基于接收机位置信息的GNSS干扰源定位技术

全球卫星导航系统（GNSS）目前得到了十分广泛的应用,但是GNSS信号到达地面的功率很低,同时民用信号的格式是公开的,因此极易受到各种无意和人为故意的干扰,会对GNSS定位和授时的精度造成影响．查找和消除干扰源十分重要,目前通用的干扰源查找手段是采用测向设备实现干扰源的交叉定位,但在不知道GNSS干扰源的大致位置时,采用测向设备查找干扰源将耗费很长的时间．如果能够通过提取一些通用接收机的输出量实现干扰源的粗定位,就可以为测向定位提供初始参考位置和大概的查找范围．本文利用几乎所有的通用接收机都能输出的位置信息实现干扰源的粗定位,随着GNSS接收机逼近干扰源,会造成接收机位置信息的丢失,随着GNSS接收机远离干扰源,接收机又会重新获取位置信息,本文利用一定区域内众多受干扰的接收机的位置信息丢失点和位置信息重捕获点来实现干扰源的粗定位．通过仿真验证,分析了该技术的定位误差,仿真结果表明,该方法能够实现GNSS干扰源的粗定位,为进一步准确查找干扰源提供位置参考．      

全球导航卫星系统反射测量(GNSS+R)最新进展与应用前景

全球导航卫星系统(GNSS)具有全天候、近实时、高精度的特点,可持续发射L波段信号,广泛应用于定位、导航和授时(PNT)。随着GNSS技术的发展,最近GNSS反射信号可探测地球表面特征,即GNSS反射测量(GNSS+R)。结合GNSS接收机天线位置和介质信息,利用延迟测量值可以确定表面粗糙度和表面特性。GNSS+R作为当前GNSS和遥感领域的研究热点,取得了一些研究进展和成果。本文详细介绍了GNSS+R原理和方法及其最新应用进展,包括各种GNSS+R技术手段和方法,以及海洋、陆地、水文、植被和冰雪等遥感应用,特别是最新BeiDou-R和TDS-1研究进展。最后给出了GNSS+R应用前景和展望,包括多GNSS系统、GNSS+R接收机、GNSS+R卫星计划和新兴应用等。     

Modified compressive sensing approach for GNSS signal reception in the presence of interference

Pre-processing traditional navigation signals in global navigation satellite system (GNSS) receivers includes the conversion of an analog-to-digital sample and acquisition following the basic principle of Nyquist sampling theory. This condition inevitably increases the system computation time and cost of a modern wideband receiver. In recent years, the compressive sensing (CS) approach has been proven to effectively reduce the number of measurement samples required for digital signal acquisition systems. This method gives new potential to this modern design. In this study, a modified compressive sensing algorithm for the acquisition of a GNSS signal that is contaminated by an interfering signal is presented. The proposed method attempts to combine CS demodulation and the subspace projecting method to enhance GNSS signal acquisition performance with interference present. First, the received signal is sub-sampled and aliased from a compressive sampling process. This operation maintains the restricted isometry property (RIP) condition of the second sampling process using a Toeplitz-structured sensing matrix, which replaces a conventional random sensing matrix. The matrix ensures that distances between desired signals on the set of sparse space are not influenced by the sampling process. Next, the interference is eliminated through the orthogonal feature between the interference signal and the desired signal using the subspace projecting method. This also preserves the RIP of the projecting matrix to ensure that the original structure of the linear projection of the signal is preserved. After this, an iterative least-square method is utilized to recover the correlator output from the reception samples taken by the CS demodulator. In addition, the signal detection performance in the presence of co-channel interference using a CS demodulator is analyzed and evaluated. Finally, the relationships between signal detection probability, compressive factor and signal bandwidth are also illustrated. Several numerical results are presented to verify the theory.     

LightSquared effects on estimated C/N 0, pseudoranges and positions

We present experimental results showing the impact of the proposed LightSquared (LS) Long-term Evolution (LTE) signals on both GPS and Galileo civil modulations in the L1/E1 band. The experiments were conducted in radiated mode in a large anechoic chamber. Three Galileo enabled receivers were chosen for the tests, and a state of the art GNSS signal generator was used to simulate both GPS and Galileo signals. The LTE signals were generated by an Agilent Programmable Signal Generator with a license to generate the signals according to the 3GPP LTE FDD standard. The interference impact was measured in terms of a Carrier-to-Noise power spectral density ratio (C/N ₀) degradation, in accordance with the methodology which the LS/GPS Technical Working Group (TWG) established by mandate of the FCC. A model for determining the impact of the LS signal on the considered GNSS signals is provided and is validated against experimental data. It is shown that the Galileo E1 Open Service (OS) signal is marginally more susceptible to this form of interference than the GPS L1 C/A signal due to its greater proximity to the lower edge of the L1 band. The impact of LS interference was further analyzed in terms of pseudorange and position errors. Despite its relevance for most GNSS users, this aspect was not considered by the TWG. Measurement and position domain analysis along with the study of the LS impact on the Galileo OS signals are the major contributions. The analysis confirms the results obtained by the TWG and shows that the receiver front-end plays a major role in protecting GNSS signals against RF interference. While it appears that, for now, the LS network will not be deployed, the approach taken and the results obtained herein can be readily adapted for any future terrestrial mobile network that may take the place of LS.     

