Sedimentology of a lacustrine fan-delta system, Miocene Horse Camp Formation, Nevada, USA

A 1600-m-thick succession of the Miocene Horse Camp Formation (Member 2) exposed in east-central Nevada records predominantly terrigenous clastic deposition in subaerial and subaqueous fan-delta environments and nearshore and offshore lacustrine environments. These four depositional environments are distinguished by particular associations of individual facies (14 defined facies). Subaerial and subaqueous fan-delta facies associations include: ungraded, matrix-and clast-supported conglomerate; normally graded, matrix- and clast-supported conglomerate; ungraded and normally graded sandstone; and massive to poorly laminated mudstone. Subaqueous fan-delta deposits typically have dewatering structures, distorted bedding and interbedded mudstone. The subaerial fan-delta environment was characterized by debris flows, hyperconcentrated flows and minor sheetfloods; the subaqueous fan-delta environment by debris flows, high- and low-density turbidity currents, and suspension fallout. The nearshore lacustrine facies association provides examples of deposits and processes rarely documented in lacustrine environments. High-energy oscillatory wave currents, probably related to a large fetch, reworked grains as large as 2 cm into horizontally stratified sand and gravel. Offshore-directed currents produced uncommonly large (typically 1–2 m thick) trough cross-stratified sandstone. In addition, stromatolitic carbonate interbedded with stratified coarse sandstone and conglomerate suggests a dynamic environment characterized by episodic terrigenous clastic deposition under high-energy conditions alternating with periods of carbonate precipitation under reduced energy conditions. Massive and normally graded sandstone and massive to poorly laminated mudstone characterize the offshore lacustrine facies association and record deposition by turbidity currents and suspension fallout. A depositional model constructed for the Horse Camp Formation (Member 2) precludes the existence of all four depositional environments at any particular time. Rather, phases characterized by deposition in subaerial fan, nearshore lacustrine and offshore lacustrine environments alternated with phases of subaerial fan-delta, subaqueous fan-delta and offshore lacustrine deposition. This model suggests that high-energy nearshore currents due to deep water along the lake margin reworked sediment of the fan edge, thus preventing development of a subaqueous fan-delta environment and promoting development of a well-defined nearshore lacustrine environment. Low-energy nearshore currents induced by shallow water along the     

扇三角洲沉积模式探讨:以准噶尔盆地玛北地区下三叠统百口泉组为例*

扇三角洲是一类非常重要的油气聚集场所,准确可靠的扇三角洲沉积模式,对储集层预测具有重要意义。准噶尔盆地玛北地区三叠系百口泉组发育一套扇三角洲沉积体系,虽然前人做了大量的研究,但在沉积模式方面仍存在一些争议。通过现代沉积考察、前人水槽模拟实验、研究区测井、岩心等资料综合分析发现: (1)玛北地区百口泉组扇三角洲平原发育3类微相,即辫状河道微相、砾质漫滩微相、水上朵前泥微相,同时可见泥石流沉积;玛北地区百口泉组扇三角洲前缘发育2种微相,即砾质浅滩微相、砂质浅滩微相,同时可见碎屑流沉积;(2)扇三角洲平原河道与河道间均为砂砾岩,河道砂砾岩的分选性明显好于河道间砂砾岩;(3)扇三角洲前缘不发育水下分流河道,扇三角洲前缘的砂砾岩主体是由扇三角洲平原片流入湖形成的,呈席状。     

Sedimentology and sequence stratigraphy of a retrogradational fan-delta system within Lower Triassic in the Mabei area,Junggar Basin (northwestern China)

