近60年来黄河入海水沙通量变化的阶段性与多尺度特征

以1950-2011年黄河利津站实测水沙资料为基础,利用突变分析和有序聚类分析方法对60年来黄河入海水沙通量变化过程进行了阶段性划分,并利用功率谱、交叉谱和小波分析方法对同期黄河入海水沙通量的多尺度周期性变化特征进行了分析。研究结果表明,1985年为利津站水沙通量显著变化的时间分界点,此后利津站的径流量和输沙量的各种尺度变化都呈现出明显的减弱趋势。入海径流量和输沙量在时间尺度上分别在2.86a、4.44a和13.33a存在显著相关关系。黄河入海水沙通量变化的阶段性特征受流域的降水以及人类活动尤其是水库建设、干流引水、水土保持等工程措施的影响,进入80年代后受人类活动影响越来越大。西太平洋副热带高压的准两年周期振荡和年代际振荡、降水的周期性、太阳活动的年代际周期是影响黄河入海水沙通量周期性变化的重要因素,使得黄河入海水沙通量的周期性变化集中在年代际变化和年际变化上。黄河入海水沙通量的阶段性递变除受年代际尺度周期性变化控制外,还与人类活动的干扰有着密切的关系。     

近60年黄河水沙变化过程及其对三角洲的影响

为了了解黄河水沙变化过程及其对三角洲的影响,本文运用统计学方法对利津站1950-2007年的水沙数据以及流域人类活动引起的减水减沙数据进行了分析,结果表明:1950-2007年黄河人海水沙量明显减少,且年际波动比较剧烈.人类活动的影响是人海水沙量减少的主要原因.1950.2005年,水土保持年均减水减沙量分别为20.2亿m3和3.41亿t;工农业年均引水引沙量分别为251.64亿m3和2.42亿t;干流库区拦沙量,三门峡水库1960-2007年年均淤积1.45亿m3,小浪底水库1997-2007年年均淤积2.398亿m3.相比于花园口站的水沙量,下游河道以淤积为主,人海水沙量减少;以冲刷为主,人海水沙毋增加.当不同时期人海总水沙量比为0.0257 t/m3左右时,河口附近岸线延伸,三角洲面积增加.但近来年入海水沙量的急剧减少,特别是黄河口清8出汉以后,整个黄河三角洲由淤积转变为侵蚀,冲淤状态发生逆转的时间约在1997年.     

调水调沙以来黄河尾闾河道冲淤演变及其影响因素

2002年开始的黄河调水调沙改变了进入黄河口的水沙条件,必然引起尾闾河道地貌的显著调整。根据黄河尾闾河道利津以下的断面实测高程数据,建立基于正交曲线网格的河道DEM,结合河床形态与水沙条件变化,综合研究黄河尾闾河道冲淤的时空演变及其影响因素。结果表明,调水调沙以来尾闾河道冲刷明显,2002—2017年累计冲刷6240万m ³,根据冲淤速率可以分为3个阶段：快速冲刷阶段（2002—2005年）冲刷速率为1443万m ³/a;冲刷减慢阶段（2006—2014年）冲刷速率为139万m ³/a;以及淤积阶段（2015—2017年）,淤积速率为263万m ³/a。其中,调水调沙初始4年尾闾河道的冲刷量占总冲刷量的80%,2006年以后冲刷强度逐渐减弱,甚至转为淤积。从季节上看,主要表现为汛期冲刷,非汛期淤积;从空间上看,越往口门方向,冲刷强度越小。调水调沙改变了入海水沙的年内分配,造成了尾闾河道的持续冲刷,入海流路也发生多次调整。但经过多年冲刷,河床整体下切,加上河口淤积延伸影响,调水调沙对尾闾河道的冲刷效率在持续降低。受河口海域淤积影响,近口门段在经历冲刷后转为淤积,河道纵比降减缓,增加了尾闾的不稳定性。     

黄河下游河床演变与河口淤积延伸

黄河挟带大量泥沙,经华北大平原入海,河口迅速延伸使河道不断地淤积抬高以至决口改道.本文初步分析了历史黄河和现行黄河下游河床演变与河口淤积延伸的关系.     

