作为沉积矿床形成因素的陆壳特征

虽然由沉积盆地活化作用形成的金属矿床最终取决于沉积场所的物理和化学条件,然而矿化的格式、规模及时间的选择要受总体上与地壳环境演化有关的构造和岩浆事件的影响。在地热梯度高、火成活动广泛的太古宙期间,沉积作用对矿化没有起什么作用。元古宙初克拉通地块发育,紧接着沉积盆地中形成的矿床种类和规模增加,从此以后克拉通盖层的形成为金属沉积提供了重要场所。这些金属从各种源区进入盆地,一些是来自基底的风化剥蚀,另一些是被产生于地幔或下部地壳的岩浆和挥发份携带到地表的,说明矿化时间的选择与由全球构造特征所确定的主要岩浆和构造事件有关。     

OBS广角地震探测在海洋沉积盆地研究中的作用

海洋沉积盆地是地球系统中重要的构造单元之一,其形成演化涉及到壳—幔、岩石圈—软流圈以及沉积地层和沉积流体体系等一系列深浅部耦合作用和地球动力学机制的演变。海洋沉积盆地的研究既包括地球深部结构状态、物质组成和构造演化等区域构造方面,也包括盆地内部结构、构造特征以及沉积地层孔隙流体特征等盆地自身构造特征。海底地震仪(Ocean Bottom Seismometer,OBS)广角地震探测,以其深度上穿透能力强和能够同时获取P波和S波速度结构等方面的优势,近年来在海洋沉积盆地区域构造演化、内部结构与构造以及沉积地层孔隙流体发育特征等研究中发挥了越来越重要的作用。在张裂大陆边缘的研究中,OBS广角地震探测所获取的地壳结构模型为划分"火山型"和"非火山型"张裂陆缘提供了直接证据,地壳拉张减薄的程度和空间变化特征为海洋沉积盆地构造演化的动力学模拟提供了约束条件。在盆地内部结构和构造特征方面,OBS深地震探测对盆地内部的盐体构造、岩浆底辟构造等提供了有效成像,并获取了盆地内部超压状态的分布特征,弥补了常规多道地震在探测深度和复杂地质构造背景等方面的缺陷。在海洋沉积盆地内部流体体系的研究方面,OBS深地震探测揭示了天然气水合物储集区的速度结构,进而计算获取了储集区的厚度以及水合物和游离气体在孔隙中的含量。当然,随着OBS地震探测技术的发展、数据处理能力的提高以及仪器设备参数的改善等,未来OBS广角地震探测在海洋沉积盆地动力学演化过程和机制方面的研究中将继续发挥更大更广泛的作用。     

二连盆地巴音都兰凹陷反转构造及成因机制

二连盆地的构造反转事件一直有争议.为了查明二连盆地巴音都兰凹陷早白垩世期间反转构造的发育期次以及不同时期发生反转构造的动力机制,利用新处理的覆盖全凹陷的3D地震数据和钻井资料,识别并分析了研究区在裂陷期发育的4期正反转构造,分别对应阿三段沉积末期、阿四段沉积末期、腾一下段沉积末期以及腾二段沉积期.研究表明:研究区早白垩世岩浆底辟较为活跃,在阿三段、阿四段和腾一下段以及腾二段沉积末期均发育过岩浆底辟活动,并导致盆地局部发生构造正反转,而腾二段沉积期间除了发育岩浆底辟作用导致构造反转外,还发育左旋压扭活动,并导致构造正反转.因此,研究区在早白垩世发育了两种不同成因类型的正反转构造,这主要与二连盆地在早白垩世期间伊泽纳琦板块对欧亚大陆的俯冲和异常地幔隆升引起的岩浆底辟作用以及腾二段沉积期伊泽纳琦板块俯冲方向发生改变而导致的区域走滑作用密切相关.      