The sedimentology and sequence stratigraphy of a retrogradational fan-delta system within Lower Triassic in the Mabei area of Junggar Basin in northwestern China were investigated using seismic, well log, and core data, complemented by the modern deposition and a flume tank experiment. The Lower Triassic in the Mabei area is dominated by fan deltas, which are composed of fan-delta plain (including subaerial debris flow, braided channel, conglomerate overbank, and floodplain), fan-delta front (including conglomerate shoal and sandy shoal), and prodelta. The braided channels form during the low flood period. The conglomerate overbanks form during the flood period and occupy most part of the fan-delta plain. The conglomerate shoals and sandy shoals form by a sheet flow prograding into lakes and occur as a sheet. The braided channels, conglomerate shoals, and sandy shoals are easy to form high-porosity reservoirs. One long-term base level cycles (LSC1), three middle-term base level cycles (MSC1, MSC2, and MSC3), and fifteen short-term base level cycles are identified. MSC1 is dominated by the fan-delta plain; MSC2 is dominated by the fan-delta front; and MSC3 is dominated by the fan-delta front and prodelta. The stratigraphy shows a proximal-middle-distal trend demonstrating an overall retrogradation stacking pattern. The sequence architecture is controlled by an interplay between lake level changes and sediment supply. The quick rise in the lake level and the creation of accommodation outpacing the rate of sediment supply result in a retrogradational fan-delta syste.     

Unincised fluvial and tide-dominated estuarine systems from the Mesoproterozoic Lower Tombador Formation,Chapada Diamantina basin,Brazil

The Mesoproterozoic Lower Tombador Formation is formed of shallow braided fluvial, unconfined to poorly-channelized ephemeral sheetfloods, sand-rich floodplain, tide-dominated estuarine, and shallow marine sediments. Lowstand braided fluvial deposits are characterized by a high degree of channel amalgamation interbedded with ephemeral, intermediate sheetflood sandstones. Sand-rich floodplain sediments consist of intervals formed by distal sheetflood deposits interbedded with thin layers of eolian sandstones. Tide-dominated estuarine successions are formed of tide-influenced sand-bed braided fluvial, tidal channel, tidal sand flat and tidal bars. Shallow marine intervals are composed of heterolithic strata and tidal sand bars. Seismic scale cliffs photomosaics calibrated with vertical sections indicate high lateral continuity of sheet-like depositional geometry for fluvial–estuarine successions. These geometric characteristics associated with no evidence of incised-valley features nor significant fluvial scouring suggest that the Lower Tombador Formation registers deposition of unincised fluvial and tide-dominated systems. Such a scenario is a natural response of the interplay between sedimentation and fluctuations of relative sea level on the gentle margins of a sag basin. This case study indicates that fluvial–estuarine successions exhibit the same facies distributions, irrespective of being related to unincised or incised-valley systems. Moreover, this case study can serve as a starting point to better understand the patterns of sedimentation for Precambrian basins formed in similar tectonic settings.     

Structures and textures in Triassic braided stream conglomerates ('Bunter' Pebble Beds) in the Sherwood Sandstone Group, North Staffordshire, England

ABSTRACT In the northern parts of the Needwood and Stafford/Eccleshall Basins, England, the Pebble Beds of the Sherwood Sandstone Group contain thick successions of texturally mature, fluvial pebble/cobble conglomerates which are organized into either horizontal or cross-stratified sets. The horizontally lying sets, generally coarser grained and more poorly sorted than the cross-bedded sets, are usually disorganized and either matrix- or clast-supported, although thin lenses of well-sorted, occasionally openwork units, interpreted as falling stage phenomena, are often present. The cross-stratified conglomerates have foresets exhibiting remarkable textural organization, with a coarse, bimodal (sometimes matrix-supported) part grading upwards or being abruptly overlain by a finer, well-sorted (occasionally openwork) part and finally capped by sandstone. These rhythmic textural changes are attributed partly to an avalanche process at high stage and partly to falling stage conditions. The most common types of vertical association are thick successions of horizontally bedded conglomerates (up to 20 m) and sequences of an upwards coarsening nature (2-12 m) in which cross-stratified sets are overlain by flat-lying sets. The environment of deposition of the gravels is interpreted as one in which water depths at high stage were greater than depths in most modern braided stream plains (proglacial or alluvial fan) but shallower than depths associated with the Pleistocene catastrophic floods from which texturally mature, giant gravel bars have been recorded. Recent braided streams with relatively confined channels and considerable bar/channel relief are better analogues. In particular, medial or mid-channel bars with a two-tier structure (subaqueous and partly emergent portions) may explain the upward-coarsening sequences in which horizontally lying conglomerates overlie cross-stratified conglomerates. The thicker sequences of horizontally stratified conglomerates represent proximal, longitudinal bar deposits. Sheets of pebbly sandstone and argillaceous sandstone lying between the conglomerates, and commonly occurring towards the top of the succession, largely represent deposition from sandwaves and dunes. Finer, interbedded, argillaceous sandstones, siltstones and mudstones are interpreted as overbank and waning-flood deposits. Basin-forming tectonism of increasing intensity probably caused the initial coarsening upwards of the lower part of the succession, whilst more stable tectonic conditions and decreasing relief on the margins of the basins and in the areas of provenance in the Midlands and the Hercynides, account for the upwards-fining of the upper part of the succession.     

