Variability in scale growth rates of chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta) in relation to climate changes in the late 1980s

Fish scales were used to investigate the interannual variability in chum salmon growth rates at specific ages in relation to climatic/environmental changes during the 1980s–1990s. Scales were obtained from adult salmon returning to the east coast of Korea between 1984 and 1998. Assuming proportionality between scale size increments and fish length, distances between scale annuli were regarded as the growth conditions in different habitat areas with respect to the life stages of chum salmon. In estuarine and coastal areas, growth rates of fingerling salmon were higher in the 1990s than in the 1980s. Zooplankton abundance off the east coast of Korea increased after the late 1980s, which may have provided favorable growth conditions for young salmon in the 1990s. Growth of juvenile chum salmon during the first summer (Okhotsk Sea) was relatively stable, and neither SST nor zooplankton biomass fluctuated significantly during the study period. However, in the Bering Sea, salmon growth rates between age-2 and age-4 (i.e. ocean-phase immature salmon) were higher in the 1980s than in the 1990s. Variability in salmon growth in the Bering Sea was correlated to zooplankton biomass. These results suggest that the climate regime shift of 1988/1989 in the subarctic North Pacific affected salmon growth mediated by changes of zooplankton biomass, revealing a bottom-up process.     

Fecundity of chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) from the Waitaki and Rakaia Rivers,New Zealand

The fecundity of chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) was estimated from maturing fish captured by anglers in the lower Waitaki River in 1985 and 1987–89, and from mature fish spawned at the Glenariffe Research Station on the Rakaia River in 1992. Fecundity was positively correlated with fork length (FL); estimated fecundities at 750 mm FL were 5024 eggs for Waitaki and 4829 eggs for Glenariffe salmon. The slopes of the regressions of fecundity on FL differed between the populations but the Glenariffe data did not differ from Rakaia River samples from 1967, 1973, and 1976. Significant inter‐annual variation in the FL‐fecundity relationship was detected in Waitaki River samples. Egg weights, taken from the Glenariffe samples, were positively correlated with length and averaged 0.17 g. However, salmon with high fecundity for their FL tended to have small eggs, and vice versa.     

南海北部次表层高盐水的季节变化及其与西北太平洋环流的关系

次表层高盐水(34.68‰)作为北太平洋热带水(NPTW)的示踪,可用来研究黑潮入侵,了解南海与太平洋的水体交换。文章利用基于高分辨率混合坐标海洋模式(HYCOM)的海洋再分析资料,研究了南海北部次表层高盐水的季节变化及其影响因子。模拟结果显示,南海北部高盐水位于100~200m水深,最西可达111°E,其体积存在明显的季节变化,12月达到极大值,6月达到极小值。进一步的分析表明,其季节变化主要受低纬度西北太平洋大尺度环流的调制,与北赤道流分叉点位置的季节变化(1月到达最北端、6月到达最南端)呈现很好的相关性。受太平洋大尺度风场的影响,北赤道流分叉点上半年(下半年)向南(北)移动,导致黑潮输运增强(减弱),通过吕宋海峡进入南海的盐通量减少(增加),从而使南海次表层高盐水的盐度降低(升高)。吕宋海峡断面的流速和盐通量分布特征显示,西太平洋高盐水主要通过吕宋海峡中部(20°~21°18'N)进入南海北部。     

Effects of stocking density on the growth and immunity of Atlantic salmon salmo salar reared in recirculating aquaculture system(RAS)

Atlantic salmon reared in recirculating aquaculture system(RAS) may lead to inappropriately high stocking density, because ?sh live in a limited space. Finding the suitable stocking density of Atlantic salmon reared in RAS is very important for RAS industry. In this paper, the in?uence of stocking density on growth and some stress related physiological factors were investigated to evaluate the ef fects of stocking density. The ?sh were reared for 220 days at ?ve densities(A: 24 kg/m^3; B: 21 kg/m^3; C: 15 kg/m^3; D: 9 kg/m^3 and E: 6 kg/m^3). The results show that 30 kg/m^3 might be the maximum density which RAS can af ford in China. The stocking densities under 30 kg/m^3 have no ef fect on mortality of Atlantic salmon reared in RAS. However, the speci?c growth rate(SGR), ?nal weight and weight gain in the high density group were signi?cantly lower than the lower density groups and middle density groups. Moreover, feed conversion rate(FCR) had a negative correlation with density. Plasma hormone T_3 and GH showed signi?cant decrease with the increase of the stocking density of the experiment. Furthermore, thyroid hormone(T 3), GH(growth hormone) activities were decreased with stocking density increase. However, plasma cortisol, GOT(glutamic oxalacetic transaminase) and GPT(glutamic pyruvic transaminase) activities were increase with stocking density increase. And the stocking density has no ef fects on plasma lysozyme of Atlantic salmon reared in RAS. These investigations would also help devise effcient ways to rear adult Atlantic salmon in China and may, in a way, help spread salmon mariculture in China.     