黄河中游河口龙门区间水沙变化特征分析

黄河中游河口-龙门区间是我国乃至世界上水土流失最严重的地区,多年来大规模的水利水保工程建设使得该区产流产沙条件发生明显变化,因此,分析该区水沙变化特征及水沙变化原因具有重要意义。选取黄河中游河口-龙门区间下游龙门站1957—2005年水沙量水文观测资料代替区间资料,进行一致性检验后,运用小波分析、Mann-Kendall趋势检验、均差累积等统计方法对河口-龙门区间水沙变化特征进行分析,结果表明:该区水沙年内分配不均匀,年际变化大;该区水沙都呈显著的减少趋势,径流量和输沙量分别具有两个和4个明显的阶段性变化特征;水沙双累积曲线显示该区沙特性发生明显变化。在此基础上,通过分析该区水土保持面积与减水减沙量的相关关系表明,其具有良好的线性关系,进一步验证了水利水保措施是该区水沙减少的主要原因这一结论。     

三峡水库不同类型支流河口泥沙淤积成因及趋势

为揭示三峡水库库区不同类型支流河口泥沙淤积的内在机理和变化趋势,本文充分利用水文、泥沙、固定断面和河道地形等原型观测资料,从支流水沙输移规律和河口局部水沙分布特征出发,研究了不同类型支流河口段泥沙淤积规律及主要影响因素的作用机理,探讨其淤积趋势及形成拦门沙的风险。结果表明:三峡水库蓄水后,库区不同类型支流河口普遍淤积,淤积范围及河道形态的变化各有特点;水库蓄水造成水动力条件减弱是河口泥沙淤积的根本原因,淤积幅度和范围主要取决于干支流来沙量和局部河势。在干支流来沙均明显减少的情况下,三峡水库库区支流河口泥沙淤积速度显著下降,形成拦门沙坎的可能性较小。     

黄河河口泥沙扩散规律分析——以钓口河流路为例

分析黄河口钓口河亚三角洲不同时期泥沙沉积速率和水沙条件变化,发现来沙输沙率是影响黄河三角洲沉积速率的主要因素,随输沙率增加三角洲泥沙沉积速率增大.来水流量和来沙粒度组成变化对沉积速率的影响不明显.还发现来水含沙量与三角洲泥沙淤积占来沙的比例(沉积比)之间为双值关系,在某一含沙量时沉积比达最大值.对比显示,在河口河道畅通,沙嘴突出时期,三角洲泥沙沉积比反而比河口改道初期大,意味着集中水流入海可能降低海流带走泥沙的比例.另外,根据前三角洲的地形测量资料分析发现,进入远海的泥沙随距离增加呈指数递减.对黄河口这些独特的泥沙扩散规律发生机理进行了深入分析.     

近30年来珠江河口岸线演变时空特征及效应

基于珠江河口近30年来实测水下地形、航测地形以及海图、卫星影像等大量资料,建立多时段、大范围河口岸线图谱,分区研究河口岸线向水域延伸的速度及速率,以定量表征珠江河口岸线演变时空特征,并简要分析岸线演变对河口地貌轮廓、水沙流路、滩涂湿地等产生的效应。结果显示:20世纪70年代至21世纪初,磨刀门岸线延伸速度最大,年均向东南延伸226m;其次为伶仃洋西岸大角山至珠海金星铜鼓角段,年均向东延伸190m;黄茅海西岸崖门出口至烽火角段年均延伸45m,是珠江河口中延伸速度最小的区域。河口岸线延伸对区域泄洪纳潮及水环境造成较大程度的影响。     