塔里木盆地轮南油田2、3井区三叠系沉积微相研究

三叠系作为塔里木盆地的主要含油气层系已逐渐被近几年来的油气勘探实践所证实.本文采取综合研究的技术思路和方法,通过取心分析、测井划相,结合开发动态资料,精细刻划各单油砂体在平面及空间上的微相展布.研究表明轮南油田三叠系砂岩,以含砾中粗粒砂岩为主,粒度较粗,重力流沉积特征较突出,以河湖相为主的碎屑岩沉积,其烃源岩主要发育于深湖-半深湖、浅湖和三角洲亚相,从大的韵律到小的层理都显示粒序递变的构造特征,为重力流悬浮搬运沉积的主要标志,存在辫状分支河道微相砂体,分支河道侧缘微相砂体和分支间湾微相砂体三种类型.中上三叠统粗碎屑岩,以及泥岩、粉砂岩,是以半深湖、浅湖至滨岸相环境为主的沉积,自下而上沉积环境分别发育有扇三角洲平原亚相、扇三角洲前缘亚相和前扇三角洲亚相.     

鄂尔多斯盆地西缘砾质冲积扇沉积学特征

晚三叠世鄂尔多斯西缘冲积扇沉积主要由碎屑流、颗粒流、片流及河道砾岩等组成。文中讨论了各类砾岩的沉积学特征,同时指出,不同成因的砾岩,其粒度分布曲线形态及某些粒度参数亦不同.据此本文提出了根据-系列新的粒度分布曲线形态和粒度参数Mdf,Rgs和Mdf/Rgs等甄别冲积扇中不同类型砾岩的设想。     

吐鲁番－哈密盆地的两种粗碎屑三角洲

吐鲁番－哈密盆地上二叠统、三叠系和侏罗系广泛发育冲积扇、河流、湖泊、扇三角洲、辫状河三角洲和正常三角洲相沉积。其内扇三角洲和辫状河三角洲最为发育，二者在岩石类型、沉积结构、沉积构造、沉积韵律、沉积旋回、沉积背景及岩电组合上有很大的相似性，其骨架主要为河道砂体。这两种粗碎屑三角洲可用其特征的陆上沉积组合来区分。本区的扇三角洲和辫状河三角洲具有良好的储集油气潜能，是今后油气勘探不可忽视的相带。     

Old red sandstone sedimentation—an example from the brownstones (highest lower old red sandstone) of south central wales

The Brownstones form the highest Lower Old Red Sandstone in South Wales and the Welsh Borderlands. Sections from the Brecon Beacons of Central South Wales consist of laterally extensive sheets of interbedded sandstone and siltstone. Facies sequence A consists of parallel laminated sheet sandstones and siltstones and is interpreted as a sandy sheetflood and distal muddy floodflat association. Facies sequence B comprises sheet sandstones composed of multistorey channel fills, small calcrete-clast filled channels and massive siltstones with thin interbedded sandstones. This sequence is interpreted as low sinuosity channel deposits merging laterally and downslope into a muddy flood-basin, with calcrete clasts infilling intrabasinal channel systems. Facies sequence C consists of multistorey sandstones and is interpreted as a proximal low sinuosity channel system. The Brownstones of the Brecon Beacons formed on an extensive alluvial plain with low sinuosity sand-bed channels merging downslope into sheetfloods and muddy floodflats, in a system broadly analogous to that of the Eyre Basin of South Australia.     

