Numerical simulation of landslide dam breaching due to overtopping

The breach of landslide dam often causes significant disaster in the inundated area; the prediction of breach hydrograph is in high demand for the dam breach risk evaluation. In this study, according to the model tests and Tangjiashan landslide dam breach case, the surface erosion accompanied by intermittent mass failure is known as the key breaching mechanism for landslide dam due to overtopping failure. The downstream slope angle would gradually decrease during the dam-breaching process, whereas a planar wedge failure occurs when the breach slopes at the dam crest and downstream breach channel fail. Based on the breach mechanism, a numerical model for landslide dam breach due to overtopping is developed to simulate the coupling process of water and soil. The model focuses on the breach morphology evolution during the breaching for the sake of the improvement of breach hydrograph prediction. Furthermore, the model can handle one- and two-sided breach, as well as incomplete and base erosion at the vertical direction. The case study of Tangjiashan landslide dam-breaching feedback analysis testifies the rationality of the present model with the relative errors less than 10% for peak discharge, final breach widths, and time to peak. The sensitivity analysis indicates that the final breach depth and soil erodibility affect the breach flow prediction of the landslide dam significantly, whereas the one- or two-sided breach mode is less sensitive.     

Numerical simulation of wave generated by landslide incidents in dam reservoirs

In this work, a two-dimensional fourth-order Boussinesq-type numerical model is applied to estimate the impact of landslide-generated waves in dam reservoirs. This numerical model has recently been extended for simulating subaerial landslides. The extended model is validated using available three-dimensional experimental data, and a good agreement is obtained. The numerical model is then employed to investigate the impact of landslide-generated waves in two real cases, the Maku and Shafa-Roud dam reservoirs in the northwestern and the north of Iran, respectively. Generated wave heights, wave run-up, maximum wave height above dam crest, and dam overtopping volume have been estimated for each case. The amplitude of generated waves about 18 and 31 m and the volume of dam overtopping up to 80,000 m³ emphasize the importance of the estimation of the landslide-generated waves in dam sites.     

基于连续介质模型的滑坡启动机理数值模拟试验

滑坡启动机理研究是滑坡防治的前提条件。应用三维连续介质动态数值模型方法,采用摩擦模型、Voellmy模型2种流变模型,对滑坡启动过程进行分析求解,开展滑坡启动机理数值模拟研究。结果表明,不论是限制坡面(渠道型)还是无限制坡面,在2种流变模型和侵蚀率下,随着坡度逐渐增加,地形所提供给滑坡体的能量进一步增大,物质运动距离进一步增加,其相应的平均速度、最大速度(前端速度)和总动能也会进一步加大,经历了从缓慢蠕变至快速增加的过程。根据不同坡度下滑坡的启动、运动规律、堆积过程及各坡度下动力参数延程变化规律,可以将滑坡的启动坡度设定为25°~30°。该滑坡启动坡度的设定可为地质灾害防治措施和监测预警提供技术参考。     

混凝土面板堆石坝数值仿真分析

分析了面板堆石坝仿真计算中两种材料的本构模型的优缺点,根据混凝土面板堆石坝结构形式和坝体填筑材料物理性质复杂的特点,开发了FORTRAN语言编写的面板坝计算程序。该程序在面板分缝处理中采用分离缝模型的方法,符合实际面板之间的变形特性,并将该程序引进ANSYS商业软件中,充分利用商业软件的界面功能,提出了一种新的面板坝计算机数值模拟分析方法。该方法可以对混凝土面板堆石坝的整个施工过程和运行期进行二维和三维数值模拟计算和图形显示,结果形象、直观清楚。     

