基于D-InSAR技术的伊朗巴姆地震地表形变监测

以伊朗巴姆地区为例,对伊朗巴姆地震造成的地表形变进行了差分干涉测量,得到了垂直向的同震三维形变场,并运用GIS三维分析技术对形变场进行了分析。实验结果表明,地震在巴姆城市的东侧造成了较大形变,在西侧也产生了微量形变。巴姆城市北部地块沉降,南部地块隆起。同时在巴姆城市南部可明显看到地震造成的断层。实验结果验证了基于C波段的SAR数据的D-InSAR技术在干燥地区监测地表形变方面的可行性。本文对产生去相关效应的原因进行了解释,认为对于干燥少植被的地区干涉效果较好。并指出,如果能够通过技术进步提高雷达干涉测量的精度并降低观测成本,同时将该技术与GPS、GIS等技术相结合,从而更好地研究形变机理,这将对地质灾害的研究产生重大意义。     

利用星载D-INSAR技术获取的地表形变场提取玛尼地震震源断层参数

以1997年11月8日西藏玛尼地震为例, 通过三通差分干涉处理, 获取了玛尼地震同震位移场. 并在此基础上, 采用弹性半空间介质中的位错模型, 正演了玛尼地震发震断层某些几何学和运动学性质. 结果表明: (1) 发震断层两侧的变形场在垂向距断层110 km的区域仍受同震形变场影响. 地表破裂带所造成的非相干性条带贯穿整个图像, 长约110 km. (2) 发震断层最大水平位错达7.96 m. (3) 发震断层可分为4段. 其中中间两段所产生的变形场较大, 长度分别为27和37 km, 平均滑动值分别为6500和6000 mm, 深度均为35 km, 前者是玛尼地震的主破裂面. 西段和东段规模较小, 长度分别为23和26 km, 前者滑动量为4000 mm, 后者为5800 mm, 两者深度分别为20和18 km.     

利用星载D-INSAR技术获取的地表形变场研究张北-尚义地震震源破裂特征

近 10年来 ,合成孔径雷达差分干涉测量技术 (D INSAR ,DifferentialInterferometricSyn theticApertureRadar,简称 :雷达差分干涉测量 )取得了令世人瞩目的成绩 ,已成为极具有潜力的空间对地观测新技术。但如何利用D INSAR测量结果来揭示震源破裂信息 ,成为目前被关注的问题。本文简单地论述了震源位错模型的基本原理 ,并以 1998年 1月 10日张北 -尚义地震为例 ,利用差分干涉形变场图像 ,采用弹性半空间介质中的震源位错模型 ,正演了发震断层某些几何学和运动学性质。结果表明 :张北 -尚义地震破裂面属左旋逆走滑断层 ,走向SEE NWW2 72° ,倾角 4 6° ;破裂方向为由SEE至NWW的单侧破裂 ;破裂面长 9km ,宽 8km ,深度 8km ;三个方向的位移矢量分别为 :2 90mm、5 6 0mm和 0mm。     

利用PS-InSAR技术监测山西北部地表形变场

选用10景RADARSAT-2降轨宽幅雷达干涉数据,利用相干点目标PS-InSAR技术进行时间序列处理,获取了山西断裂带北部特定区域内2011—2014年地表形变场。结果表明:(1)断裂带中段的定襄县平原区域有较好的相干性,沿卫星视线向(LOS)的年形变速率最小值为-5±2 mm/a,最大值为-14±2 mm/a,显示断裂带附近以拉张正断层活动为主兼具逆时针差异运动特征;(2)地表形变特征的空间分布表明城市工业生产和生活抽取地下水是地表形变的主要诱因,最大沉降区域沿NNE向展布与研究区内断裂一致表明形变趋势受断裂带的影响明显;(3)利用已有的GPS复测资料对识别的PS点目标进行可靠性验证,结果表明两者的观测结果能够很好的吻合,证明该方法在监测面状区域形变场运动趋势的有效性。     

InSAR干涉形变场远程模拟系统实现与地震地表形变场模拟算例分析

利用InSAR(Interferometric SAR)干涉测量技术可以获得地表形变场(视线向, LOS), 将其与弹性半空间中一定断层模型模拟计算出的地表形变场进行正演分析, 以便获取发震断层的几何学和运动学参数, 是一种典型的前向模拟模式。 该计算模式由于模拟计算程序调试、 安装过程的复杂性, 使得在每台微机上安装此类程序不仅费时费力, 且浪费大量的计算资源。 文中首先介绍了实现InSAR干涉形变场模拟模型由单机推广到Internet/Intranet上进行远程计算最终建立“InSAR干涉形变场远程模拟系统”的过程, 并基于此系统平台对1997年玛尼M_S7.9地震的InSAR地表形变场进行了模拟试算、分析等。     

