSpace. The research achievements in this field were systematically sorted and potential research hotspots were explored, which may provide references for subsequent researches. The results show the following. \mathrm{①} The number of highly cited articles and highly burst articles in this research field has increased significantly since 2010. At present, this field is still in the development stage and has a broad research prospect. \mathrm{②} The United States, Australia, China and Germany have done plenty of researches on this issue and achieved a lot. At present, the number of research achievements supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China is in the lead over the world. \mathrm{③} Seawater intrusion, submarine groundwater discharge, the relationship between tide and hydrological conditions are the main research direction in this field. Hydrochemistry and isotopic analysis, and numerical simulation are the most important research methods in this field. \mathrm{④} The potential development directions and breakthroughs in this field include submarine groundwater discharge, the evolution of coastal mangrove wetlands, the migration and transformation of nutrients, the influences of different hydrological factors on coastal areas, and the impact of climate change on coastal areas. Overall, the future development of surface water and groundwater research in coastal areas is inseparable from the cross-integration of various disciplines, mutual verification of multiple methods and the introduction of new technical means.     

Characteristics of Carbonate Reservoir and Its Forming Conditions in Continental Lake Basin of China

For decades of exploration, geologists have made great achievements in the exploration of lacustrine carbonate rocks. By dissecting four typical cases of lacustrine carbonate rocks, such as Lucaogou Formation of Permian in Junggar Basin, Da'anzhai Section of Jurassic in Sichuan Basin, Cretaceous in Yin'e Basin and Oligocene in Qaidam Basin, the reservoir characteristics, hydrocarbon generating capacity and reservoir forming model of source rocks were analyzed. The results show that: \mathrm{①} Lacustrine carbonate reservoirs are generally dense, with nano-micron reservoir space as the main reservoir space, including dolomite intergranular pore, organism cavity and accumulation pore, micro-fracture system and its corrosion expansion pore. Saline environment is beneficial to dolomitization and can improve the reservoir capacity of lacustrine carbonate rocks, but most of the permeability is less than 0.1 mD. \mathrm{②} Lacustrine carbonate rocks have not only reservoir capacity, but also can be used as source rocks. The abundance of organic matter is not high and the maturity is generally low. However, dispersed soluble organic matter in source rocks can generate and expel hydrocarbons in large quantities at low maturity stage, which has high liquid hydrocarbon yield. \mathrm{③} Oil and gas reservoirs are characterized by "high initial production, large reduction of production and long-term low and stable production", and are typical "fracture-pore" reservoirs. Fracture networks provide migration pathways in the process of primary migration and accumulation of oil and gas in geological history and oil and gas exploitation nowadays. \mathrm{④} Oil and gas reservoirs are "continuous" unconventional reservoirs, which often form regional oil and gas field groups together with conventional reservoirs in adjacent areas. The research results lay a theoretical foundation for re-evaluating the exploration potential of lacustrine carbonate rocks.     

Influence of discontinuities on the stability of cut slopes in weathered meta-sedimentary rocks

The meta-sedimentary rocks along Pos Selim Highway in Perak State, Malaysia showed a gradational weathering profile based on differences particularly in textures, hardness, lateral changes in colour and consistency of material extension. Both large and small scale discontinuities observed in the investigated rocks reduce the physical and mechanical properties of the rocks, and provide slip surfaces for failures. Rock and soil samples were tested using established standards to determine their characteristics and responses under a wide variety of disturbances. Kinematic analyses were also carried out to determine the modes and likely modes of failures.

Petrographic analyses revealed associated micro-structures, and the implications of these micro-structures showed shearing components along planes of weakness. From the determined index properties of the tested soil samples, the weathered quartz mica schist is not suitable for structural support. Further study involving unconsolidated undrained direct shear box tests carried out under total stress, revealed a non-uniform response of the rocks to shearing disturbance along discontinuity planes, and the rate and depth of deformation. The shear strength components of the investigated rocks were thereby prescribed in terms of cohesion and friction angle. From the kinematic analyses across this extended cut slope, there are possibilities of wedge and planar failures.     