高精度层序地层格架在扇三角洲体系储层精细对比中的应用--以泌阳凹陷赵凹油田为例

由于扇三角洲体系具有相变快、相带窄、多物源等特点,导致扇三角洲砂体储层的精细对比十分困难.根据地震、钻井等资料,建立了高精度层序地层格架,提出了以5级层序为框架、以点物源为中心的储层精细对比思路.赵凹油田储层精细对比研究表明,扇三角洲砂体的沉积类型明显受控于沉积体系域,湖扩张体系域以扇三角洲前缘河口坝和水下水道砂体为主,局部发育泥石流沉积;高水位体系域以三角洲平原辫状水道砂体为主.扇三角洲砂体的岩性、厚度及其分布明显受点物源的控制,在不同物源砂体的叠置区,根据主物源方向、砂体展布形态及岩性差异可以有效地区分出不同物源的砂体,并进行单砂层的对比.     

新疆克拉玛依油田一中区克拉玛依组辫状河储层砂体类型及分布特征

通过露头实测、岩心观察及测录井资料分析等结果表明,克拉玛依油田一中区克拉玛依组S7、S5和S4砂层组沉积时期以发育辫状河为特征,可进一步划分为近源砾质辫状河、远源砾质辫状河和砂质辫状河沉积3种类型。上述3种类型的辫状河沉积在沉积特征、河道空间叠置样式及组合关系等方面存在明显的差异。近源砾质辫状河河道岩性以砾岩为主,为中孔低渗储层。单河道沉积厚度2~4.5m,宽度500~800m,表现为河道-河道直接接触的连片组合方式;远源砾质辫状河河道岩性仍以砾岩为主,含少量砂岩,物性较近源砾质辫状河略好,为中孔低渗储层。单河道沉积厚度为1.5~4m,河道砂体宽度400~750m,表现为河道-溢岸-河道的连片组合方式;砂质辫状河河道岩性以砂岩为主,为中孔低渗储层,物性优于砾质辫状河。单层厚度为0.5~2.5m,宽度为300~700m,但河道沉积分布范围有限,河道之间多为带状或交织带状组合方式。根据上述对比分析认为砾质辫状河河道砂体虽然物性相对较差、非均质性较强,但砂体厚度大、分布广泛、连通性好,目前为全区主要油气开发的目的层;砂质辫状河河道砂体尽管物性较好,但由于厚度较薄,分布局限,仅在东部地区其累计厚度较大,当与其它成藏条件匹配时,可形成具有开发潜力的目的层。     

Sedimentary processes and facies of the waterlaid Anvil Spring Canyon alluvial fan, Death Valley, California

The Anvil Spring Canyon fan of the Panamint Range piedmont in central Death Valley was built entirely by water-flow processes, as revealed by an analysis of widespread 2- to 12-m-high stratigraphic cuts spanning the 9·7 km radial length of this 2·5–5·0° sloping fan. Two facies deposited from fan sheetfloods dominate the fan from apex to toe. The main one (60–95% of cuts) consists of sandy, granular, fine to medium pebble gravel that regularly and sharply alternates with cobbly coarse to very coarse pebble gravel in planar couplets 5–25 cm thick oriented parallel to the fan surface. The other facies (0–25% of cuts) comprises 10- to 60-cm-thick, wedge-planar and wedge-trough beds of pebbly sand and sandy pebble gravel in backsets sloping 3–28°. Both facies are interpreted as resulting from rare, sediment-charged flash floods from the catchment, and were deposited by supercritical standing waves of expanding sheetfloods on the fan. Standing waves were repeatedly initiated, enlarged, migrated, and then terminated either by gradually rejoining the flood or by more violent breakage and washout. The frequent autocyclic growth and destruction of standing waves during an individual sheetflood resulted in the deposition of multiple coarse and fine couplet and backset sequences 50–250 cm thick across the active depositional lobe of the fan. Erosional intensity during washout of the standing wave determined whether early-phase backset-bed deposits or washout-phase sheetflood couplet deposits were selectively preserved in a given cycle. Two minor facies are also found in the Anvil fan. Pebble–cobble gravel lags (0–20% of cuts) are present above erosional scours into the sheetflood couplet and backset deposits. They consist of coarse gravel concentrated through fine-fraction winnowing of the host sheetflood facies by sediment-deficient water flows. This reworking occurred during recessional flood stage or from non-catastrophic discharge during the long intervals between major flash floods. This facies is common at the surface, giving rise to a ‘braided-stream’ appearance. However, it is stratigraphically limited, present as thin, continuous to discontinuous beds or lenses that bound 50- to 250-cm-thick sheetflood sequences. The other minor facies of the Anvil fan consists of clast-supported and imbricated, thickly stratified, pebbly, cobbly, boulder gravel present in narrow, radially aligned ribbons nested within sheetflood deposits. This facies is interpreted as representing deposition in the incised channel of the fan, a subenvironment characterized by greater flow competence resulting from maintained depth from channel-wall confinement, and by more frequent water flows and winnowing events caused by its direct connection with the catchment feeder channel.     