管角螺Hemifusus tuba(Gmelin)稚贝在不同盐度下的生长和存活研究

在水温28.6—29.5℃、pH8.2条件下,研究了管角螺Hemifusus tuba稚贝[(壳高19.5±1.23)mm、体重(661.4±48.6)mg]在不同盐度下的生长和存活,并用二点法计算出最适宜存活和生长的盐度范围。结果表明,管角螺稚贝适宜存活盐度和最适存活盐度分别为17.7‰—40.8‰和25.1‰—35.9‰,适宜生长盐度和最适生长盐度分别为17.5‰—39.9‰和27.8‰—33.2‰。在最适生长盐度范围内,稚贝壳高日平均增长率为0.358—0.397mm.d 1,体重日平均增长率为44.64—49.09mg.d 1。超出上述范围,其存活率下降、生长率降低。稚贝在盐度17.0‰和41.3‰的海水中适应20d后再分别移至盐度14.0‰和45.0‰的海水中,72 h后存活率分别为84.0%和96.0%,而直接把生活在盐度为30.5‰中的稚贝放入到盐度为14.0‰和45.0‰的海水,72h后其存活率为8.0%和0,可见稚贝对盐度的适应能力与原生活海水盐度有关,经过驯化后的稚贝能够扩大对盐度的适应范围,提高对盐度的耐受力。     

Seasonal variations of dimethylsul.de (DMS) and dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP) in the sea-surface microlayer and subsurface water of Jiaozhou Bay and its adjacent area

The distributions of DMS and its precursor dimethylsulfoniopropionate, in both dissolved (DMSPd) and particulate fractions (DMSPp) were determined in the sea-surface microlayer and corresponding subsurface water of the Jiaozhou Bay, China and its adjacent area in May and August 2006. The concentrations of all these components showed a clear seasonal variation, with higher concentrations occurring in summer. This can be mainly attributed to the higher phytoplankton biomass observed in summer. Simultaneously, the enrichment extents of DMSPd and DMSPp in the microlayer also exhibited seasonal changes, with higher values in spring and lower ones in summer. Higher water temperature and stronger radiant intensity in summer can enhance their solubility and photochemical reaction in the microlayer water, reducing their enrichment factors (the ratio of concentration in the microlayer to that in the corresponding subsurface water). A statistically signi.cant relationship was found between the microlayer and subsurface water concentrations of DMS, DMSP and chlorophyll a, demonstrating that the biogenic materials in the microlayer come primarily from the underlying water. Moreover, our data show that the concentrations of DMSPp and DMS were signi.cantly correlated with the levels of chlorophyll a, indicating that phytoplankton biomass might play an important role in controlling the distributions of biogenic sulfurs in the study area. The ratios of DMS/chlorophyll a and DMSPp/chlorophyll a varied little from spring to summer, suggesting that there was no obvious change in the proportion of DMSP producers in the phytoplankton community. The mean sea-to-air .ux of DMS from the study area was estimated to be 5.70 μmol/(m2 ·d), which highlights the e.ects of human impacts on DMS emission.     

西北太平洋137°E断面温度场和盐度场的时空特征

本文利用日本气象厅在137°E断面获得的水温和盐度长期观测资料,分析了该断面温度场和盐度场的时空特征.结果表明,137°E断面的温度场和盐度场都存在着明显的季节差异和年际变化.冬季,温度场变化的关键区位于3°~18°N的300m以浅海域,而盐度场变化的关键区则位于18°~34°N的300m以浅海域.夏季,温度场变化的关键区位于3°~16°N的300m以浅海域,而盐度场则有两个关键区,分别位于3°~18°N的200m以浅海域和24°~34°N的300m以浅海域.温度场的年际变化与ENSO循环相联系,而盐度场的年际变化则比较复杂.     

Importance of eddy representation for modeling the intermediate salinity minimum in the North Pacific: Comparison between eddy-resolving and eddy-permitting models

In order to confirm the results of the authors’ previous work, which found that the existence of disturbances smaller than meso-scale eddies is important in large-scale mixing process between the Oyashio and Kuroshio waters in the intermediate layer, the results of an eddy-resolving model experiment are analyzed and compared with those of an eddy-permitting model. The intermediate salinity minimum given in the initial condition weakens as integration advances in the eddy-permitting model, while it recovers rapidly and is maintained thereafter in the eddy-resolving model, initialized from the unrealistic salinity distribution of the former. Filament-like fine structures in temperature and salinity develop actively in the latter, which are much smaller in horizontal width than meso-scale eddies, suggesting the importance of such disturbances in the large-scale mixing. The mixing ratio of the Oyashio water defined by the original Oyashio and Kuroshio waters shows that its value is generally higher in the intermediate lower sub-layer than in the intermediate upper sub-layer in the Mixed Water Region, and the salinity minimum exists between layers with low and high values of the mixing ratio with its strong vertical gradient. The eddy transports of the Oyashio and Kuroshio waters in an isopycnal layer are divided into four components, usual isopycnal mixing of temperature and salinity being dominant, followed by the component associated with the thickness flux. The southward eddy transport of the Oyashio water and the northward eddy transport of the Kuroshio water are not symmetric to each other because the thickness-flux-associated components are in the same direction (southward).     

