Healthier Geographies: Mediating the Gaps between the Needs of People Living with HIV and AIDS and Health Care in Chiang Mai,Thailand

In this article, I contribute to our understanding of the plurality of approaches that construct the geographies of health care through an examination of the distribution of health care services for people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) in Chiang Mai Province, Thailand. In particular, I focus on the development of a network of support groups for PLWHA in order to examine the differences in the sociospatial organization of these groups, the practices of social actors participating in the groups' activities, and how these activities are mediated through place-based social relations. The first section of the article analyzes the spatial distribution of PLWHA support groups in relation to the distribution of AIDS cases over two time periods, 1994 and 1997. The second section goes below the surface of the spatial distribution, examining similarities and differences in PLWHA support groups through an analysis of survey data collected on thirty-five groups in 1997. The final section deepens this examination through an analysis of ethnographic data collected on the outreach efforts of one nongovernmental organization (NGO) and one PLWHA support group with which it worked. Each section offers opportunities for the extension of our understanding of the development of PLWHA support groups, their distribution in relation to the spread of AIDS cases, and their place-based meanings.     

Spatial (re)organization and places of the Brao in southern Laos and northeastern Cambodia

Initiatives designed to bring about social and spatial change, whether implemented by governments, international agencies, nongovernment organizations or private companies, invariably have an impact on how people perceive ‘places’– defined as spaces with particular meanings. In southern Laos and northeastern Cambodia the ethnic Brao peoples are facing rapid social and spatial changes as a result of a wide range of initiatives, many of which are associated with ‘development’. Case studies on internal resettlement from the uplands to the lowlands, the redesigning of living spaces, and the implications of protected national park establishment and management are discussed in relation to a four‐point typology of what is required to constitute place. The role of social and spatial (re)organization on place amongst the Brao is considered, including how peoples' conceptions of place are being altered and how the Brao are variously responding to efforts to (re)organize them and reconstitute their places.     

珠三角地区保健微博用户的空间特征及影响因素

选择以信息流通互动水平突出的新浪微博为样本获取平台,以珠三角地区保健微博用户为样本来源地,通过相关标签检索、筛选、编码获得保健资讯生产者与关注者样本。运用社会网络分析方法、空间自相关和逐步线性回归方法,对生产者之间的社会网络交互特征、关注者的空间分布格局及其影响因素进行分析。研究结论为：1）保健微博生产者之间能够构建本地社会网络,各类型间存在显著分异,但是地区差异特征较弱;2）通讯设施和地方医疗水平是保健微博关注者出现空间分异的主要因素;3）关注者的分布仍然受到地理要素的限制。     

Social geography of risk: The role of time,place and antiretroviral therapy in conceptions about the sexual risk of HIV in Kahe,Kilimanjaro, Tanzania

The epidemiological pattern of HIV/AIDS in Africa and Tanzania is characterized by geographical variations in HIV prevalence. Despite the geographical variations, heterosexual contact remains the predominant mode of HIV transmission. The article examines the interrelationships of social, spatial and temporal issues in explaining the sexual risk of HIV/AIDS amongst youths in rural Tanzania. Drawing on discussions with young people, the authors employ a comparative approach to establish categories of social practices that explain HIV risk. HIV risk is largely influenced by social interaction as youths engage in routine day-to-day activities in different geographical locales. The availability of antiretroviral treatment ushered in new dynamics in locally available strategies to manage the risk of HIV infection. Gender relations appear to have an underlining influence in determining the timing and place of risk as well as ways of controlling risk. The study participants emphasized both social and biomedical interventions to manage and control sexual activity and risk. Youth-focused and community-wide interventions addressing HIV prevention, care and treatment need to recognize the fact that the HIV epidemic in Tanzania is increasingly becoming a rural phenomenon structured by a wide range of local, national and global processes.     

The Politics of AIDS Surveillance

This paper examines the social construction of official HIV/AIDS surveillance data in San Francisco and the implications of this research for understanding the past and future trajectories of the epidemic in the United States. I employ a methodology of social constructivism in an analysis of the historical evolution of the epidemic and a critique of its quantitative representation by public health officials. I argue that medical geographers have erroneously interpreted AIDS surveillance data as evidence for an exponential growth in AIDS cases during the past 17 years, neglecting to critically explore the multiple and extensive revisions in the definition of the disease (in 1982, 1985, 1987, 1993) by which patients have been reported over time. In contrast, social constructivism exemplifies a method for elucidating the sociopolitical interests of public health institutions and community activists which underlie the constant metamorphosis of the subjects (e.g., patients) and object (e.g., ‘AIDS’) comprising this epidemic.     