Estimating Menard pressuremeter modulus and limit pressure from SPT in silty sand and silty clay soils. A case study in Mashhad,Iran

The Menard pressuremeter test is a relatively expensive in situ test, which generates useful information about the strength and deformation properties of any soil and weak rock, which is carried out in some projects. On the other hand, the SPT test is a rather inexpensive, simple and typical in situ test used to determine the engineering properties of silt, clay, sand, and fine gravel which is utilised in almost all projects.

In this study SPT blow counts (N₆₀) were correlated with pressuremeter modulus (E_PMT) and limit pressure (P_L) and empirical equations were proposed to estimate P_L and E_PMT from N₆₀ in silty sand and silty clay soils separately. These tests have been conducted during subway geotechnical investigation in Mashhad, Iran.

Moreover, in order to verify these empirical equations, they were compared with similar equations that have been proposed by other researchers. These comparisons display that in all equations a linear relationship exists between N₆₀ - E_PMT and N₆₀ - P_L. However, the line slopes are different so it can be concluded the line slopes are related to soil type and geological condition of an area. Thus, for each area a separate empirical equation must be presented.     

漓江源头大溶江流域土壤理化性质

文章采用ArcGIS和SPSS22.0软件分析珠江三级支流漓江上游大溶江流域内土壤pH、电导率、粒度、土壤总氮（TN）、土壤有机碳（TOC）、土壤无机碳（TIC）及其在空间上的分布特征,结果显示:（1）研究区土壤pH平均值在土下20 cm处为4.04~6.23,土下50 cm处为4.02~6.53,体现出土壤的地带性特征,土壤电导率均值为352.93 μs?cm-1（变化范围为145.00~1 015.00 μs?cm-1）,流域内不同地质背景的土壤pH和土壤电导率具有显著差异性;（2）土壤粒径以粉粒含量最高（59.39％）,其次是沙粒（33.26％）,黏粒含量最低（7.36％）,黏粒和粉粒含量随土壤深度增加而增加,沙粒含量随土壤深度的增加而减少;土壤体积含水量为22.04%~46.45%,在土下20 cm 处土壤体积含水量均值为31.55%,在土下50 cm时土壤体积含水量均值为30.98%;（3）流域内土壤的TN、TOC和TIC平均含量分别为1.50 g?kg-1、15.25 g?kg-1、16.89 g?kg-1,其空间分布与土地利用类型一致,均表现为林地高、耕地低的特征;垂直分布上,土壤中碳、氮含量随着土壤深度增加而降低,主要是由于表层土壤最先接收枯枝落叶等腐殖质的分解,使碳、氮等营养物质在地表富集所致;（4）流域内土壤TOC、TIC、TN均与黏粒、粉粒含量呈负相关,与沙粒含量呈正相关,pH与黏粒、粉粒含量呈正相关,与沙粒呈负相关;流域内土壤TN与TIC、TOC均呈极显著正相关,与电导率呈显著负相关;TIC含量和TOC含量之间具有极显著正相关关系,与体积含水量和电导率呈显著负相关。      

Study on Dynamic Transformation,Application and Comparison of Aviation Carbon Emission Environmental Damage Assessment Methods

The contradiction between the rapid development of aviation market and supply of airspace resources has increased the environmental damages of aviation carbon emission. The conversion and application of environmental damage assessment method of aviation carbon emission were summarized, and the characteristics of the assessment methods for air and ground transportation were compared. We found out the followings: \mathrm{①} The evaluation method has been transformed from static assessment to dynamic evaluation, and focused on four key problems, average and total carbon emissions, airspace resource utilization, LTO stage emission, and reduction practice; \mathrm{②} Airport terminal area as well as LTO are becoming the focus in the study of aviation carbon emission assessment method, while the former is the main area and the latter is the main stage of aviation carbon emission. The practice of emission reduction is mainly reflected in the optimization of emission reduction measures in economic field; \mathrm{③} Based on the situation and total assessment methods, environmental damage assessment and comparative advantage of aviation carbon emission and ground transportation carbon emission are reflected in the distance by using distance factor and energy consumption; \mathrm{④} Improving the smoothness of airspace resource traffic network, optimizing flight schedule structure and airspace resource allocation are more conducive to promoting aviation emission reduction.     