复合型滑坡固液耦合过程数值模拟分析——以无山坪滑坡为例

固液耦合作用是碎屑流向泥石流转化形成复合型滑坡灾害的关键因素, 会导致成灾范围和规模放大, 是防灾减灾领域研究中的热点和难点问题之一。文中采用自主研发的滑坡后破坏数值模拟平台(LPF3D, Landslides post failure 3D), 以2014年9月强降雨诱发的重庆奉节无山坪滑坡为例, 探讨了滑坡在水动力作用下远程成灾的动力过程, 揭示了固液耦合影响机制。研究结果显示: 水动力作用在滑坡运动过程中主要体现为液化和拖曳两种, 两种力学作用的增程效应明显, 往往使得碎屑流转化为泥石流, 导致远程成灾; 基于光滑粒子流体动力学(SPH)方法的两相耦合计算模型, 考虑流体状态方程、固体黏塑性本构方程和相间作用力的共同影响, 基本还原了强降雨条件下重庆奉节无山坪滑坡两相运动过程; 数值计算结果显示无山坪滑坡最大运动速度为34 m/s, 最大堆积厚度为21.5 m, 堆积面积为0.12 km2, 最远运动距离为1300 m, 模拟结果同实际滑坡的堆积形态基本一致。综上认为, 在高位远程滑坡风险调查与预测过程中, 需充分考虑强降雨工况下孔隙水压力和固液相间作用, 基于LPF3D方法的数值模拟为高位远程滑坡的风险定量评估提供了依据。     

土工格栅加筋堆石坝的数值模拟研究

运用复合材料法模拟土工格栅加筋单元,对格栅加筋堆石坝坝顶堆石进行了数值模拟。计算中,土石料采用非线性弹性模型模拟,并用拟静力法模拟地震动荷载。对无地震和有地震两种情况下的加筋效果及加筋层数和格栅模量对加筋效果的影响进行了分析研究,并对格栅加筋机理加以解释。数值模拟结果表明：格栅加筋有利于增加土石坝坝顶堆石的稳定性和抗震性能,随加筋层数和格栅模量的增加,加筋效果愈加显著。     

降雨条件下滑坡排水沟排水数值模拟

地表排水沟是滑坡治理常见措施之一。在降雨入渗与坡面径流有限元耦合模型中,通过调整径流方程中的坡度参数,实现地表排水沟排水模型。模型具有易于理解、实现简单的优点。以地表排水模型为基础,对5种典型滑坡在设与不设排水沟情况下坡体渗流场、坡面径流场、坡体入渗量和入渗过程进行了数值模拟。结果表明,当降雨强度相对土体渗透性较小时,排水沟设置在坡体渗透性由小变大的位置,才能有效地截断上游径流,减小入渗量;而当降雨强度相对土体渗透性较大时,排水沟排水效果并不明显。     

Numerical simulation on the marine landslide due to gas hydrate dissociation

Marine landslide due to gas hydrate dissociation is a kind of potential heavy hazards. Numerical simulation was processed to investigate the deformation, landslide and effects of main factors on the critical scale of dissociation zone to induce marine landslides during/after dissociation of gas hydrate. A simple method for analyzing the critical scale was presented based on the limit equilibrium method. It is shown that the maximum settlement is located near the upper side of the dissociation zone. The soil near the lower side of the dissociation zone uplifts. There is a critical scale of dissociation zone over which landslide will occur under given conditions. Expansion modes of the dissociation zone have obvious effects on the critical scale.     

高坝明流泄洪洞掺气减蚀三维数值模拟分析

高坝明流泄洪洞的掺气减蚀问题倍受关注。以溪洛渡水电站3#泄洪洞为研究对象,结合大比尺单体模型试验成果,应用分段计算方法对泄洪洞掺气减蚀问题进行了三维紊流数值模拟分析。结果表明:泄洪洞各道掺气坎布置合理且有稳定掺气空腔,掺气坎体型基本合理,明流段洞顶余幅足够。泄洪洞反弧段及末端一段区域水力特性复杂,应重点关注此部位的设计及施工问题。对于高流速、大梯度泄洪洞水力学问题,采用分段计算能提高计算速度。     

基于非线性有限元的孟底沟拱坝数值模拟研究

孟底沟水电站是雅砻江中游第5个梯级电站,最大坝高200 m,所处位置地质条件复杂,保证其蓄水后良好的工作性态及整体稳定性对工程安全至关重要。通过建立孟底沟拱坝三维有限元模型,基于变形加固理论,分析了拱坝在正常工况和超载条件下位移变化、塑形区扩展规律及大坝整体稳定性。结果表明：孟底沟拱坝现设计方案的位移和超载稳定能力均能达到稳定要求。拱坝贴脚的设置显著降低了坝体和基础的塑性余能,对工程整体稳定性有利。对右岸f4断层两种置换处理方式的对比分析发现,浅表置换加洞井网格置换的处理方式对拱坝整体稳定性更为有利。     