2010年青海玉树MS7.1级地震地表破裂带和形变特征分析

通过对SPOT卫星影像上地表破裂的目视解译,以及对ALOS PALSAR卫星数据进行D-InSAR形变提取和分析,结合地震活动性、震源机制、活动构造等资料,确定了发震断层空间分布、断层性质和同震形变场分布特征.结果显示,玉树地震发生在甘孜—玉树断裂带上,总体走向约为300°,断层近乎直立.根据相干性强弱将Ⅰ区地表破裂划分为三段:北段长22 km,中段长5 km,南段长6 km,破裂带总长度约33 km.Ⅱ区内非相干带长约10 km.同震形变场分布在78 km×55 km范围内,主震所在的形变Ⅰ区断层两侧视线向相对位错约为0.78 m,转换成水平位错约为1.5 m;余震所在的Ⅱ区形变相对较小.     

2010年青海玉树MS7.1级地震地表破裂带和形变特征分析

通过对SPOT卫星影像上地表破裂的目视解译,以及对ALOS PALSAR卫星数据进行D-InSAR形变提取和分析,结合地震活动性、震源机制、活动构造等资料,确定了发震断层空间分布、断层性质和同震形变场分布特征.结果显示,玉树地震发生在甘孜—玉树断裂带上,总体走向约为300°,断层近乎直立.根据相干性强弱将Ⅰ区地表破裂划分为三段:北段长22 km,中段长5 km,南段长6 km,破裂带总长度约33 km.Ⅱ区内非相干带长约10 km.同震形变场分布在78 km×55 km范围内,主震所在的形变Ⅰ区断层两侧视线向相对位错约为0.78 m,转换成水平位错约为1.5 m;余震所在的Ⅱ区形变相对较小.     

利用D-InSAR技术研究西藏改则地震同震形变场

针对2008年1月9日MW6.4西藏改则地震和2008年1月16日的MW5.9余震,通过两通(2-pass)加外部DEM差分干涉处理技术(D-InSAR),提取了地震区域2次地震累积的视线向(LOS)同震形变场。结果表明:发震断层均为正断层,位于依布茶卡-日干配错断裂端点附近。主震发震断层走向为N30°E,余震发震断层走向为N21°E,两断层距离约7km;在影像上主震发震断层有造成地表破裂的痕迹,余震未见地表破裂的痕迹;这次地震造成的同震形变场长约30km,宽约20km,主震断层上盘和下盘视线向最大形变量分别为39.2cm和11.2cm,两盘相对位错达50.4cm,余震造成的视线向形变量为9.4cm     

利用合成孔径雷达差分干涉测量技术监测伊朗Bam地震同震形变场

介绍了差分干涉测量的原理、差分干涉数据对的选取方法,以及三轨法差分干涉测量数据处理的流程.利用星载合成孔径雷达差分干涉(D-InSAR)测量技术和ENVISAT ASAR雷达数据对2003年12月26日伊朗Bam 6.5级地震引起的地表形变场进行了测量试验,成功地获取了Bam地震的蝴蝶状的同震形变场生成了地表形变的等值线图,并且根据相干图确定了地震造成破坏最严重的区域的位置、分布及面积.试验证明D-InSAR技术是地表形变测量和地震研究的一个强大和有效的工具.     

多轨PSInSAR监测华北平原地表垂直形变场

针对PSInSAR技术监测大空间尺度地表垂直形变场的不足,提出通过基准转换与数据拼接、融合不同轨道多个独立片区(Frame)获取大空间尺度地表垂直形变场方法.由于不同轨道主影像选取的参考基准不一致、不同轨道垂直基线不同、不同片区相位解缠的参考PS不同等因素影响,使得PSInSAR获得的不同轨道地表垂直形变场的空间基准存在差异,提取的地表形变信息不具有可比性.利用两个相邻片区重叠区域的PS点集,根据迭代最近点算法提取两片区公共区域内同名点,并兼顾同名点距离的权,精确计算两片区的配准参数,实现两片区的"无缝"连接,最后使各独立片区拼接成一个连续的大空间尺度地表垂直形变场.本文推导了多轨PSInSAR技术获得的不同片区形变场基准转换与数据拼接的数学模型,并以华北平原(115.32°E—118.79°E, 36.81°N—40.58°N)为实验区,解析了3个不同轨道共12个片区PS目标,获取了研究区2006—2010年地表垂直形变速度场.分析表明:(1)研究区大范围处于下沉状态,形成以北京、廊坊、天津、沧州、泊头—德州等城市为中心向外扩展的地表沉降发展态势,几个沉降中心的平均沉降速率分别达到-34.7 mm/a、-26.3 mm/a、-64.2 mm/a、-34.6 mm/a和-37.7 mm/a;(2)地表沉降的空间分布特征表明,城市工业生产和生活抽取地下水是地表沉降的主要诱因,农业灌溉和油气开采是导致华北平原大范围地表沉降的另一个重要因素;(3)研究区最大沉降带沿北北东向展布,与区内断裂分布一致,表明沉降的空间分布受到断裂带控制;(4)利用地表同期一等水准测量成果检验了本研究结果,精度达到4.72 mm,表明本文提出的数据处理策略能够满足大时空尺度地表形变监测的需求.     