青海玉树地区第三纪盆地原型及其演化

青藏高原东北部玉树地区第三纪发育一系列陆内红色盆地,它们是在古特提斯多岛洋构造格局基础上,受青藏高原的隆起和大规模的逆冲-推覆和走滑-拉分作用的影响而形成。其演化明显呈阶段性发展,即早期受南西向挤压作用,研究区形成逆冲断裂,致使断裂下盘压陷形成前陆盆地,沉积一套河流相的粗碎屑岩系,局部伴有岩浆活动;中期控盆地断裂发生西北向的走滑-拉分,形成拉分盆地,沉积一套湖泊三角洲相细碎屑岩系,并伴有广泛岩浆活动;晚期走滑挤压作用,沉积一套河流湖泊相粗碎屑岩系。区域构造演化控制了盆地沉降作用、沉积作用、火成活动和盆地的构造格架。     

哈萨克斯坦M盆地平衡剖面复原及其在油气成藏研究中的应用

平衡剖面不仅可以用于评价和检验地震解释剖面、分析盆地构造演化,还有助于分析油气的动态成藏过程.对哈萨克斯坦M盆地的主干地震剖面进行了平衡剖面恢复,分析了盆地的构造演化特征及构造发育对油气成藏的影响.研究结果表明,M盆地中新生代地质演化具有明显的阶段性,早、中侏罗世为盆地断陷伸展、沉积与沉降的主要时期,白垩纪主要为坳陷期...     

松辽盆地火山岩的同位素年代、地球化学特征及意义

沉积盆地内部的火山岩是研究盆地形成的构造环境以及探讨盆地发展演化的动力学特征的重要线索。松辽盆地具有二元结构特征，断陷构造层发育大量的火山岩。但是，前人尚未对比进行深入系统的研究。根据采自钻井岩芯的火山岩样品，通过同位素测年（K／Ar)和地球化学分析等结果，讨论了松辽盆地晚中生代火山岩的岩石学、岩石化学和地球化学特征，探讨了盆地发育早期的构造环境及其地球动力学背景。指出松辽盆地在其形成早期（即断陷期）是一个发育陆缘岩浆弧构造背景上的走滑拉张盆地，火山岩岩浆源区具有多成分、复合性的演化特点。     

贵州三穗地区隆里组的沉积物源与沉积环境分析

对贵州三穗地区隆里组砂岩的地球化学、稀土元素、微量元素及沉积构造进行了研究,分析了隆里组砂岩的物源方向、母岩类型及源区的构造背景： 主要为长英质火成、镁质火成物源区,其次为火山弧物源区（基本为深成）和过渡区,物源是上地壳剥蚀而来,且隆起基底多为稳定克拉通,具有被动大陆边缘的构造背景。沉积构造与地球化学研究进一步证明,该地区隆里组为淡水环境沉积,是裂谷盆地由拉张裂陷演化为逐渐萎缩阶段沉积而成的产物。     

内蒙古商都地区CO2气藏地质条件研究

本文以商都盆地第三系CO2气成藏条件研究为目的，通过对区域构造（断裂、火山活动、岩浆作用）和地层特征及沉积相研究，结合地震勘探成果、CO2碳同位素、氦同位素分析成果，系统探讨了商都盆地CO2气源、运移通道、储集条件、圈闭及盖层条件，并对CO2气成藏模式进行了分析。认为：该区CO2气为幔源成因气，通过包兰哈达－高勿素深断裂运移到第三系储集层中富集成藏。第三系河流或冲积扇沉积的粗碎屑岩广泛分布，而且厚度较大，成岩程度低，具有良好的储集条件。新第三纪晚期的湖泛沉积，形成了巨厚的泥页岩盖层。沉积期后的差异压实作用、断裂、火山及岩浆活动等多因素作用，使这一地区局部构造发育，形成岩性－构造圈闭或构造性圈闭，有利于CO2气成藏。     

论沉积盆地构造岩相变形史研究方法及应用

基于(非)金属矿产-铀-煤-油气资源同盆共存,盆内构造岩相变形史与成藏成矿事件的耦合结构一直是科学难题.在构造岩相学填图和构造岩相变形史研究基础上,将沉积盆地构造岩相变形史划分为前盆地期、成盆期、盆地反转期、盆地构造变形改造期、盆内岩浆叠加期和盆地表生变化期6个演化期.研究发现,采用构造岩相学填图创新方法,可有效圈定沉...     