基于FLUENT的二维滑坡涌浪数值模拟

本文从N-S方程出发,建立了二维滑坡涌浪控制方程,使用二维非定常分离隐式PISO算法求解方程。通过UDF(User-Defined Function)编程,采用动网格技术控制滑体的运动,结合RNGk-ε湍流模型并采用VOF方法跟踪非线性自由表面流场,基于流体计算软件FLUENT模拟滑体下滑所引起的水的速度、自由表面高度变化以及流动过程,并将数值计算结果与Monaghan和Kos的试验数据进行比较。算例表明:本模型能很好地模拟出滑体下滑过程中孤立波的产生和传播以及涡流的形成。在此基础上,本文还研究了滑体速度对水体自由表面变形的影响。     

福建德化霞碧滑坡渗流稳定性模拟分析

降雨入渗导致土体孔隙水压力的增大造成土体有效抗剪强度的降低,进而发生滑坡。本文建立滑坡饱和-非饱和渗流有限元模型,考虑孔隙水压力随时间和空间任意不规则分布,计算特定降雨量、降雨强度、降雨历时不同滞后时段基于渗流场的滑坡稳定性。     

Logistic regression model for predicting the failure probability of a landslide dam

Landslides may obstruct river flow and result in landslide dams; they occur in many regions of the world. The formation and disappearance of natural lakes involve a complex earth–surface process. According to the lessons learned from many historical cases, landslide dams usually break down rapidly soon after the formation of the lake. Regarding hazard mitigation, prompt evaluation of the stability of the landslide dam is crucial. Based on a Japanese dataset, this study utilized the logistic regression method and the jack-knife technique to identify the important geomorphic variables, including peak flow (or catchment area), dam height, width and length in sequence, affecting the stability of landslide dams. The resulting high overall prediction power demonstrates the robustness of the proposed logistic regression models. Accordingly, the failure probability of a landslide dam can also be evaluated based on this approach. Ten landslide dams (formed after the 1999 Chi-Chi Earthquake, the 2008 Wenchuan Earthquake and 2009 Typhoon Morakot) with complete dam geometry records were adopted as examples of evaluating the failure probability. The stable Tsao-Ling landslide dam, which was induced by the Chi-Chi earthquake, has a failure probability of 27.68% using a model incorporating the catchment area and dam geometry. On the contrary, the Tangjiashan landslide dam, which was artificially breached soon after its formation during the Wenchuan earthquake, has a failure probability as high as 99.54%. Typhoon Morakot induced the Siaolin landslide dam, which was breached within one hour after its formation and has a failure probability of 71.09%. Notably, the failure probability of the earthquake induced cases is reduced if the catchment area in the prediction model is replaced by the peak flow of the dammed stream for these cases. In contrast, the predicted failure probability of the heavy rainfall-induced case increases if the high flow rate of the dammed stream is incorporated into the prediction model. Consequently, it is suggested that the prediction model using the peak flow as causative factor should be used to evaluate the stability of a landslide dam if the peak flow is available. Together with an estimation of the impact of an outburst flood from a landslide-dammed lake, the failure probability of the landslide dam predicted by the proposed logistic regression model could be useful for evaluating the related risk.     

金堆城尾矿坝加高方案数值模拟及稳定性分析

金堆城尾矿坝为了进行加高设计而对尾矿库区进行了地质钻孔勘探。基于实际钻孔勘探成果,最佳反演分析了各分区-尾矿砂和初期坝堆石体模型的渗透系数、物理力学指标和加高方案下的浸润面分布。结合加高设计方案,采用基于有效应力法的EFES-3D计算程序对该尾矿坝加高后的应力应变场进行了数值模拟和坝坡稳定性分析,得出应力应变场分布图和边坡安全系数。可以看出,在上游法加高方案下,尾矿坝坝坡有涌起抬高现象,安全系数有所降低,不利于尾矿坝的稳定安全和运行管理。为此提出了在加高方案设计中加强排渗设施建议。     