城市空间变迁背景下的地方感知与身份认同研究——以广州小洲村为例

身份认同是文化和社会研究中一个重要的概念,是指个人在特定的社会文化语境中逐步确定自己在这一社会文化秩序中的个体角色,从而形成完整的自我认知与自我定义。而地方认同则是对某个地方作为社会角色自我感知的一部分的认知,通过地方的意义来形成对个人或社会群体文化与身份的认同。以地方与身份认同作为主要的研究维度,将广州独特的“艺术村...     

东南亚恐怖主义的时空演进及其网络关系

以全球恐怖主义数据库（GTD）的研究数据为基础,运用地学空间统计分析方法和社会网络分析方法,对2000－2018年东南亚发生的恐怖主义事件进行时空演变特征分析及其参与组织的社会网络关联解析,得出以下结论：1）东南亚恐怖主义发展态势呈现显著的阶段性波动增长,在空间上表现为明显的集聚性,由2000－2013年的两极集聚中心转变为2014－2018年的三级集聚中心。2）东南亚恐怖主义组织众多,恐怖组织类型复杂,各恐怖组织及独狼型恐怖主义之间通过情报、资源及人员交流等方式进行联系,形成了一个巨大的跨地区恐怖组织网络;以伊斯兰祈祷团（JI）为代表的东南亚恐怖组织在上个世纪90年代利用域外组织的支持建立了一个横跨多国、分工明确的4M活动网络,并利用此活动网络进行资金筹集、人员培训、策划活动等。3）东南亚恐怖主义迅速发展有其深层次原因,既有地区内部社会文化、政治环境和经济发展的影响,又有区域外恐怖主义势力的干预。     

Narratives of Safety on Social Media: The Case of #mysafetyselfie

This article draws on the case of #mysafetyselfie as an example of how social media can be used to highlight the social and spatial factors affecting women's experience with safety. In particular, I consider the ways in which media technology mediates embodied practice through an examination of the selfie as a form of relational place making. In the first section, I situate #mysafetyselfie as a node along a continuum of sociospatial work by Jay Pitter—the project's initiator—stemming from her personal and professional engagement with safety. I then draw from mobile interface theory to argue for the selfie as a practice of embodied implacement, which situates experience as contextually informed. In the next section, I conduct a close reading of three safety selfies from the project, in which safety is framed by the subject in intelligent and creative ways. I conclude by reflecting on the outcomes of #mysafetyselfie and the ethical responsibility of curating stories both offline and online.     

国外对宾馆业及其附生的营业性娱乐场所的空间关系研究

宾馆业及其附生一衍生的营业性娱乐场所是城市居民日常生活（闲暇娱乐）行为的四大场所之一,该娱乐场所的类型、结构与空间模式是揭示城市社会-生活空间质量的重要方面。文章从城市社会地理学以及人类文化生态学等多学科的研究角度,分析并总结了国外学者对宾馆业及其附生一衍生的营业性娱乐场所的研究现状、内容及其在城市中的空间作用与（社会）空间关系。     

城乡结合部的空间生产与黑色集群——广州M垃圾猪场的案例研究

空间的生产是当今西方的主流社会理论之一,也在逐渐成为解释中国城市空间开发现象的有效工具。但是,目前国内对空间生产理论的运用主要集中于资本和政府作用下的"强"空间生产。通过对广州M垃圾猪场的案例研究,探讨了制度结构和社会行动等宏微观要素对城乡结合部空间生产的综合作用,并展示了一个由农村进城移民所发起的"弱"空间生产案例。农村进城移民通过积极的区位战略、社会经营网络的营造实现了空间的占据和空间的生产,其背后则折射了户籍、土地、卫生等诸多转型期的制度漏洞。空间生产的结果是一个以农村进城移民为主体的产业和生活单元,即黑色集群的形成,该集群具有非正规乃至非法特征,在城市管理者的制度挤压下呈现发展的不稳定性。研究结果表明,对此类空间的治理必须首先基于综合的理解,而不是取缔或粗暴管制。     