准噶尔盆地南缘上三叠统黄山街组辫状河三角洲沉积

准噶尔盆地南缘上三叠统黄山街组主要为砾岩、含砾砂岩、砂岩、粉砂岩和泥岩构成的一套碎屑岩组合,野外沉积特征研究确定为典型的辫状河三角洲沉积。通过对沉积相、亚相、微相的详细研究,认为辫状河三角洲具有类似曲流河三角洲的层序结构和微相类型,但两者间也存在很大的差别。与曲流河三角洲相比,辫状河三角洲的三角洲平原亚相不仅沉积物的粒度较粗,而且辫状河道沉积较发育,河道间洪泛平原沉积不发育。辫状河三角洲前缘亚相也可以识别出水下分流河道、河口坝、席状砂和水下分流河道间等微相,水下分流河道沉积为主体。根据野外露头的追索研究,建立了准噶尔盆地南缘上三叠统黄山街组辫状河三角洲的沉积模式。从沉积物的岩性特征看,辫状河三角洲砾岩和含砾粗砂岩体具有分布较稳定、展布较广、储集物性较好的特点。     

准噶尔盆地玛北地区三叠系百口泉组优质储层成因分析

勘探实践表明,准噶尔盆地西北缘玛北地区三叠系百口泉组存在大量优质储层,然而其成因需要进一步研究.岩石学特征、物性特征、沉积环境特征、成岩作用特征的研究表明:玛北地区三叠系百口泉组储层以粗碎屑的砂砾岩为主,细碎屑的砂岩类储层含量较少,储层平均孔隙度主要分布于7%～9%之间,平均渗透率主要分布于0.9×10-3μm2～1.4×10-3μm2之间.储层主要发育于扇三角洲前缘水下分流河道及扇三角洲平原分流河道微相,在构造坡折带的影响下,经过水体较长时间淘洗的扇三角洲前缘水下分流河道砂砾岩储层物性最好,往往成为该区优质储层,扇三角洲平原分流河道砂砾岩储层的物性次之.压实作用造成了泥质杂基含量较高的砂砾岩储层物性的不可逆降低,成岩早期适量的胶结物提供了支撑颗粒骨架,可以抵御压实作用对储层物性的影响,但成岩晚期大量的胶结物可以阻塞孔隙,对储层具有不利的影响,长石颗粒及沸石类胶结物的溶蚀作用对储层物性的改善具有积极意义.     

湖泊水下扇沉积特征及影响因素--以伊通盆地莫里青断陷双阳组为例

伊通盆地莫里青断陷始新统双阳组发育典型的湖泊水下扇体。根据岩心、测井和地震资料 ,并结合粒度分析等方法 ,将其划分为内扇、中扇和外扇亚相及某干微相。影响水下扇形成和分布的主要因素是 :同生断裂的活动造就了陡坡地形 ,其幕式活动成为水下扇形成的触发机制 ;阵发型水下扇主要发育在陡坡带 ,稳定型水下扇主要发育在扇三角洲的前端 ,气候因素也为稳定型水下扇形成创造了物源条件 ;基准面升降影响着水下扇的相序特征 ,低水位体系域和水退体系域易形成推进型水下扇 ,水进体系域易形成退缩型水下扇 ;半深湖 -深湖的滞水条件是水下扇得以保存的前提。统计结果表明本区获工业油气流的井主要集中在中扇 ,其中辫状水道微相最为富集。     