Suppression of multipath and jamming signals by digital beamforming for GPS/Galileo applications

Digital beamforming (DBF) has been studied to obtain automatic beam steering towards desired signals and simultaneous elimination of multipath and jamming signals at GNSS receivers, which is made possible by spatial and temporal digital signal processing. In this paper, the limitations of conventional multipath and jamming suppression techniques, which have been proven and widely used in GPS, are investigated. Different DBF algorithms suitable for GNSS applications are investigated theoretically. New ideas for future development of DBF are presented. The implementation of digital beamforming in FPGA/DSP for practical application environments is also discussed. Electronic Publication     

风云三号D卫星GPS信号功率调整及干扰分析

全球定位系统(global positioning system,GPS)卫星的IIR和IIF卫星能够在各个信号分量之间重新分配其发送信号的功率,一个或多个GPS信号可以在指定区域根据需要进行功率调整或者关闭。分析GPS信号的变化特征对于地面和空间应用有重要的意义。风云三号D(FengYun-3D,FY-3D)卫星是中国极轨气象卫星之一,利用FY-3D卫星实际测量数据可以帮助GPS用户全面了解GPS功率调整的特点。首先,利用FY-3D运行轨道全球覆盖的特点分析GPS信号的强度,特别是GPS信号功率调整时间段信号变化的特点;然后,使用在轨数据研究了全球范围L波段信号干扰的特征,得到了干扰对全球导航卫星系统掩星探测仪掩星天线的自动增益控制和基底噪声的影响。结果表明：从2020-02-14开始的GPS功率调整以[35°N,37°E]和[35°N,69°E]为中心,覆盖半径约为7 500 km,在该区域内GPS P(Y)码功率增加约10 dB;GPS L1和L2频段在中东地区持续受干扰的影响,该区域的基底噪声比其他区域增加约3～10倍;干扰区域中心点和GPS功率调整区域中心点大致在同一位置。G...     

A method for scintillation characterization using geodetic receivers operating at 1 Hz

Ionospheric scintillation produces strong disruptive effects on global navigation satellite system (GNSS) signals, ranging from degrading performances to rendering these signals useless for accurate navigation. The current paper presents a novel approach to detect scintillation on the GNSS signals based on its effect on the ionospheric-free combination of carrier phases, i.e. the standard combination of measurements used in precise point positioning (PPP). The method is implemented using actual data, thereby having both its feasibility and its usefulness assessed at the same time. The results identify the main effects of scintillation, which consist of an increased level of noise in the ionospheric-free combination of measurements and the introduction of cycle-slips into the signals. Also discussed is how mis-detected cycle-slips contaminate the rate of change of the total electron content index (ROTI) values, which is especially important for low-latitude receivers. By considering the effect of single jumps in the individual frequencies, the proposed method is able to isolate, over the combined signal, the frequency experiencing the cycle-slip. Moreover, because of the use of the ionospheric-free combination, the method captures the diffractive nature of the scintillation phenomena that, in the end, is the relevant effect on PPP. Finally, a new scintillation index is introduced that is associated with the degradation of the performance in navigation.     

卫星信号模拟器研究现状及发展趋势

卫星信号模拟器是一种高精度的标准信号源,可以产生卫星导航信号,为导航接收机的研制开发、测试提供仿真环境,是导航接收机设计的必备辅助工具。详细介绍了卫星信号模拟器的国内外研究动态,总结了国内外在该领域的技术现状,最后,对卫星信号模拟器的未来发展趋势做了探讨。     

GNSS Software Receivers

Software Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) receivers are those that implement signal correlation processing not in hardware, but in their software. The main problem for the development of real-time software (SW) multichannel GNSS receivers is the tremendous amount of calculations to perform signal correlation. The article reviews recent developments of SW GNSS receivers. The emphasis is made on the computationally effective correlation processing algorithms and the optimization of processing allocation to the receiver's hardware (HW) and SW. An architecture is suggested that implements the PRN signals despreading in a special HW preprocessor while all the other correlation processing functions are still kept in SW. The combination of the most time-consuming processing in HW, and all signal structure-dependent processing in SW, enables unique flexibility of sophisticated GNSS receiver design based on inexpensive digital signal processors. ? 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