呼伦贝尔-阿尔山旅游区空间组织

运用最近邻分析法研究内蒙古自治区呼伦贝尔-阿尔山旅游区旅游资源的空间分布状态,并以海拉尔市和阿尔山市为中心的空间点分布集聚性更为明显的A、B两个团簇为典型研究对象,分析A、B簇区的旅游资源特征与旅游活动类型逻辑关系、旅游地边际效用和旅游活动空间行为模式,并根据建筑学剖视图原理,运用“使用者温度计量”模式分析旅游地资源特征与目标细分市场游客偏好之间的紧密程度,通过有效组织强关联度的旅游活动实现A簇区和B簇区旅游资源开发。研究表明,最近邻分析模式、旅游地边际效用分析以及“使用者温度计量”模式为区域旅游活动空间组织提供了参考依据。     

我国省域创新产出的空间特征和时空演化——基于探索性空间数据分析的实证

以我国31个省域作为空间观测单元,以专利申请受理数作为创新产出的衡量指标,对我国1997～2008年期间省域创新产出的空间分布进行了探索性空间数据分析(ESDA)。通过计算区位基尼系数和集中度指数,发现我国的创新活动显示了相当高水平的空间集中,并且这种集中程度在过去的十多年里表现出了稳定的增长趋势;对全局的Moran’s I统计分析表明:省际创新活动之间存在着显著的空间自相关(空间依赖性),证明了知识溢出的存在性和空间局限性;对局部的Moran’s I分析进一步揭示了省际创新活动水平的相关模式,Moran散点图刻画了创新活动的空间集聚模式及其时空演变态势。研究结果说明经过十几年的发展,我国省域创新活动的地域性特征十分显著。     

Late-Stage Breast Cancer Diagnosis and Health Care Access in Illinois∗

The variations of breast cancer mortality rates from place to place reflect both underlying differences in breast cancer prevalence and differences in diagnosis and treatment that affect the risk of death. This article examines the role of access to health care in explaining the variation of late-stage diagnosis of breast cancer. We use cancer registry data for the state of Illinois by zip code to investigate spatial variation in late diagnosis. Geographic information systems and spatial analysis methods are used to create detailed measures of spatial access to health care such as convenience of visiting primary care physicians and travel time from the nearest mammography facility. The effects of spatial access, in combination with the influences of socioeconomic factors, on late-stage breast cancer diagnosis are assessed using statistical methods. The results suggest that for breast cancer, poor geographical access to primary health care significantly increases the risk of late diagnosis for persons living outside the city of Chicago. Disadvantaged population groups including those with low income and racial and ethnic minorities tend to experience high rates of late diagnosis. In Illinois, poor spatial access to primary health care is more strongly associated with late diagnosis than is spatial access to mammography. This suggests the importance of primary care physicians as gatekeepers in early breast cancer detection.     

Political Alienation,Rurality and the Symbolic Role of Swedish Wolf Policy

Attitudes towards wolf policy are likely to be driven by perceived differences in political power between urban and rural groups. Using Swedish survey data collected in 2014 and structural equation modeling, I evaluated the effects of political alienation. Political alienation mediated the effect of having an urban or rural place of residence on attitudes towards wolf policy. Politically alienated individuals also preferred more extreme policy options than other respondents, while being less likely to approve of the current wolf policy in Sweden. These findings suggest that political alienation drives attitude polarization in wolf related social conflicts. Awareness of these underlying power asymmetries could possibly increase both policy legitimacy and management efficiency. This highlights the importance of accounting for social context in relation to policy-making and conservation efforts related to wolves.     

论人类活动的空间趋利行为简

人类的经济与社会活动存在于空间中,并按照“趋利”的本质特性游离在空间中,形成一系列物质空间景观形态和作用关系表征的空间关联模式。如何看待行为与景观、行为与结构、行为与空间功能间的关系既具有理论意义,也具有重要的实践指导价值。我们所感知的客观世界是在空间逐利行为作用下形成的复杂综合体。为了保持人类社会可持续发展的空间福利,是放任空间行为任其对空间结构的塑造,还是通过建构功效空间来约束空间行为？哪个更有利于人类生存空间所体现的安全、健康和发展福利的保持？人类文明走到现在,恐怕向后者的转向是必然选择。本文基于政治经济学和空间经济学的思考,从分析人类的空间创利、逐利和寻租等空间行为切入,阐释空间趋利的基本特征与形式,及其体现的空间福利效应;剖析了生态文明转向趋势下功效空间组织和空间行为约束的必要性和机制;探索了可持续发展的空间行为模式、范式,进而导出功效空间建构与组织的基本准则。     