Strength Characteristics of Fiber Reinforced Solidified Sludge During Drying

Sludge is a kind of solid waste with high natural moisture content and extremely poor mechanical properties. Adopting effective technical methods for rapid dewatering and increasing strength is an important prerequisite for realizing the utilization and efficient utilization of sludge resources. In this paper, discrete short-staple polypropylene fiber was selected as the reinforced material, cement and fly ash were used as the solidified materials. The unconfined compression test was carried out to study the strength change of the fiber reinforced solidified sludge in the drying path, and the drying was analyzed. The influence mechanism of different target moisture content states(5 \mathrm{\%} ~45 \mathrm{\%} ) and fiber content(0~0.8 \mathrm{\%} ) on the strength of reinforced solidified sludge during the process. The results show that: \mathrm{①} The addition of fiber can effectively improve the peak strength and residual strength of solidified sludge, and the strength value increases first and then decreases with the increase of fiber content, and the optimal fiber content is 0.1 \mathrm{\%} . \mathrm{②} During the drying process, the sample of the unconfined compressive strength increases with the decrease of the moisture content of approximate to linear, and the damage form by the plastic damage to brittle fracture transition gradually, and the addition of fibers can effectively restrain the brittle failure sample, enhance the toughness of specimen. \mathrm{③} The contribution of fiber reinforcement to the strength of solidified sludge increases gradually with the decrease of moisture content, and the root cause is that the fiber-sludge interface force can be better excited under the condition of low moisture content.     

The mined-out phosphate lands of Nauru,equatorial western Pacific

Nauru once possessed the world's purest deposits of rock phosphate, the precursor of the agricultural fertiliser, superphosphate. This resource was almost entirely depleted during the 20th century, mainly destined for Australia and New Zealand, where it played a critical role in the economic, social and demographic development of these nations and their biological transformation to outposts of temperate Northern Hemisphere flora.

By the early 1990s, the primary phosphate that had once blanketed the island had been almost completely removed, exposing a dramatic buried landscape of karst pinnacles and transforming Nauru into the world's most environmentally altered nation. Investigations into the rehabilitation of the mined-out area began in 1953, but all rejected the idea of restoration on the grounds of expense. In 1993, Nauru won an out-of-court settlement of A$135 million from Australia for restitution of the phosphate lands. No rehabilitation has yet taken place, however, and the project is unlikely to succeed. The soil stockpiled for the project is inadequate in quantity, in fertility, in elemental composition, in water retention capacity, and contains toxic levels of cadmium. Rainfall is too unreliable to support regular cultivation and the Nauruans possess no tradition of agriculture.

One alternative to rehabilitation is to exploit the terrain that has been exhumed from beneath the phosphate overburden. This closely resembles the Nauruan landscape of a quarter of a million years ago, before humans arrived and before phosphate buried the land. Such spitzkarren landscapes elsewhere in the tropics are venerated as landscape wonders and revered as scientific marvels. They are protected by World Heritage status and receive millions of visitors a year. The end of mining in Nauru is meanwhile leading to the re-establishment of an ecologically valuable and visually striking indigenous vegetation. This spectacular new landscape should be preserved, not destroyed, and exploited as a global travel destination.     

桂林西北郊光明山峰丛坡地土壤210Pb与226Ra分布与迁移规律研究

利用单一210Pb技术来估算岩溶区土壤侵蚀、水土流失和泥沙来源等还存在一定问题。岩溶区土层厚度不一,难以准确地确定支持性210Pb放射比活度是制约该方法应用的一大关键问题。文章选取桂林西北郊光明山岩溶峰丛坡地的4个土壤剖面,测试了土壤剖面210Pb与226Ra放射性比活度,探讨其分布规律及影响因素,初步确定土壤中支持性210Pb放射性比活度。测试结果表明4个土壤剖面中210Pb垂向分布服从指数衰变规律, 226Ra放射性比活度随土壤深度增加基本不变。光明山峰丛山坡土壤中约95%的210Pbex主要聚集在0~10 cm深度处,地表20~30 cm以下基本为支持性210Pb。土壤中支持性210Pb放射性比活度约为56.60±11.97 Bq?kg-1,与226Ra放射性比活度值64.93±8.83 Bq?kg-1在误差范围内一致。进一步研究发现,土壤剖面中210Pb受研究区大气干湿沉降、植被覆盖类型、地形条件、土壤特性（特别是有机质）的影响。此外,研究区土壤剖面226Ra的差异主要与土壤特性和植被类型有关。      

