Completeness of citizen science biodiversity data from a volunteered geographic information perspective

Observations of living organisms by citizen scientists that are reported to online portals are a valuable source of information. They are also a special kind of volunteered geographic information (VGI). VGI data have issues of completeness, which arise from biases caused by the opportunistic nature of the data collection process. We examined the completeness of bird species represented in citizen science observation data from eBird and iNaturalist in US National Parks (NPs). We used approaches for completeness estimation which were developed for data from OpenStreetMap, a crowdsourced map of the world. First, we used an extrinsic approach, comparing species lists from citizen science data with National Park Service lists. Second, we examined two intrinsic approaches using total observation numbers in NPs and the development of the number of new species being added to the data-set over time. Results from the extrinsic approach provided appropriate completeness estimations to evaluate the intrinsic approaches. We found that total observation numbers are a good estimator of species completeness of citizen science data from US NPs. There is also a close relationship between species completeness and the ratio of new species added to observation data vs. observation numbers in a given year.     

基于元数据的科学数据汇交研究

科学数据共享过程中如何把国家设立的科学技术研究项目的数据汇交上来,形成数据仓库,是实现科学数据共享的前提。本文根据国内科学数据的调研结果,提出了科学数据汇交系统的总体框架和科学数据汇交平台的设计,详细阐述了数据汇交过程中的工作流程和技术流程,初步设计了汇交网络体系的结构和功能。     

Validity of historical volunteered geographic information: Evaluating citizen data for mapping historical geographic phenomena

Studies on volunteered geographic information (VGI) have focused on examining its validity to reveal geographic phenomena in relatively recent periods. Empirical evaluation of the validity of VGI to reveal geographic phenomena in historical periods (e.g., decades ago) is lacking, although such evaluation is desirable for assessing the possibility of broadening the temporal scope of VGI applications. This article presents an evaluation of the validity of VGI to reveal historical geographic phenomena through a citizen data‐based habitat suitability mapping case study. Citizen data (i.e., sightings) of the black‐and‐white snub‐nosed monkey (Rhinopithecus bieti) were elicited from local residents through three‐dimensional (3D) geovisualization interviews in Yunnan, China. The validity of the elicited sightings to reveal the historical R. bieti distribution was evaluated through habitat suitability mapping using the citizen data in historical periods. The results of controlled experiments demonstrated that suitability maps predicted using the historical citizen data had a consistent spatial pattern (correlation above 0.60) that reflects the R. bieti distribution (Boyce index around 0.90) in areas free of significant environmental change across historical periods. This in turn suggests that citizen data have validity for mapping historical geographic phenomena. It provides supporting empirical evidence for potentially broadening the temporal scope of VGI applications.     

Finding meaningful participation in volunteer geographic information and citizen science: a case comparison in environmental application

ABSTRACT

Volunteer geographic information (VGI) and citizen science (CS) have been used as a way to promote a form of democratization of knowledge. Crowdsourcing facilitates the massive collection of data through nonexpert volunteers. This study compares 57 VGI and CS projects through a cross-case comparison method to explore the level of involvement of participants, based on three main analytic dimensions (project rationale, actor interaction, and data flow) and 12 sub-variables. The primary goal of this research is to analyze the purpose and the role of technology in VGI and CS projects, using three matrices to explore emerging trade-offs. Finally, we synthesized the workflow of VGI and CS project and compared based on project purposes. At the end of this study, five main purposes were found among the selected projects, uncovering that data collection is the most common purpose. A general workflow can be conceptualized, but detail implementation will involve various trade-offs, especially between local involvement and large-area expert-oriented protocol implementations. By exploring diverse relationships among selected variables of analysis in VGI and CS projects, this study pretends to build a foundation for larger, global meta-analysis that can bring some transparency in the epistemic interactions between experts and nonexperts.     

志愿者地理信息数据质量研究现状与趋势

针对志愿者地理信息的质量评价问题,对当前的研究现状和存在问题进行了较为全面的综述。有关志愿者地理信息数据质量分析与评估的研究也是该领域的研究热点,国内外学者从不同的角度进行了研究,依据是否使用参考数据分为基于参考数据的方法和基于数据分析的方法。总结了基于参考数据方法的基本流程,论述了两种评价方法中具有代表性的研究成果,分析了这些方法的特点和不足,最后指出了现有研究中存在的问题和进一步需要研究的方向。     

地理国情要素数据成果的一致性检查方法

本文结合全国地理国情要素数据成果过程质量控制、质量复核工作,以及地理国情要素数据成果自身、与地表覆盖分类数据成果、与外业调查核查数据、与专题资料的一致性要求,通过分析检查中发现的质量问题,提出了地理国情要素数据成果的质量控制方法。该方法为国情要素数据成果的质量控制提供了技术参考,为质检工作提供了方法依据。     