近10 年来长江口水下三角洲的冲淤变化 ——-兼论三峡工程蓄水的影响

根据对近10 年来长江入海泥沙量和河口冲淤的对比分析, 探讨水下三角洲冲淤对长江入海泥沙锐减以及三峡工程运行的响应。结果表明: (1) 三峡水库蓄水导致长江入海泥沙减少1×10⁸ t/a 量级; (2) 1995-2000 年、2000-2004 年和2004-2005 年研究区淤积(冲刷) 面积分别占75.5% (24.5%)、30.5% (69.5%) 和14% (86%), 垂向冲淤速率(负为冲刷) 分别为6.4 cm/a、-3.8 cm/a 和-21 cm/a。(3) 由于地形和水动力的变化以及工程的影响, 研究区内冲淤对河流来沙减少的响应存在显著空间差异。结论包括: 三峡水库蓄水加剧了长江入海泥沙的减少; 入海泥沙的锐减是水下三角洲从淤积为主向侵蚀为主转变的主要原因。随着水库拦沙能力的增强等流域人类活动的影响, 长江入海泥沙将进一步下降, 河口口门区的冲刷可能加剧, 值得有关部门重视。     

黄河三角洲岸线及现行河口区水下地形演变

根据实测的岸线和水深数据,利用Surfer 和Mapinfo 等软件进行数据处理,结合不同阶段利津站输沙量,分析了黄河三角洲岸线及现行河口区水下地形演变。结果表明:1953-2000年,68%左右的入海泥沙淤积在口门和滨海区。由于入海流路变迁,不同岸段的岸线变化具有各自的特征。刁口河流路以西岸线基本稳定;刁口河流路以东—孤东油田以北岸线经历先淤后冲,属于强侵蚀岸段,但在防潮大堤的保护下得到人为控制下的稳定;清水沟流路形成的岸线整体向海淤进,但清8 出汊后,清水沟老河口沙嘴南侧出现侵蚀。1976-1996 年,现行河口(清水沟流路) 水下地形总体上表现为淤积,顶坡段变缓,前坡段变陡。1996-2005 年,清水沟老河口水下地形顶坡段和前坡段发生侵蚀,底坡段呈现淤积;出汊新河口水下地形继续淤积,但程度和范围都比1976-1996 年的小。孤东油田近岸侵蚀加剧。     

1950-2008年黄河入海水沙变化(英文)

Based on hydrological data observed at Lijin gauging station from 1950 to 2008, the temporal changes of water discharge and sediment load of the Yellow River into the sea were analyzed by the wavelet analysis, and their impacts on the estuary were investigated in different periods based on the measured coastline and bathymetry data. The results show that: (1) there were three significant periodicities, i.e. annual (0.5-1.0-year), internnual (3.0-6.5-year) and decadal (10.1-14.2-year), in the variations of w...     

1950-2008年黄河入海水沙变化(英文)

Based on hydrological data observed at Lijin gauging station from 1950 to 2008, the temporal changes of water discharge and sediment load of the Yellow River into the sea were analyzed by the wavelet analysis, and their impacts on the estuary were investigated in different periods based on the measured coastline and bathymetry data. The results show that: (1) there were three significant periodicities, i.e. annual (0.5-1.0-year), internnual (3.0-6.5-year) and decadal (10.1-14.2-year), in the variations of water discharge and sedi- ment load into the sea, which might be related to the periodic variations of El Nino and Southern Oscillation at long-term timescales. Variations of water discharge and sediment load were varying in various timescales, and their periodic variations were not significant during the 1970s-2000s due to strong human disturbances. (2) The long-term variation of water discharge and sediment load into the sea has shown a stepwise decrease since the 1950s due to the combined influences of human activities and precipitation decrease in the Yellow River Basin, and the human activities were the main cause for the decrease of water discharge and sediment load. (3) The water discharge and sediment load into the sea greatly influenced the evolution of the Yellow River Estuary, especially the stretch rate of coastline and the deposition rate of the sub-aqueous topography off the estuary which deposited since 1976.     