The Impact of Urbanization on Groundwater Quantity,Quality,Hydrothermal Changes and Its Countermeasures

Groundwater, as a drinking water source for nearly one third of the world’s urban population, plays a strategic role in the development of urbanization. The object of this study is urban areas with the largest demand for water resources, the heaviest load of groundwater pollution and the most intense development of underground projects. This study sorted out the eco-hydrological problems such as the variation of the groundwater hydrological process, the groundwater pollution, and the urban heat island of groundwater in urban areas under the background of urbanization. Furthermore, the mechanism of changes in the quantity, quality and heat of groundwater was also systematically analyzed, and the intrinsic interaction among these three factors was revealed. The study showed that changes in land use and land cover caused by the urbanization are the main reasons for the variation of groundwater hydrological process. The pollution load of urbanization construction and domestic production waste has aggravated the deterioration of groundwater quality. The increase in vertical heat flux caused by urbanization gives rise to the warming of groundwater. By summarizing the eco-hydrological problems and causes of groundwater in urbanized areas, several suggestions were proposed: \mathrm{①} Establishing the evaluation method and system of urban groundwater resources; \mathrm{②} Speeding up the technological breakthroughs of groundwater pollution control; \mathrm{③} Improving the regional control strategies for groundwater pollution; \mathrm{④} Optimizing the allocation of groundwater resources. This study will provide the theoretical basis and technical support for ensuring urban water safety, building ecological civilized cities and further promoting the sustainable development of economy and society.     

Review of the Study on the Stable Isotopes of Nitrogen and Oxygen in Atmospheric Nitrate

Due to the emissions from intensive human activities and rapid development of industry and agriculture, atmospheric nitrate (NO {}_3^{-} ) contamination is becoming more serious and now is a worldwide environmental problem. The isotopic compositions of NO {}_3^{-} (δ¹⁵N, δ¹⁸O and Δ¹⁷O) can deliver more information than the concentration alone, i.e., the nitrogen and oxygen isotopes can suggest the sources of NO {}_3^{-} and oxidation capability of the atmosphere, providing a powerful tool for investigating atmospheric nitrogen cycling and atmospheric NO {}_3^{-} pollution control. The δ¹⁵N of different sourced NO {}_3^{-} in the atmosphere, as well as the seasonal variation of δ¹⁵N (NO {}_3^{-} ) and the associated mechanisms were reviewed. In addition, the oxygen isotopes of various oxidants and NO {}_3^{-} (δ¹⁸O and Δ¹⁷O) in the atmosphere were summarized, and the global distribution patterns of the oxygen isotopes of NO {}_3^{-} were discussed. Lastly, the available analysis techniques of isotopic compositions of NO {}_3^{-} were reviewed. Based on the research progress of NO {}_3^{-} isotopes in the atmosphere, it was suggested that further investigations should focus on measuring the isotopic compositions of oxidants and NOx from different sources, characterizing the production mechanisms of NO {}_3^{-} , as well as investigating chemical recycling between NOx and NO {}_3^{-} with the aid of atmospheric chemical models.     

地下水硝酸盐污染源解析及氮同位素分馏效应研究进展

地下水硝酸盐污染已成为世界范围内最严重的环境地质问题之一。全面并准确识别硝酸盐污染源,对地下水的有效管理及污染防治具有重要的指导意义。从地下水硝酸盐来源、同位素检测方法、污染源同位素特征、定量解析模型构建、硝酸盐主要转化过程及同位素分馏效应等方面进行总结,比较不同解析方法在硝酸盐溯源中的应用与发展,建议采用多学科、多方法相结合的方式,提高对硝酸盐污染源的全面理解。同位素富集系数是定量解析硝酸盐污染源的重要参数,在源解析过程中探讨硝酸盐转化及同位素分馏机制,能够更好地诠释地下水硝酸盐来源和迁移转化过程,提高源解析的准确性,为地下水硝酸盐污染的准确溯源与有效防治提供参考。     