Monitoring land subsidence and fault deformation using the small baseline subset InSAR technique: A case study in the Datong Basin,China

The Datong Basin is located to the north of the Fenwei Graben Basin, where ground fissures and subsidence are common geological hazards. The Datong Basin is also one of China's main energy bases and is known as “the hometown of coal”. In this study, the small baseline subset InSAR technique was used to process 40 scenes of Envisat ASAR images that cover this area. The magnitude and distribution of subsidence in the Datong Basin were obtained. Additionally, the relationships among the regional land subsidence, ground fissures and fault activity were addressed. The results reveal that Datong ground subsidence is affected by the groundwater exploitation and the nearby faults. The Datong ground fissures are controlled by regional fault activity (e.g., seismic activity) and its interaction with the ground subsidence. Meanwhile, the influence of surface precipitation on ground fissure activity was analyzed. The differential subsidence on both sides of the ground fissures was also studied.     

Deep-seated gravitational slope deformation (DSGSD) and slow-moving landslides in the southern Tien Shan Mountains: new insights from InSAR,tectonic and geomorphic analysis

We investigated deep-seated gravitational slope deformation (DSGSD) and slow mass movements in the southern Tien Shan Mountains front using synthetic aperture radar (SAR) time-series data obtained by the ALOS/PALSAR satellite. DSGSD evolves with a variety of geomorphological changes (e.g. valley erosion, incision of slope drainage networks) over time that affect earth surfaces and, therefore, often remain unexplored. We analysed 118 interferograms generated from 20 SAR images that covered about 900 km². To understand the spatial pattern of the slope movements and to identify triggering parameters, we correlated surface dynamics with the tectono-geomorphic processes and lithologic conditions of the active front of the Alai Range. We observed spatially continuous, constant hillslope movements with a downslope speed of approximately 71 mm year⁻¹ velocity. Our findings suggest that the lithological and structural framework defined by protracted deformation was the main controlling factor for sustained relief and, consequently, downslope mass movements. The analysed structures revealed integration of a geological/structural setting with the superposition of Cretaceous–Paleogene alternating carbonatic and clastic sedimentary structures as the substratum for younger, less consolidated sediments. This type of structural setting causes the development of large-scale, gravity-driven DSGSD and slow mass movement. Surface deformations with clear scarps and multiple crest lines triggered planes for large-scale deep mass creeps, and these were related directly to active faults and folds in the geologic structures. Our study offers a new combination of InSAR techniques and structural field observations, along with morphometric and seismologic correlations, to identify and quantify slope instability phenomena along a tectonically active mountain front. These results contribute to an improved natural risk assessment in these structures. © 2019 The Authors. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd     

Ground deformation of Nisyros Volcano (Greece) for the period 1995–2002: Results from DInSAR and DGPS observations

Differential GPS (DGPS) and Differential Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (DInSAR) analyses were applied to the Kos-Yali-Nisyros Volcanic Field (SE Hellenic Volcanic Arc) to quantify the ground deformation of Nisyros Volcano. After intense seismic activity in 1996, a GPS network was installed in June 1997 and re-occupied annually up to 2002. A general uplift ranging from 14 to 140 mm was determined at all stations of the network. The corresponding horizontal displacements ranged from 13 to 53 mm. The displacement vectors indicate that the island is undergoing extension towards the East, West and South. A two-source “Mogi” model combined with assumed motion along the Mandraki Fault was constructed to fit the observed deformation. The best-fit model assumes sources at a depth of 5500 m NW of the centre of the island and at 6500 m offshore ESE of Yali Island. DInSAR analysis using four pairs of images taken between May 1995 and September 2000 suggests that deformation was occurring during 1995 before the start of the seismic crisis. An amplitude of at least 56 mm along the slant range appeared for the period 1996 through 1999. This deformation is consistent with the two-source model invoked in DGPS modelling. Surface evidence of ground deformation is expressed in the contemporaneous reactivation of the Mandraki Fault. In addition, a 600 m long N-S trending irregular rupture in the caldera floor was formed between 2001 and 2002. This rupture is interpreted as the release of surface stress in the consolidated epiclastic and hydrothermal sediments of the caldera floor.     