结合地理国情普查和监测数据的交通网络发展空间格局监测研究

交通通达指数是表征一个区域交通网络空间格局的重要指标。本研究立足于地理国情普查和监测中交通要素等相关数据成果,开展了基于交通网络密度和交通便捷度交通的通达指数测算相关研究,引入了一套核密度分析、欧氏距离分析、吸引力分析等交通通达指数计算方法,并以杭州市为试验区,开展交通网络空间格局监测。     

基于生产过程的空间数据误差分类与质量控制

以空间数据生产过程为出发点,研究空间数据质量问题的产生原因,提出基于生产过程的空间数据误差分类,包括:数据源误差、数据采集误差和系统处理误差,并认为数据采集误差是影响空间数据质量的主要因素,而空间数据可视化是对数据误差最为有效的检查手段,通过在生产过程中实现地图符号化、隐性信息可视化、拓朴检查和地图接边等检查方法,提高空间数据质量.     

Contributions to a quality description of areal objects in spatial data sets

In this paper, we present a quality evaluation of two-dimensional building acquisition. We propose methods for identification and quantification of differences between independently acquired regions, and we present a systematic classification of those differences. Differences between acquired sets R_j={r_i}_j of region r_ij depend on the context of observation, on the technique of observation, etc. We distinguish topological and geometrical differences. Topological differences refer to the interior structure of a set of regions as well as to the structure of the boundary of a single region. Geometrical differences refer to the location of the boundary of a single region or of a set of regions, independent of their representation and of the structure of the boundaries.Identification of differences requires a matching of two data sets R₁ and R₂, which is done here by weighted topological relationships. For the identification of topological differences between two sets R₁ and R₂ of regions, we use the two region adjacency graphs (RAGs). For an identification of geometrical differences, we use the zone skeleton between two matched subsets r_p1 and r_q2 of the given sets. The zone skeleton is labeled with the local distances of the corresponding boundaries of the subsets; especially, we investigate its density function. An example based on two real data sets of acquired ground plans of buildings, shows the feasibility of the approach.     

空间地理信息组织表达方法探讨

随着空间地理信息以及各种新型地图产品在各个领域的广泛应用,人们发现不同时期,应用需求对空间地理信息组织表达的要求是不同的,不同领域和部门对地理信息的组织表达方式也是不同的。但是,目前空间地理信息的共享和互操作、空间地理信息的多尺度分析与表达等,都要求空间地理信息的组织与表达要科学、合理和规范,否则难以满足测绘信息服务化及信息化测绘体系的建设。本文以交通类信息组织表达为例,详尽阐述当前空间地理信息组织表达的现状,分析其原因,并提出了解决这一问题的思路和方法,为今后信息化测绘体系建设、数据库数据组织和地理信息表达,提供理论和方法借鉴。     

基于JX4数字摄影测量工作站的地理信息数据库直接更新的方法设计

针对目前地理信息数据库更新中普遍存在着数据转换和数据管理上的问题,提出将ArcGIS作为数据采集及编辑平台,用JX4数字摄影测量工作站进行地理信息数据库更新的方法,并采用COM技术编程加以实现。实验表明,利用此方法,可以大大减少数据更新的工作量,提高工作效率。     

虚拟地理环境对空间认知方式的影响

虚拟地理环境是一种新的空间认知工具,文章介绍了虚拟地理环境的特点并分析了这些特性对人的空间认知方式所造成的影响。虚拟地理环境的多感觉通道拓展了人的空间认知手段,为没有制图和G IS使用经验的用户提供了一种有效的复杂信息表示方法,并从更深的层次上改变了人的空间思维方式,使得人的空间思维方式由原来的形象思维为主转变为抽象思维与形象思维并重,极大地提高了人的空间认知能力。     

遥感数据时空尺度对地理要素时空变化分析的影响

地理要素的时空变化分析对于了解和掌握地表的规律性有着重要的作用。利用地面站点观测、实地调查等传统方式获取数据,对地理要素进行时空变化分析是最常用的方法。但该类方法往往表现的是"点尺度"观测,不能在大尺度情况下准确地反映地表的时空变化信息。遥感卫星能以一定的时间间隔获得空间连续的对地"面尺度"观测数据,然而其特定的空间和时间分辨率使其获取的地表信息仍十分有限。同时地表的空间异质性和个别地表短时间内的快速变化,使得利用遥感数据对地理要素进行时空变化分析时,时空变化分析结果会随观测尺度而发生改变。本文从空间尺度和时间尺度两方面综述遥感数据时空尺度对地理要素的时空变化分析产生的影响和原因,并针对这些问题总结了减小时空尺度对结果不确定性影响的现行方法。可以通过多源遥感协同观测和反演、尺度转换、空间建模等方法减小空间尺度引起的不确定性;通过联合多时相遥感数据的方法减小时间尺度引起的不确定性。在实际应用中,应根据所观测地理要素的实际情况,综合分析选择合适的方法。     