A study on the dependency of GNSS pseudorange biases on correlator spacing

We provide a comprehensive overview of pseudorange biases and their dependency on receiver front-end bandwidth and correlator design. Differences in the chip shape distortions among GNSS satellites are the cause of individual pseudorange biases. The different biases must be corrected for in a number of applications, such as positioning with mixed signals or PPP with ambiguity resolution. Current state-of-the-art is to split the pseudorange bias into a receiver- and a satellite-dependent part. As soon as different receivers with different front-end bandwidths or correlator designs are involved, the satellite biases differ between the receivers and this separation is no longer practicable. A test with a special receiver firmware, which allows tracking a satellite with a range of different correlator spacings, has been conducted with live signals as well as a signal simulator. In addition, the variability of satellite biases is assessed through zero-baseline tests with different GNSS receivers using live satellite signals. The receivers are operated with different settings for multipath mitigation, and the changes in the satellite-dependent biases depending on the receivers’ configuration are observed.     

基于北斗GEO的电离层延迟修正方法比较与分析

电离层延迟是影响导航定位精度的最主要因素。北斗卫星导航系统采用Klobuchar模型修正单频接收机用户的电离层延迟误差,对于双频接收机,可以利用不同频率信号的伪距观测数据解算得到电离层延迟值。为比较两种方法在天津地区的电离层延迟修正效果,利用NovAtel GPStation6接收机(GNSS电离层闪烁和TEC监测接收机)采集到的卫星实测数据进行计算。以国际全球导航卫星系统服务组织(IGS)发布的全球电离层格网数据为参考,对两种方法的修正效果进行比较分析。结果表明,在天津地区,利用双频观测值解算电离层延迟比Klobuchar模型计算结果更加精确,且平均每天的修正值达到IGS发布数据的82.11％,比Klobuchar模型计算值高948％      

BDS-3和Galileo组合的RTK定位性能分析

北斗三号卫星导航系统（BeiDou-3 navigation satellite system, BDS-3）已全面建成并向全球用户提供可靠的定位、导航和授时（positioning, navigation and timing, PNT）服务。为了实现与其他全球卫星导航系统（global navigation satellite system, GNSS）的兼容性和互操作性,BDS-3在BDS-2的基础上调制了B1C和B2a两个新信号,与伽利略系统（Galileo）的E1和E5a实现了频率的复用。系统间偏差（inter-system bias, ISB）对于实现不同GNSS之间的融合处理至关重要,为此提出了基于单差模型的ISB估计与应用算法,并对BDS-3与Galileo重叠频率之间的ISB进行了分析。基于可跟踪BDS-3新信号的几类接收机,揭示了BDS-3和Galileo之间的ISB的特性,在此基础上分析了BDS-3和Galileo组合的实时动态（real-time kinematic, RTK）定位性能。结果表明,基于相同类型的接收机B1C-E1和B2a-E5a之间是不存在ISB...     

Study on the cross-correlation of GNSS signals and typical approximations

In global navigation satellite system (GNSS) receivers, the first signal processing stage is the acquisition, which consists of detecting the received GNSS signals and determining the associated code delay and Doppler frequency by means of correlations with a code and carrier replicas. These codes, as part of the GNSS signal, were chosen to have very good correlation properties without considering the effect of a potential received Doppler frequency. In the literature, it is often admitted that the maximum GPS L1 C/A code cross-correlation is about ?24 dB. We show that this maximum can be as high as ?19.2 dB when considering a Doppler frequency in a typical range of [?5, 5] kHz. We also show the positive impact of the coherent integration time on the cross-correlation and that even a satellite with Doppler outside the frequency search space of a receiver impacts the cross-correlation. In addition, the expression of the correlation is often provided in the continuous time domain, while its implementation is typically made in the discrete domain. It is then legitimate to ask the validity of this approximation. Therefore, the purpose of this research is twofold: First, we discuss typical approximations and evaluate their regions of validity, and second, we provide characteristic values such as maximums and quantiles of the auto- and cross-correlation of the GPS L1 C/A and Galileo E1 OS codes in the presence of Doppler, for frequency ranges up to 50 kHz and for different integration times.     

Performance evaluation of MSK and OFDM modulations for future GNSS signals

The objective of this work is to investigate the performances of orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) and minimum frequency shift keying (MSK) modulations as potential future global navigation satellite systems (GNSS) signal modulation schemes. MSK is used in global system for mobile communications because of its spectral efficiency, while OFDM is used in WLAN and digital video broadcast-terrestrial because of its multipath mitigation capability. These advantages of MSK and OFDM modulations render them as promising modulation candidates for future GNSS signals to offer enhanced performances in challenging environments. Gabor bandwidth and multipath error envelopes of these two modulations were computed and compared with those of the current global positioning system (GPS), Galileo, and Beidou signal modulations. The results show that OFDM modulation demonstrated promises as a viable future GNSS modulation, especially for signals that require pre-filtering bandwidths larger than 2 MHz, while MSK modulation is more desirable for pre-filtering bandwidth below 2 MHz where it exhibits the largest Gabor bandwidth.     