混合岩溶流域碳酸盐岩溶蚀速率与岩溶碳汇——以漓江流域上游为例

碳酸盐岩矿物的化学风化速率要显著高于硅酸盐岩矿物,碳酸盐岩和硅酸盐岩混合流域中碳酸盐岩矿物风化对河流水化学的贡献占主导。为研究混合岩溶流域碳酸盐岩风化及岩溶碳汇特征,在漓江流域上游大溶江、小溶江、灵渠3个混合岩溶流域选取了24个点放置标准溶蚀试片并测试对应的土壤理化性质。基于雨季和全年试片溶蚀量和土壤理化特征,分析试片溶蚀量的主控因素及季节差异,定量评估大溶江、小溶江和灵渠流域岩溶碳汇强度。结果表明:空中试片溶蚀量主要受控于降雨,植被会部分遮挡降雨,使试片溶蚀量显著下降,而地表和土下碳酸盐岩溶蚀受降雨和水文过程共同控制;雨季碳酸盐岩溶蚀更快,空中试片溶蚀量主要受控于降雨,而地表和土下试片主要受控于土壤水分的变化;基于溶蚀试片法,大溶江、小溶江和灵渠流域岩溶碳汇强度分别为0.75、0.30和2.92 tC?km-2 ?yr-1。      

高氯酸盐自然衰减的柱实验研究

高氯酸盐( {\mathrm{ClO}}_4^{-})是一种小分子量、有毒的无机络阴离子,普遍存在于环境中。由于其分子大小与碘离子相似,会干扰人体甲状腺的正常功能,因此其环境污染问题引起了广泛的关注。本文选取污染场地的天然河沙为试验材料,主要通过柱实验对地下水中 {\mathrm{ClO}}_4^{-}自然衰减过程进行研究,考察了铁氧化物、 {\mathrm{NO}}_3^{-}对 {\mathrm{ClO}}_4^{-}自然衰减过程产生的影响。结果表明,高氯酸盐自然衰减过程主要由微生物驱动,天然河沙可去除2 mg/L的 {\mathrm{ClO}}_4^{-},但其过程缓慢且还原量有限,长期去除率不超过10%,其限制因素为缺乏电子供体;铁氧化物可以促进 {\mathrm{ClO}}_4^{-}自然衰减,但当溶解性铁的浓度低于5.5 mg/L时,衰减过程开始受到影响;地下水中的 {\mathrm{NO}}_3^{-}会抑制 {\mathrm{ClO}}_4^{-}的降解,当 {\mathrm{NO}}_3^{-}低至10 mg/L或以下时, {\mathrm{ClO}}_4^{-}才开始明显降解。     

Late Holocene inter-annual temperature variability reconstructed from the δ18O of archaeological Ostrea angasi shells

Two multi-year oxygen isotope (δ¹⁸O) records were obtained from archaeological Ostrea angasi shells, confirming the potential of this species to provide valuable environmental records for the late Holocene period in southeastern Australia. High-resolution δ¹⁸O_shell samples from the O. angasi clearly display a seasonal variability, offering insight into past climate conditions in a region where such information is presently limited.

The oxygen isotope record in O. angasi reflects a combined temperature–salinity signal. Observations of δ¹⁸O_shell data from modern specimens are used as a point of reference to assist in decoupling these two influences, with the two archaeological samples compared with the δ¹⁸O_shell profile of four modern O. angasi. Assuming similar paleo- δ¹⁸O_water values at the collection sites, data from these archaeological shells present a record of temperatures during the period of their growth that are consistently lower than modern day, with mean annual temperatures ～2°C cooler.     