Response of delta sedimentary system to variation of water and sediment in the Yellow River over past six decades

In order to find out the variation process of water-sediment and its effect on the Yellow River Delta, the water discharge and sediment load at Lijin from 1950 to 2007 and the decrease of water discharge and sediment load in the Yellow River Basin caused by human disturbances were analyzed by means of statistics. It was shown that the water discharge and sediment load into the sea were decreasing from 1950 to 2007 with serious fluctuation. The human activities were the main cause for decrease of water discharge and sediment load into the sea. From 1950 to 2005, the average annual reduction of water discharge and sediment load by means of water-soil conservation practices were 2.02×109 m3 and 3.41×108 t respectively, and the average annual volume by water abstraction for industry and agriculture were 2.52×1010 m3 and 2.42×108 t respectively. The average sediment trapped by Sanmenxia Reservoir was 1.45×108 t from 1960 to 2007, and the average sediment retention of Xiaolangdi Reservoir was 2.398×108 t from 1997 to 2007. Compared to the data records at Huanyuankou, the water discharge and sediment load into the sea decreased with siltation in the lower reaches and increased with scouring in the lower reaches. The coastline near river mouth extended and the delta area increased when the ratio of accumulative sediment load and accumulative water discharge into the sea (SSCT) is 25.4–26.0 kg/m3 in different time periods. However, the sharp decrease of water discharge and sediment load into the sea in recent years, especially the Yellow River into the sea at Qing 8, the entire Yellow River Delta has turned into erosion from siltation, and the time for a reversal of the state was about 1997.     

近60年黄河水沙变化及其对三角洲沉积的影响

In order to find out the variation process of water-sediment and its effect on the Yellow River Delta, the water discharge and sediment load at Lijin from 1950 to 2007 and the decrease of water discharge and sediment load in the Yellow River Basin caused by human disturbances were analyzed by means of statistics. It was shown that the water discharge and sediment load into the sea were decreasing from 1950 to 2007 with serious fluctuation. The human activities were the main cause for decrease of water discharge and sediment load into the sea. From 1950 to 2005, the average annual reduction of water discharge and sediment load by means of water-soil conservation practices were 2.02×109 m3 and 3.41×108 t respectively, and the average annual volume by water abstraction for industry and agriculture were 2.52×1010 m3 and 2.42×108 t respectively. The average sediment trapped by Sanmenxia Reservoir was 1.45×108 t from 1960 to 2007, and the average sediment retention of Xiaolangdi Reservoir was 2.398×108 t from 1997 to 2007. Compared to the data records at Huanyuankou, the water discharge and sediment load into the sea decreased with siltation in the lower reaches and increased with scouring in the lower reaches. The coastline near river mouth extended and the delta area increased when the ratio of accumulative sediment load and accumulative water discharge into the sea (SSCT) is 25.4–26.0 kg/m3 in different time periods. However, the sharp decrease of water discharge and sediment load into the sea in recent years, especially the Yellow River into the sea at Qing 8, the entire Yellow River Delta has turned into erosion from siltation, and the time for a reversal of the state was about 1997.     

Temporal and spatial evolution of coastline and subaqueous geomorphology in muddy coast of the Yellow River Delta

Based on measured data of coastline and bathometry, processed by softwares of Surfer and Mapinfo, and combined with sediment loads in different phases at Lijin gauging station, temporal and spatial evolution of coastline and subaqueous geomorphology in muddy coast of the Yellow River Delta is analyzed. The results show that ～68% of sediments were delivered by the Yellow River deposited around the river mouth and in the littoral area from 1953 to 2000. Coastline in different coasts had distinctive changes in response to shifts of river course. Coastline was stable in the west of the Diaokou river mouth. Coastline from the east of the Diaokou river mouth to the north of the Gudong oilfield had experienced siltation, then serious erosion, and finally kept stable with sea walls conservation. Generally, coastline of the survived river mouth of the Qingshuigou river course stretched seaward, whereas the south side of sand spit at the Qingshuigou old river mouth was eroded after the Yellow River inpouring near the position at the Qing 8. The subaqueous geomorphology off the survived river mouth exhibited siltation from 1976 to 1996, with flat topset beds and steeper foreset beds. From 1996 to 2005, the subaqueous geomorphology off the Qingshuigou old river mouth was eroded in the topset and foreset beds, but silted in the bottomset beds. The subaqueous geomorphology off the new river mouth sequentially performed siltation with small degree compared to that of 1976–1996.     