不同型号GNSS接收机短基线检定实验研究

全球卫星导航系统(GNSS)以其全天候、操作简便、高精度等优点在测绘、航空、地质勘察、环境监测与保护等领域得到了广泛应用。为提高GNSS接收机检定设备的利用率和检定工作的效率,也为测量工作中提高GNSS接收机的使用效率提供可靠依据,文中设计了不同型号的GNSS接收机与相同型号GNSS接收机联合检测和联合数据处理的实验。实验证明,不同型号GNSS接收机联合检测具有可行性。     

基于PXIe总线架构的GPS导航信号模拟源设计及实现

卫星导航信号模拟源为用户终端设备的设计、验证、测试提供输入信号源,是用户终端设备研发和卫星导航信号系统验证的重要工具.早期的射频合成技术产生的信号的精度和通道一致性较差,随后的模拟中频合成技术存在通道间偏差的问题,而目前常用的数字中频合成技术存在相位抖动问题,所以本文基于PXI Express(PXIe)总线的软件无线电架构,设计并实现了一款采用数字基带合成技术的软硬件结合模拟源.模拟源上位机数学仿真软件采用图形化编程语言LABVIEW开发,实现简单,开发效率高,最终生成数字基带合成信号;模拟源硬件则使用美国国家仪器公司(NI)模块化的虚拟仪器,接收并处理上位机产生的数字基带合成信号,最终产生用户终端设备可以接收的全球定位系统(GPS)射频信号.利用频谱分析仪观察模拟源输出信号的频率和带宽,验证了GPS模拟源仿真信号的正确性;利用商用接收机进行定位解算,分析静态和动态场景下的信号质量、定位结果及三轴定位误差,验证了GPS模拟源仿真信号的准确性和有效性.     

Feasibility assessment of MEMS oscillators for GNSS receivers

We analyze results from using a temperature-sensing MEMS oscillator as frequency source for the front end of a software-based GNSS receiver. Results show that although MEMS oscillators are highly sensitive to temperature, GNSS receivers can still make use of them even without any form of temperature information or compensation. Nevertheless, using a temperature sensor in close proximity to the resonator can significantly decrease acquisition time and improve tracking performance if the temperature measurements are properly filtered to remove noise. In this case, no negative effect on the measured carrier-to-noise density ratio was detected, and phase-locked tracking of strong signals was possible over a temperature range of ?40 to +85 °C.     

北斗三号B1频点信号软模拟源设计

通过对全球卫星导航系统(GNSS)完整信号流程的精密仿真,建立合理的卫星信号数学模型,产生多种环境下的中频信号,能够为GNSS服务性能评估提供良好的仿真和测试平台,对导航信号各层结构模块化处理并优化算法.?导航电文模块结合轨道仿真软件外推轨道参数,保证了电文参数的真实有效性.?数据采用分段产生信号再校验叠加的方式,保证...     

GNSS信号录制与回放设备的研制及应用

设计了一种GNSS信号录制与回放设备,该设备利用了变频器(混频器)会产生差频与和频的现象,在采集与回放阶段使用不同的变频方式,分别使用变频结果中和频与差频,从而将频率中心较远的多个GNSS信号中间的无用频带去掉,只留下有用信号,这样以来,降低了设备的成本和复杂程度,使用价格低廉的SDR平台即可完成采集与回放工作。经实验验证,该设备可以用于GPS L1／L2以及BDS B1等信号的记录与回放,可以广泛用于教学实验、GNSS接收机研发生产以及科学研究等领域。      

Passive interference localization within the GNSS environmental monitoring system (GEMS): TDOA aspects

Due to their low power levels, global positioning system (GPS) signals are very susceptible to interference from intentional and unintentional sources. With ever increasing reliance on global navigation satellite systems (GNSS) for everyday operation of safety–critical infrastructure, the detection, localization and elimination of interference to GNSS is of paramount importance. The GNSS environmental monitoring system (GEMS) II provides the capability to detect and localize interferers in real time in a given area. It consists of a number of spatially distributed sensor nodes connected to a central processing unit. Interference is localized using hybrid direction-of-arrival (DOA) and time-difference-of-arrival (TDOA) techniques. We describe the GEMS II environment and provide an in-depth analysis and evaluation of the TDOA aspects of the system. During evaluation, signals generated from Spirent GPS signal generators as well as data from actual field-test trials are used to provide extensive performance analysis and comparison, with a view to final system integration.