论人类活动的空间趋利行为

人类的经济与社会活动存在于空间中,并按照“趋利”的本质特性游离在空间中,形成一系列物质空间景观形态和作用关系表征的空间关联模式。如何看待行为与景观、行为与结构、行为与空间功能间的关系既具有理论意义,也具有重要的实践指导价值。我们所感知的客观世界是在空间逐利行为作用下形成的复杂综合体。为了保持人类社会可持续发展的空间福利,是放任空间行为任其对空间结构的塑造,还是通过建构功效空间来约束空间行为？哪个更有利于人类生存空间所体现的安全、健康和发展福利的保持？人类文明走到现在,恐怕向后者的转向是必然选择。本文基于政治经济学和空间经济学的思考,从分析人类的空间创利、逐利和寻租等空间行为切入,阐释空间趋利的基本特征与形式,及其体现的空间福利效应;剖析了生态文明转向趋势下功效空间组织和空间行为约束的必要性和机制;探索了可持续发展的空间行为模式、范式,进而导出功效空间建构与组织的基本准则。     

It's not all about wealth and beauty: Changing perceptions of fatness among Makola market women of Accra,Ghana

Within the African context, body shape preferences may be influenced by culture without necessarily taking into consideration health implications. Thus, fatness is culturally associated with beauty, prosperity, and prestige while thinness is perceived as a sign of ill‐health or poverty. Using a cross section of Makola market women, who traditionally are perceived as fat and affluent, our findings revealed that the perception of fatness as a sign of richness and beauty is changing due to women's access to knowledge and information on the health implications of fatness. The challenge for these women however, is adhering to healthy lifestyles despite living sedentary lives in the market place which is a conducive environment for one to become fat. We recommend that qualified professionals should encourage these women through continuous programmes on regenerative health and nutrition aimed at healthy lifestyle behaviour at the market places. The social groups that women belong to should be targeted, trained and equipped with the right information on healthy living so that they can disseminate this information to other members of their networks.     

人海关系地域系统的构成及其研究重点探讨

在全球化和人类活动向海洋扩张的背景下,作为总体性人地关系一个组成部分的人海关系正变得日益复杂和重要,亟需对其进行基础性的理论解读,以整合和指导具体研究的展开。人海关系地域系统包括人类、海洋和陆地3个基本组成部分。其中,人类具有自然和社会2种基本属性,受人类活动影响的海洋和陆地具有自然、社会和关系3种基本属性。人类与海洋、人类与陆地和海洋与陆地之间的互动构成了人海关系地域系统中最基本的相互关系,其不同组合和演变塑造出了具体、多样的人海关系地域系统。当前人海关系地域系统的研究重点包括海洋观、海洋的开发与保护、国际海洋关系、陆海统筹和海洋社会5个方面。     

Dykes on Bikes: mobility,belonging and the visceral

This article contributes to growing scholarship on fluidity, embodiment and the politics of festivals. Such scholarship is crucial to understanding belonging as an embodied, visceral experience. Extending on this work, this paper seeks to draw further attention to the fluidity of festival boundaries and experience, by exploring how belonging holds the potential to become detached from location, and be manifested forcefully through movement to and from events. I focus on a group of six Dykes on Bikes members, who rode motorbikes 1800 kilometres as part of a larger group from Brisbane to the Sydney Mardi Gras Parade. Through this exploration I illustrate how attention to the visceral experience of belonging on the move allows geographers to address what holds individuals ‘in place’ so to speak, when attachment takes place through movement. In doing so I argue that the visceral is crucial to understanding belonging as mobile because it provides a framework to stand against universalised discourses that locate belonging within the temporal and spatial confines of events.     

新冠肺炎疫情的空间扩散过程与模式研究

研究新冠肺炎疫情的空间扩散过程与模式对于防疫抗疫资源的合理配置、突发公共卫生事件的管理与应对以及未来公共卫生体系的完善具有重要意义。本文综合时间和空间尺度,从地理学视角研究了新冠肺炎疫情的城际空间扩散过程,归纳总结扩散模式,并揭示了其影响因素。研究发现：新冠肺炎疫情在中国的发展主要经历了6个阶段,并在空间上表现出邻近扩散、迁移扩散、等级扩散和廊道扩散等地理模式;地理邻近性、人口流动、人口规模、交通网络、疫情防控管理等因素对疫情的空间扩散具有显著影响。新冠肺炎疫情的空间扩散过程和模式一定程度上是“流空间”网络下人类社会经济活动空间组织模式的一种反映,与地理邻近性、社会经济联系的跨区域性及人类活动的时空规律等密切相关。本研究以期为世界各国的疫情防控措施制定提供参考,也为中国未来应对公共卫生应急风险提供经验借鉴。