黄河入海悬沙季节输送变化与输送机制的数值研究(英文)

Based on sediment and discharge flux data for the Yellow River, realistic forcing fields and bathymetry of the Bohai Sea, a suspended sediment transport module is driven by a wave-current coupled model to research seasonal variations and mechanisms of suspended load transport to the Bohai Sea. It could be concluded that surface sediment concentration indicates a distinct spatial distribution characteristic that varies seasonally in the Bohai Sea. Sediment concentration is rather high near the Yellow River estuary, seasonal variations of which are controlled by quantity of sediment from the Yellow River, suspended sediment concentration reaches its maximum during summer and fall. Furthermore, sediment concentration decreases rapidly in other seas far from the Yellow River estuary and maintains a very low level in the center of the Bohai Sea, and is dominated by seasonal variations of climatology wind field in the Bohai Sea. Only a small amount of sediments imported from the Yellow River are delivered northwestward to the southern coast of the Bohai Bay. Majority of sediments are transported southeastward to the Laizhou Bay, where sediments are continuously delivered into the center of the Bohai Sea in a northeastward direction, and part of them are transported eastward alongshore through the Bohai Strait. 69% of sediments from the Yellow River are deposited near the river delta, 31% conveyed seaward, within which, 4% exported to the northern Yellow Sea through the Bohai Strait. Wind wave is the most essential contributor to seasonal variations of sediment concentration in the Bohai Sea, and the contribution of tidal currents is also significant in shallow waters when wind speed is low.     

黄河入海泥沙输运及沉积过程的数值模拟

以利津站代表的黄河入海径流和泥沙数据驱动ECOMSED模型,对黄河入海泥沙悬移输运过程的逐月时空变化、输送通量以及海底沉积效应进行了数值模拟实验。分析结果表明,在忽略再悬浮作用条件下,黄河入海泥沙的输运扩散过程具有明显的季节变化规律,且这种变化具有年际相似性。黄河泥沙入渤海后总体朝向辽东湾西侧海岸扩散,而主要沉降区域是黄河口附近,且随着距离的增大,沉积通量迅速降低。模拟沉积速率一般在0.5~0.1 mm/年左右,与实际调查结果非常接近。海底地形等高线向渤海海盆西部、渤海湾南部,以及渤海海峡方向突出,也反映了泥沙通量的输送方向。从黄河入海泥沙悬移扩散过程的季节变化特征及其海底沉积效应来看,渤海海域泥沙悬移输运过程受潮汐动力、余流和和底层流场等因子的制约。除了黄河河口地区以外,各月悬浮泥沙高浓度区基本一致,集中分布在潮流能量最强的海域,潮流水平动能的大小与悬沙浓度大小分布基本一致。泥沙悬移输运方向与模拟获得的渤海三维风驱-潮致Lagrange余流的方向具有明显的相关关系,泥沙扩散的方向和强度明显受余流方向和强度的控制。     

Multi-scale variability of water discharge and sediment load into the Bohai Sea from 1950 to 2011

This paper examines the changes in the time series of water discharge and sediment load of the Yellow River into the Bohai Sea. To determine the characteristics of abrupt changes and multi-scale periods of water discharge and sediment load, data from Lijin station were analyzed, and the resonance periods were then calculated. The Mann-Kendall test, order clustering, power-spectrum, and wavelet analysis were used to observe water discharge and sediment load into the sea over the last 62 years. The most significant abrupt change in water discharge into the sea occurred in 1985, and an abrupt change in sediment load happened in the same year. Significant decreases of 64.6% and 73.8% were observed in water discharge and sediment load, respectively, before 1985. More significant abrupt changes in water discharge and sediment load were observed in 1968 and 1996. The characteristics of water discharge and sediment load into the Bohai Sea show periodic oscillation at inter-annual and decadal scales. The main periods of water discharge are 9.14 years and 3.05 years, whereas the main periods of sediment load are 10.67 years, 4.27 years, and 2.78 years. The significant resonance periods between water discharge and sediment load are observed at the following temporal scales: 2.86 years, 4.44 years, and 13.33 years. Water discharge and sediment load started to decrease after 1970 and has decreased significantly since 1985 for several reasons. Firstly, the precipitation of the Yellow River drainage area has reduced since 1970. Secondly, large-scale human activities, such as the building of reservoirs and floodgates, have increased. Thirdly, water and soil conservation have taken effect since 1985.