压力对淤泥中C-N-S-Fe-H2O体系的影响

C、N、S、Fe是地下水中控制氧化-还原反应的主要元素,淤泥是黏土的演化初期,淤泥演化为黏土过程中会影响含水层水量水质,可能会造成地下水污染;其中的水岩相互作用可以概化为C-N-S-Fe-H₂O体系的相互作用。淤泥演化过程的实质是淤泥在压力的作用下孔隙度不断变小,逐渐固结成岩;淤泥内部不断发生生物地球化学反应,C-N-S-Fe-H₂O体系驱动各种物质的形态结构不断发生改变,其中加压速率和加压模式会影响淤泥里的C、N、S、Fe重要组分固液相的转化。本研究运用自主研发设计的增压装置,探究在3种加压速率(0.04 MPa/12 h、0.04 MPa/24 h、0.04 MPa/36 h)和加压模式(0.040.02 MPa/12 h、0.04 MPa/12 h、0.040.06 MPa/12 h)的情况下,固体介质中C、N、S、Fe向孔隙水释放的规律。结果表明:(1)匀速加压速率越慢,加压初期溶解性有机碳(DOC)、 {\mathrm{SO}}_4^{2-}释放速率越快, {\mathrm{NO}}_3^{-}和Fe²⁺浓度变化增大;DOC、 {\mathrm{SO}}_4^{2-}、 {\mathrm{NO}}_3^{-}、Fe²⁺释放总量越多。(2)不同的加压模式,加速加压(0.040.06 MPa/12 h)下 {\mathrm{NO}}_3^{-}、Fe²⁺的浓度波动较大;DOC、 {\mathrm{NO}}_3^{-}、 {\mathrm{SO}}_4^{2-}和Fe²⁺的总释放量为加速加压(0.040.06 MPa/12 h)大于匀速加压(0.04 MPa/12 h)。(3)加压过程中,DOC和 {\mathrm{SO}}_4^{2-}呈显著正相关,改变加压速率会改变DOC, {\mathrm{NO}}_3^{-}、 {\mathrm{SO}}_4^{2-}和Fe²⁺的相关性。本研究表明改变加压速率和加压模式会对DOC、 {\mathrm{NO}}_3^{-}、 {\mathrm{SO}}_4^{2-}和Fe²⁺的释放速率、释放总量和C、N、S、Fe的转化造成影响,其本质为氧化-还原反应和水岩相互作用的强弱发生了变化;本研究为地质演化过程中压力导致的主要元素变化提供了新的认识,认识到了隔水层会影响含水层的水质和水量,为原生劣质地下水的成因和地下水污染防治提供了新思路。     

Paleomagnetic evidence for the emplacement mechanism of an enigmatic boulder accumulation on a coastal cliff top in New South Wales: implications for the Australian Megatsunami Hypothesis

Paleomagnetic sampling and measurement of a boulder accumulation on Little Beecroft Head on the Illawarra coastline of New South Wales was undertaken to evaluate potential emplacement mechanisms. This deposit is of central importance in the Australian Megatsunami Hypothesis (AMH) debate, but to date, there has been no unequivocal determination of its provenance. The most likely emplacement mechanisms are by slow collapse during denudation of overlying strata, storm wave overwash or a combination of these. Characteristic Remanent Magnetisation (ChRM) directions were obtained from 15 individual boulders and the in situ bedrock platform on which they currently rest. The in situ Permian bedrock has a normal polarity mean ChRM direction of D/I = 1.6°/–66.7° (α₉₅ = 5.2°; k = 33.9) that is statistically indistinguishable from the Present Earth Field direction at the site. The magnetisation is most likely due to Cenozoic/recent weathering, which is common in surficial rocks throughout the Sydney Basin. ChRM directions for the boulders are stable but scattered, although not random, and the mean boulder direction is indistinguishable in geographic (i.e. current in situ) coordinates, at the 5% significance level, from the mean direction of the in situ bedrock. Further statistical tests confirm that the scatter in the mean directions of the boulders and the in situ bedrock is different, at the 5% significance level, with the boulder mean being more scattered. At an individual boulder level, some blocks have mean ChRM directions that are statistically indistinguishable from the mean in situ rock ChRM direction, whereas others are distinguishable at the 5% significance level.

These results indicate that the boulders were magnetised prior to emplacement but were not moved far from their original positions during emplacement. The emplacement age is constrained to the last ca 780 000 years. These observations strongly support the hypothesis that the Little Beecroft Head boulder deposit was emplaced by a non-catastrophic mechanism, namely slow collapse during denudation of pre-existing cliff material or overtopping from severe storms, which occur regularly on the east coast of New South Wales. Even if a catastrophic wave were responsible, the results constrain the age of that event to be older than 780 000 years. Therefore, the results presented here are not supportive of the AMH as it currently stands. Further paleomagnetic work, on similar deposits along the Illawarra coastline and from elsewhere in Australia, is needed to evaluate the interpretations presented here.