青藏东北缘早第三纪盆地充填的沉积型式及构造背景--以囊谦和下拉秀盆地为例

一系列中小型早第三纪红色盆地出露于青藏高原的东北缘,它们是在印度-欧亚板块碰撞过程中因陆壳变形和高原隆升产生的。典型早第三纪盆地的地质填图和详细的沉积学研究,及构造、沉积和岩浆热事件的综合分析表明,这些盆地具有两阶段构造-沉积特征,即早期受控于逆冲挤压背景,盆地接受底部冲积扇体系的粗碎屑岩段沉积,局部伴有岩浆活动;晚期受控于走滑-拉分背景,盆地充填湖泊-三角洲体系的含膏砂泥岩段夹薄层灰岩,并伴有广泛的岩浆作用。青藏东北缘早第三纪盆地在盆地构造格架、沉积层序结构、沉积物组成和岩浆活动等方面均存在明显的阶段性演化。盆地古水流统计和岩浆岩4 0 Ar/ 3 9Ar定年结果表明,青藏东北缘早第三纪盆地沉积物主要形成于始新世晚期-渐新世早期 (38～ 2 9Ma)。盆地沉积型式和岩浆活动受印度-欧亚板块碰撞早期逆冲挤压和走滑-拉分构造格局的控制。     

Melanite garnet-bearing nepheline syenite minor intrusion in Mawpyut ultramafic–mafic complex,Jaintia Hills,Meghalaya

Mawpyut igneous suite in Jaintia Hills of Meghalaya plateau comprises differentiated suite of ultramafic–mafic rocks. The complex differs from other ultramafic–alkaline–carbonatite igneous emplacements of Shillong plateau and Mikir Hills like Jesra, Sung, Samchampi complexes, by the absence of alkaline–carbonatite rocks as major litho-units. Melanite garnet-bearing nepheline syenite, occurs as late phase minor intrusion in Mawpyut igneous complex, posseses alkaline character and shows inubiquitous relation with the host ultramafic–mafic rocks. On the other hand, this alkaline intrusive bodies of the Mawpyut igneous complex shows chemico-mineralogical resemblance with garnet-bearing nepheline syenite, ijolite litho-members of Jesra, Sung, Samchampi complexes of the region. It is interpreted that melanite garnet-bearing nepheline syenite intrusion in Mawpyut is contemporaneous with Jesra, Sung, Samchampi ultramafic–alkaline–carbonatite complexes and the host rocks of Mawpyut complex is an earlier magmatic activity possibly from a comparatively least enriched source.     

Tectonic evolution of Early Paleozoic island-arc systems and continental crust formation in the Caledonides of Kazakhstan and the North Tien Shan

The extended Saryarka and Shyngyz-North Tien Shan volcanic belts that underwent secondary deformation are traced in the Caledonides of Kazakhstan and the North Tien Shan. These belts are composed of igneous rocks pertaining to Early Paleozoic island-arc systems of various types and the conjugated basins with oceanic crust. The Saryarka volcanic belt has a complex fold-nappe structure formed in the middle Arenigian-middle Llanvirnian as a result of the tectonic juxtaposition of Early-Middle Cambrian and Late Cambrian-Early Ordovician complexes of ensimatic island arcs and basins with oceanic crust. The Shyngyz-North Tien Shan volcanic belt is characterized by a rather simple fold structure and consists of Middle-Late Ordovician volcanic and plutonic associations of ensialic island arcs developing on heterogeneous basement, which is composed of complexes belonging to the Saryarka belt and Precambrian sialic massifs. The structure and isotopic composition of the Paleozoic igneous complexes provide evidence for the heterogeneous structure of the continental crust in various segments of the Kazakh Caledonides. The upper crust of the Shyngyz segment consists of Early Paleozoic island-arc complexes and basins with oceanic crust related to the Saryarka and Shyngyz-North Tien Shan volcanic belts in combination with Middle and Late Paleozoic continental igneous rocks. The deep crustal units of this segment are dominated by mafic rocks of Early Paleozoic suprasubduction complexes. The upper continental crust of the Stepnyak segment is composed of Middle-Late Ordovician island-arc complexes of the Shyngyz-North Tien Shan volcanic belt and Early Ordovician rift-related volcanics. The middle crustal units are composed of Riphean, Paleoproterozoic, and probably Archean sialic rocks, whereas the lower crustal units are composed of Neoproterozoic mafic rocks.     