Progress and pitfalls of the SAR protocol for the quartz violet stimulated luminescence (VSL) signal: A case study from Sardinia

In the quest for extending the upper age limit of optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dating of quartz, it was shown that violet stimulated luminescence (VSL) may be a promising candidate. However, difficulties in the application of the single aliquot regenerative dose (SAR) protocol for VSL has been reported in previous studies. In this study, a set of experiments was carried out to investigate the behaviour of the VSL signal under different measurement conditions with the aim to improve the SAR VSL protocol in terms of passing the procedural tests of the SAR protocol, i.e., recycling ratio, recuperation and dose recovery. The validity of an optimised SAR protocol was then evaluated on four coarse-grained quartz samples from Sardinia, for which previously reported OSL and post-IR IRSL ages are available. Our result showed that all measured aliquots meet the recuperation, recycling ratio and dose recovery criteria, indicating that the proposed protocol is suitable for the studied samples. The obtained VSL and reference ages agree within uncertainty (2σ) for most of the samples except one sample with a largest expected equivalent dose of ∼320 Gy, for which the VSL significantly (∼50%) underestimates despite satisfactory dose recovery result. This underestimation is most likely due to trapping sensitivity change between the natural and all subsequent regenerated VSL signals induced by the first preheating in the SAR procedure, which is likely dose dependent. To minimise sensitivity change, the sensitivity-corrected multiple aliquot regenerative dose (SC-MAR) protocol was applied. The SC-MAR protocol yields VSL ages in agreement with reference ages for two samples (1σ); the other two samples show overestimation. We show that the observed age overestimation can be explained by incomplete resetting of the natural signal after 7 days SOL2 exposure used for the SC-MAR procedure. Bleaching experiments confirm variable bleaching behaviour among different samples. However, it is unclear whether this different bleaching behaviour arises from measuring samples with different bleaching histories, mineralogical compositions, or VSL source trap properties.     

Human exploitation of carnivores in Pleistocene China: A case study of the faunal remains from Shuidonggou Locality 7

Hominin-animal interactions at Pleistocene archaeological sites have been the main subject of research during human evolution. However, in contrast to that of ungulates, little is known about the evidence of human processing of carnivore species in this time interval of China. In this paper, we present the first case report of an interactive relationship between carnivore species and hunter-gathers in Pleistocene China, based mainly on a detailed taphonomic study of the faunal remains from Shuidonggou Locality 7. It seems highly probable that hominins butchered some individuals of carnivores and roasted bone elements with adhering meat at the site;whereas it’s equally feasible that these animals were exploited by hominins mainly for their pelt or fur. In either way, evidence from the site indicates novel strategies in adaptive behaviors adopted by Late Pleistocene foragers in harsh environments of Northwest China.     

基于Slepian方法和地面重力观测确定时变重力场模型: 以2011—2013年华北地区数据为例

时变重力场是研究地球系统内部物质运动和时空演化过程的有效途径.目前广泛使用的GRACE时变重力场模型受限于其空间分辨率（约400 km）,难以探测较小空间尺度的重力变化.本文首次尝试利用Slepian局部谱分析方法和多期地面重力观测确定更高空间分辨率的时变重力场模型.Slepian方法通过构建研究区域内的正交基函数,将信号能量集中在研究区域内部,是构建球面局部重力场模型的理想方法.本文根据Slepian方法的特点给出了区域重力场建模及参数优化的步骤,以我国华北地区为例,基于2011—2013多期地面观测确定了区域时变重力场模型,并与同区域由Slepian方法和GRACE卫星数据确定的重力变化进行了对比分析.结果表明：（1）贝叶斯信息量准则可作为确定Slepian展开最佳截断数的有效手段;（2）基于研究区域内现有重复测点数据,能够恢复120阶时变重力场,空间分辨率（半波长）约150 km;（3）2011—2013年间研究区域内GRACE估计结果与120阶地面结果在时空分布的显著趋势上存在较好的对应,证明了本文利用Slepian方法和地面观测所得时变重力场模型的可靠性.本文研究结果可为区域重力场建模提供新的参考,也可为华北地区水资源变化监测、构造活动分析以及地震风险性评估等研究提供高分辨率的时变重力场模型支撑.