Remotely sensed seasonality in the spatial distribution of sea-surface suspended particulate matter in the southern North Sea

An algorithm is presented for estimating near-surface SPM concentrations in the turbid Case 2 waters of the southern North Sea. The single band algorithm, named POWERS, was derived by parameterising Gordon's approximation of the radiative transfer model with measurements of Belgian and Dutch inherent optical properties. The algorithm was used to calculate near-surface SPM concentration from 491 SeaWiFS datasets for 2001. It was shown to be a robust algorithm for estimating SPM in the southern North Sea. Regression of annual geometric mean SPM concentration derived from remote sensing (SPM_rs), against in situ (SPM_is) data from 19 Dutch monitoring stations was highly significant with an r² of 0.87. Further comparison and statistical testing against independent datasets for 2000 confirmed the consistency of this relationship. Moreover, time series of SPM_rs concentrations derived from the POWERS algorithm, were shown to follow the same temporal trends as individual SPM_is data recorded during 2001. Composites of annual, winter and summer SPM_rs for 2001 highlight the three dominant water masses in the southern North Sea, as well as their winter–fall and spring–summer variability. The results indicate that wind induced wave action and mixing cause high surface SPM signals in winter in regions where the water column becomes well mixed, whereas in summer stratification leads to a lower SPM surface signal. The presented algorithm gives accurate near-surface SPM concentrations and could easily be adapted for other water masses and seas.     

HYCOM模式对赤道及北太平洋海表温度的模拟

本文使用HYCOM数值模式,根据两种海气通量数据集(COADS、ECMWF)和两种海气通量块体参数化方案(常数块体参数化方案和非常数块体参数化方案)的不同结合,构成4组数值实验,分别模拟了赤道及北太平洋的气候态海表温度.实验结果表明:1)在本文的实验中,非常数块体参数化方案优于常数块体参数化方案;在太平洋40°N-20°S区域内,采用前者得到的年平均海表温度比Pathfinder卫星资料高约0.21 °C,而采用后者得到的年平均海表温度比Pathfinder卫星资料高约0.63 °C.2)HYCOM数值模式很好的模拟了赤道及北太平洋的气候态海表温度变化及西太平洋暖池空间分布的月变化.特别是实验2(采用COADS数据集和非常数块体参数化方案),在太平洋40°N - 20°S区域内,冬春两季平均SST仅比Pathfinder卫星数据集高0.02 °C.3)不同的海气通量数据会对模式结果产生明显的影响.对比采用COADS数据集的实验2结果与采用ECMWF数据集的实验4结果可以发现,在模拟区域的西北部,实验2比实验4的年平均SST高约1 °C;在模拟区域的东南部,实验4比实验2的年平均SST高约1 °C.两者差的最大值出现在58°N、140°E附近及中国渤海,约为4 °C(实验2比实验4的年平均SST高约4 °C).     

Late Quaternary sea-surface temperature variations in the southeast Atlantic: a planktic foraminifer faunal record of the past 600 000 yr (IMAGES II MD962085)

A high-resolution (4–5cm/kyr) giant piston core record (MD962085) retrieved during an IMAGES II-NAUSICAA cruise from the continental slope of the southeast Atlantic Ocean reveals striking variations in planktonic foraminifer faunal abundances and sea-surface temperatures (SST) during the past 600 000 yr. The location and high-quality sedimentary record of the core provide a good opportunity to assess the variability of the Benguela Current system and associated important features of the ocean-climate system in the southeast Atlantic. The planktonic foraminifer faunal abundances of the core are dominated by three assemblages: (1) Neogloboquadrina pachyderma (right coiling)+Neogloboquadrina dutertrei, (2) Globigerina bulloides, and (3) Globorotalia inflata. The assemblage of N. pachyderma (right coiling)+N. dutertrei shows distinctive abundance changes which are nearly in-phase with glacial–interglacial variations. The high abundances of this assemblage are associated with major glacial conditions, possibly representing low SST/high nutrient level conditions in the southwestern Africa margin. In contrast, the G. bulloides and G. inflata assemblages show greater high-frequency abundance change patterns, which are not parallel to the glacial–interglacial changes. These patterns may indicate rapid oceanic frontal movements from the south, and a rapid change in the intensity of the Benguela upwelling system from the east. A single episode of maximum abundances of a polar water species N. pachyderma (left coiling) occurred in the beginning of stage 9 (340–330 kyr). The event of the maximum occurrence of this species shown in this record may indicate instability in the Benguela coastal upwelling, or the Antarctic polar front zone position. A winter season SST estimate using transfer function techniques for this record shows primarily glacial–interglacial variations. The SST is maximal during the transitions from the major glacial to interglacial stages (Terminations I, II, IV, V), and is associated with the abundance maxima of a warm water species indicator Globigerinoides ruber. Cross-spectral analyses of the SST record and the SPECMAP stack reveal statistically significant concentrations of variance and coherencies in three major orbital frequency bands. The SST precedes changes in the global ice volume in all orbital frequency bands, indicating a dominant southern Hemispheric climate effect over the Benguela Current region in the southeast Atlantic.