Characteristics of Meso-Cenozoic Igneous Complexes in the South Yellow Sea Basin, Lower Yangtze Craton of Eastern China and the Tectonic Setting

The South Yellow Sea Basin is partially surrounded by the East Asian continental Meso-Cenozoic widespread igneous rocks belt. Magnetic anomaly and multi-channel seismic data both reveal the prevalent occurrence of igneous rocks. We preliminarily defined the coupling relation between magnetic anomalies and igneous rock bodies. Some igneous complexes were also recognized by using multi-channel seismic and drilling data. We identified various intrusive and extrusive igneous rock bodies, such as stocks, sills, dikes, laccoliths and volcanic edifice relics through seismic facies analysis. We also forecasted the distribution characteristics of igneous complexes. More than fifty hypabyssal intrusions and volcanic relics were delineated based on the interpretation of magnetic anomaly and dense intersecting multi-channel seismic data. It is an important supplement to regional geology and basin evolution research. Spatial matching relations between igneous rock belts and fractures document that extensional N–E and N–NE-trending deep fractures may be effective pathways for magma intrusion. These fractures formed under the influence of regional extension during the Meso-Cenozoic after the Indosinian movement. Isotopic ages and crosscutting relations between igneous rock bodies and the surrounding bedded sedimentary strata both indicate that igneous activities might have initiated during the Late Jurassic, peaked in the Early Cretaceous, gradually weakened in the Late Cretaceous, and continued until the Miocene. Combined with previous studies, it is considered that the Meso-Cenozoic igneous activities, especially the intensive igneous activity of the Early Cretaceous, are closely associated with the subduction of the Paleo-Pacific Plate.     

The distribution of strontium between coexisting silicate and carbonate liquids at elevated pressures and temperatures

Strontium is characteristically enriched in carbonatites and associated igneous rocks. Experiments between 600 and 800°C at 5 and 10 kb show that Sr fractionates strongly toward both liquid phases of a carbonate liquid-silicate liquid-solid assemblage, with the crystalline phases depleted in Sr. Considering that the alkalic igneous rocks associated with carbonatites are not significantly depleted in Sr compared with the carbonatites, it is concluded that these complexes are formed by a pair of immiscible magmas, rather than the carbonatites being late-stage fractionation products of the alkalic silicate magmas.     

Distribution of molybdenum,uranium, copper and other elements in northwestern spurs of North Tien Shan

A still undetermined general principle is clearly expressed in the periodicity of concentration coefficients of nearly all chemical elements in igneous rocks (fig. 14). Clarke concentration of Mo, U, Cu is correlated with the age and the composition of igneous rocks: in intrusive complexes, Mo and U increase, but Cu decreases with the age; Mo and U are higher in acidic rocks; Cu is higher in basic rocks. Subalkalic rocks and margins of acidic intrusions are enriched with Mo, U, Cu, particularly where feldspar-quartz metasomatites are abundant. During magmatism, the build-up of U in acidic rocks is more rapid than of Mo. The behavior of the elements, as ascertained, may help orientation in prospecting for Mo, whose deposits are known to be associated with certain metasomatites. - -V. P. Sokoloff.     