鄱阳湖区防汛抗洪空间数据的质量控制研究

鄱阳湖地区是中国九大商品粮生产基地之一,同时这个区域也是洪水经常泛滥的地方。为了减少洪水对人们生命财产造成的危害,我们在江西省科技厅、江西省水利厅等单位的大力支持下,开发了鄱阳湖区防汛抗洪地理信息系统。该系统融合了多种空间数据的采集、传输和处理技术。多种技术生产了多源数据,为快速准确地决策提供了丰富详实的信息支持,但同时也对空间数据的质量控制提出了较高的要求。本文按照空间数据质量问题产生的先后顺序,对鄱阳湖区防汛抗洪地理信息系统空间数据获取、存储、处理、传输、应用等五个阶段的误差进行了分类,并分析了产生的原因,提出了误差的改正方法,从而控制了鄱阳湖区防汛抗洪空间数据质量,并为鄱阳湖区防汛抗洪地理信息系统的建设提供了空间数据。     

并行处理技术在全球海量地理信息数据质量控制中的应用

针对全球海量地理信息数据成果数据量大、数据类型丰富、质量检查内容多的特点,本文将分布式并行计算技术、多线程技术应用到地理信息数据质量控制体系中,基于MapReduce框架实现了多源多时相海量数据并行质量控制,把算法结构由一个周期执行一个操作改造为一个周期执行多个操作的并行处理,从根本上解决重复操作多、计算慢的质量检查难题。选取核心矢量要素、DOM成果、DEM成果作为典型数据案例开展效率对比试验。试验结果表明,该技术方案的处理效率比传统技术方案提高2~3倍,有效地压缩了任务执行时间,节约了任务执行成本,实现了对海量地理信息数据的快速质量控制,保障了全球地理信息数据的成果质量。     

地理信息服务中数据传输性能分析

地理信息服务系统具有数据密集型和计算密集型的特点,对网络环境的设置有着特殊的需求。本文从地理信息服务系统中对数据传输应用的角度出发,从网络数据传输协议的传输层和应用层两个层次分析地理信息服务系统应用的特殊性,并根据系统应用的特殊需求提出相应的解决方案,提高整个应用系统中各类数据传输的效率、性能和系统运行的稳定性,提高地理信息服务系统为多用户提供地图服务、位置服务以及各种应用服务的综合能力。提高系统适应多用户并发访问海量数据的地图服务作业和频繁访问实效性很强的位置服务作业的能力。     

地理信息科学专业学生数学素养的培养

地理信息科学专业涉及地理学、测绘学、数学、计算机等多个学科,就培养角度而言,地理信息科学一方面强调地理学和测绘科学的知识学习,另一方面强调以数学素养为代表的素质教育。本文重点探讨了数学素养、核心要素和专业课程学习之间的关系,并探究实践对数学素养培养的影响。以武汉大学地理信息科学专业4届学生成绩为例,分析了数学素养及其与专业课程学习之间的相关性。分析结果表明：数学素养有助于地理信息科学专业课程的学习和深化。地理信息科学专业课程教学中需要激发学生的数学思维,这样不但有助于学生数学素养的提升,更加有助于对专业课程的理解和升华。同时,实践是检验和锻炼数学素养最好的方式,学生应在实际实践中不断提高自身数学素养与综合能力。     

空间基础地理信息不对称问题探讨

提出了空间基础地理信息不对称的基本含义,并在信息化建设过程中的表现,分析了产生的原因及其解决办法。从某种意义上说,空间地理信息数据的生产,交换中的不对称本质上就必然导致利益上的不对称。     

城市基础空间数据质量检查技术研究

本文在现有城市空间数据质量检查与控制的理论上,结合大比例尺数据生产的实际情况,提出对空间数据进行几何误差、属性误差及逻辑误差进行整体检查的方法,同时对实际接边误差进行研究,提出了检查和处理的方法。     

A design of three-dimensional spatial data model and its data structure in geological exploration engineering

The key to develop 3-D GISs is the study on 3-D data model and data structure. Some of the data models and data structures have been presented by scholars. Because of the complexity of 3-D spatial phenomenon, there are no perfect data structures that can describe all spatial entities. Every data structure has its own advantages and disadvantages. It is difficult to design a single data structure to meet different needs. The important subject in the 3-D data models is developing a data model that has integrated vector and raster data structures. A special 3-D spatial data model based on distributing features of spatial entities should be designed. We took the geological exploration engineering as the research background and designed an integrated data model whose data structures integrats vector and raster data by adopting object-oriented technique. Research achievements are presented in this paper.