地下水渗流场对库区滑坡稳定性影响的数值模拟——以白马库区羊角滩滑坡为例

针对库水位变化条件下滑坡的稳定性定量评价复杂问题,考虑降雨和库水位变化对地下水渗流场变化规律的影响机制,采用饱和-非饱和渗流的基本理论,运用渗流模拟有限元法,对重庆市武隆区羊角滩滑坡在6种不同工况下的库区滑坡的稳定性开展了模拟研究。结果表明: ①降雨工况下,降雨对地下水渗流场都有影响,滑坡中部位置受地下水位影响最大,前后部影响小,降雨条件下,滑坡稳定性随着降雨历时的增加而变小,到达一定阶段后,滑坡已经滑动,滑坡稳定性系数不再变化; ②库水位工况下,主要影响滑坡前缘,地下水位是随库水位变化而迅速变化的,随着库水位的上涨,滑坡稳定性系数呈现先减小后增大的趋势; ③地下水位的骤升对浮托作用影响有限,对压坡作用影响较大,同时降低了渗流力的影响,对滑坡稳定起到了积极作用,地下水位的骤降增大了渗流力,减弱了前缘库水位的压坡作用,滑坡失稳的可能性最大。可为库区该类滑坡的稳定性现状及发展趋势预判提供科学依据。     

Formation and failure of the Tsatichhu landslide dam, Bhutan

At 00:30 (local time) on the 10th September 2003 a joint and foliation defined wedge of material with an estimated volume of 7–12×10⁶ m³ slid into the narrow Tsatichhu River Valley, in Jarrey Geog, Lhuentse, eastern Bhutan. The Tsatichhu River, a north–easterly flowing tributary of the Kurichuu River, was completely blocked by the landslide. During its movement, the landslide transitioned into a rock avalanche that travelled 580 m across the valley before colliding with the opposite valley wall. The flow then moved down valley, travelling a total distance of some 700 m. The rock avalanche was accompanied by an intense wind blast that caused substantial damage to the heavily forested valley slopes. The resulting geomorphologically-typical rock-avalanche dam deposit created a dam that impounded a water volume of 4–7×10⁶ m³ at lake full level. This lake was released by catastrophic collapse of the landslide, which occurred at 16:20 (local time) on 10th July 2004, after reported smaller failures of the saturated downstream face. The dam failure released a flood wave that had a peak discharge of 5900 m³ s⁻¹ at the Kurichhu Hydropower Plant 35 km downstream.     

雾雨作用下大岩淌滑坡非饱和渗流场数值模拟

泄洪雾雨对滑坡渗流场的影响涉及到雾雨强度的确定、雾雨产生坡面径流及坡体饱和-非饱和渗流分析等一系列复杂问题。文章利用模糊综合评判方法确定了水布垭大岩淌滑坡的雾雨强度;通过试验确定了滑坡土体的土水特征曲线;利用坡面径流-非饱和渗流耦合数值模拟方法计算了在雾雨作用下滑坡体内渗流场变化规律。研究结果为雾雨作用下大岩淌滑坡的稳定性预测提供了渗流场条件,研究方法为雾雨或降雨作用下滑坡的非饱和渗流场数值模拟提供了一条新途径。     

模袋固化土围埝地基排水固结过程的模拟分析

天津港南疆1号墩改造工程和北大防波堤西内堤一期围埝工程中,采用塑料排水板加固地基,成功的使用了水泥固化土模袋的施工工艺。把轴对称问题转换为平面应变问题进行分析,通过等效变换将排水板变换为连续的排水墙;同时考虑了模袋的加筋作用以及提高固化土凝聚力的作用,采用硬化模型模拟地基土体的固结过程。重点分析当地基中有排水板存在时,随上部逐级加荷,地基中心点沉降、加固区边缘的侧向变形以及中心点以下的孔隙水压力变化。分析结果与工程的实测数据吻合较好。     

滑坡堵江坝溃决洪水及其演进的理论分析

崩滑堵江事件在世界范围内,尤其在山区广泛存在.溃坝后形成的洪水异常凶猛,洪峰高达几米至几十米,演进过程中常造成下游严重灾害.因此,崩滑堵江事件及其灾害链已严重影响人类的工程经济活动.本文对溃决洪水流量、洪峰及其演进过程进行了理论分析,建立了一套预测溃坝洪水特征的计算公式,并用实例验证,取得了较好的效果.