东南大陆边缘早侏罗世火成岩特征及其构造意义

东南大陆边缘早侏罗世火成岩主要呈双峰式火山岩、基性超基性杂岩体及A型花岗岩等形态产出。本文运用岩石学探针技术,通过早侏罗世火成岩岩石学与地球化学研究,并与晚中生代火成岩作对比,提出早侏罗世火成岩的形成与南岭东段近EW向张性断裂活动有关,标志着印支挤压造山的结束;之后东南大陆进入晚中生代NE向活动大陆边缘俯冲造山阶段,经历了挤压造山—剪切拉张过程,并在晚白垩世末期进入又一轮后造山拉张裂解阶段,即中生代时东南大陆边缘经历了早中生代(三叠纪—早侏罗世)和晚中生代(中侏罗世—晚白垩世)两期造山事件,其中早侏罗世的区域拉张作用是特提斯构造域向滨太平洋构造域转换的前奏,构造域转换可能始于中侏罗世(165Ma)。     

平潭和漳州深成杂岩中斜长石捕虏晶与岩浆混合作用

在闽东南平潭和漳州火成杂岩中,广泛发育岩浆混合现象,表现为花岗质岩石中存在辉长－闪长质同深成岩墙和淬冷岩石包体。花岗质和闪长质岩石中普遍存在Ａｎ＞７０％的斜长石捕虏晶。这种成分的斜长石是辉长岩特有的,而不是任一种花岗岩的斑晶。在斜长石捕虏晶四周,都有与花岗岩中的斜长石成分相当的斜长石加生膜。斜长石捕虏晶可分为自形的、熔融状、筛孔状和碎片状等四类,它们各自形成于不同的动力环境     

Notes on the petrology of some ophiolites,othris mountains,Greece

Igneous rocks typical of ophiolite complexes are preserved in a stack of thrust sheets in the Othris Mountains of eastern Greece. Mineralogical studies of mafic rocks indicate that the majority have tholeiitic affinities, but there is evidence of a subordinate, mildly alkaline trend. Petrographic and chemical evidence suggest that the present mineral assemblage in the mafic rocks may be the result primarily of the activity of deuteric or secondary hydrothermal fluids. The “amphibolites” so common in dredge-hauls from the oceans may have originated in the same way. These metamorphic rocks, with perfectly preserved igneous textures, must be distinguished from schistose amphibolites, which also occur on the ocean floors and in ophiolite complexes.     

First findings of siegenite (CoNi2S4) in picritic and picrodoleritic complexes of the Southern Urals

This work presents data on the sulfide mineralization of picritic and picrodoleritic complexes of the western slope of the Southern Urals. The first finding of siegenite is described in igneous mafic-ultramafic rocks. The problems of the genesis of sulfides are reviewed with regard to the origin of igneous bodies. It is concluded that Co specialization of sulfides is caused by the formation of magma under the melting of the mantle substrate during the Riphean-Vendian plume origination and rifting.     

Cretaceous sedimentary–volcanogenic complexes of the Kamchatka Isthmus: Structure,composition and geodynamic formation conditions

New data on the chemical and rare-element composition and age of the rocks referred earlier to the Iruney suite of the Kamchatka Isthmus are received. In the recent structure these rocks compose the structural–strata complexes of the nappe-folded Lesnovsky Rise. Radiolarian analysis data substantiate that the deposits belonging to the Ening series and the middle and upper parts of the Iruney suite were formed in a single sedimentation basin in the Campanian time. The discovery of a new occurrence of Prunobrachidae representatives on the Kamchatka Peninsula allows us to draw wide interregional correlations and reconstruct the sedimentation conditions. The studied volcanites relate to different igneous series and were formed in geodynamic conditions of the marginal sea and the volcanic arc. The igneous rocks of the Ening stratum are similar to the N-MOR and OI basalts that were formed within the marginal sea (Iruney Marginal Sea) basin. The Upper Cretaceous formations of the eastern slope of the Sredinny Range were formed within the volcanic rise with the island-arc type of volcanism. The younger Eocene igneous rocks of the neo-autochthon (granites and granodiorites) and the volcanic rocks of the Kinkil suite mark a new orogenic stage of development of the Kamchatka margin.