西藏日喀则地区第三系大竹卡组砾质扇三角洲——片状颗粒流沉积

一、引言 1987和1988年仲夏,我们中国和联邦德国的地质同行联合对西藏雅鲁藏布江缝合带进行了地质考察,对日喀则地区所出露的第三系磨拉石进行了比较详细的沉积学工作,现将初步研究成果作一个简略介绍。西藏日喀则地区第三系磨拉石主要出露于雅鲁藏布江一带,是一套砾岩、砂岩、泥岩和少量泥灰岩的沉积组合,作为碰撞造山带山前或山间盆地的沉积产物,已被许多学者所认识。本文主要讨论始新—渐新世大竹卡组(钱定宇等,1985)磨拉石沉积,尤其是砾岩的沉积机制,并认为湖相砾质扇三角洲沉积是该磨拉石盆地的最主要沉积类型之一,扇三角洲沉积相带发育齐全,在德日剖面和南卡堆剖面(图1)部有完好的扇三角洲层序,是一种独特的、以突发性片状颗粒流和片状牵引流沉积为代表的扇三角洲类型。在青藏高原羌塘地区(余光明等,1986)和柴达木盆地(邓宏文等,1987)都报道过类似的第三纪沉积。研究此类发育于特定大地构造背景的扇三角洲的沉积特征和形成机制具有重要的理论意义。     

豫西太原组、山西组中潮道沉积的类型和特征

豫西太原组中的潮道为陆表海滨岸潮道类型,其特点为:向上变细的层序,冲刷切割下伏的灰岩层,具大型板状、槽状交错层理和双向交错层理,潮道曲流砂坝发育。山西组下段的潮道为障壁后潮道,位于障壁砂坝后的潮坪区;潮道砂岩泥质杂基较高,正粒序,砂体自海向陆分叉尖灭;潮坪、潮道等亚环境组合影响了其上发育的煤层的厚度变化。山西组上段的潮道为下三角洲平原潮道类型,多位于分流河口,砂岩为正粒序,双(单)粘土层和潮汐周期层序发育。     

鄂尔多斯盆地延长组长9油层组三角洲砂岩沉积特征

通过钻井、录井、测井及岩心等资料的综合分析,识别出辫状河三角洲和曲流河三角洲是鄂尔多斯盆地上三叠统延长组长9油层组主要的三角洲沉积相类型。辫状河三角洲分布于盆地西部,辫状分流河道和辫状水下分流河道发育砂岩,砂岩中主要发育冲刷面、槽状交错层理、板状交错层理和平行层理等,以向上变细的正粒序为主,砂岩粒度概率曲线主要为两段式或三段式。曲流河三角洲分布于盆地东部,陆上分流河道、水下分流河道和河口坝发育砂岩,砂岩中主要发育冲刷面、槽状交错层理、板状交错层理、平行层理和砂纹层理等,以向上变细的正粒序为主,也可见向上变粗的逆粒序,砂岩粒度概率曲线主要为两段式或三段式,可见四段式。进一步的对比分析表明,盆地内长9油层组辫状分流河道、辫状水下分流河道和陆上分流河道中砂体最发育,水下分流河道和河口坝砂体次之。     

柴达木盆地平台地区路乐河组沉积微相研究

根据钻井岩心、铸体薄片、扫描电镜、测录井资料及分析化验资料,对柴达木盆地北缘西段平台地区古近系路乐河组地层岩心的沉积构造、粒度特征、沉积序列等进行详细研究,分析平台地区古近系路乐河组的沉积相类型及演化过程。研究表明,平台地区路乐河组主要受近源沉积控制,沉积了一套以砾岩、含砾粗砂岩、泥质粉砂岩和泥岩为主的粗粒碎屑岩,发育槽状交错层理和板状交错层理,成分成熟度和结构成熟度较差。粒度概率累积曲线显示碎屑颗粒沉积物主要由悬浮组分和跳跃组分组成,表明水动力条件较强,以河流相沉积为主。沉积微相类型以河床亚相的河床滞留和心滩沉积为主,其次为河漫亚相的河漫滩沉积和泛滥平原沉积。沉积相的研究清楚展示出平台地区古近纪早期路乐河组的沉积特征和演化规律,为该地区下一步油气勘探工作提供可靠的地质依据。