三峡库区重庆段滑坡活动时间分布的物理分形研究

在许多研究滑坡活动分布的分形特征中,未能考虑无标度区的范围,并将滑坡分布作为数学点来描述而未考虑滑坡规模对分形结果的影响。这种研究结果主要反映了数量众多的规模较小滑坡活动的特点,掩盖了规模较大的滑坡分布特征。本文研究了重庆三峡库区1594个规模大于1×10^4m^3的滑坡活动时间分布资料,分析了滑坡活动时间的均匀分布、Poisson分布和分形分布结果。提出运用物理分形的方法,将滑坡活动按不同规模等级划分为4个子集,分析了各个子集的分维D,无标度区的范围和自然周期。表明运用物理分形的方法能描述不同规模等级滑坡活动时间分布的分形特征。     

闽东南南溪滑坡分析

大型滑坡的存在严重威胁当地人民生命和财产的安全，研究其形成机理可为治理提供可靠的科学依据，通过对南溪大型浅－中层堆积层滑坡的地质环境、时空变化、形成机理以及形成的影响因素进行了详细的分析。并对其稳定性发展趋势进行了定性判断，提出防治措施和建议。     

中国滑坡降雨试验的研究现状与发展趋势

滑坡降雨试验是降雨型滑坡形成机理研究的重要方法之一。20世纪90年代以来,我国的工程地质学家对降雨型滑坡的关注与研究日益深入,更加注重通过试验的方法研究降雨型滑坡。本文对我国的降雨型滑坡的研究现状与发展趋势进行了评述。     

Surface Microtextures of Slipping Zone Soil of Some Landslides in the Three Gorges Reservoir District and Their Significance

The mineral assemblage and content and surface microtextures of slipping zone soil of several landslides in the Three Gorges Reservoir District have been analyzed using the scanning electron microscope (SEM) and X-ray diffractometer (XRD). All the mineral assemblages are similar in these landslides. The main minerals are montmorillonite, illite, kaolinite, chlorite, quartz and feldspar. There are two kinds of surface microtexture in the slipping zone soil, i.e., linear scratches and arcuate scratches. Based on analyses of the changes of the microtextures, one can obtain information about the number, directions and stages of landslide movements. The authors have also studied the mechanism of landslide formation, evaluated the stability of landslides and revival possibility of ancient landslides and forecasted the activity of similar landslides in different districts. The surface microtexture features of stable landslides and mobile landslides are summarized and it is concluded that the existence of filam     

兰州黄河阶地演变过程对滑坡活动的控制效应

为探索特殊地质环境-河流阶地孕育滑坡的相关性, 更深入地认识这类河流岸坡的变形破坏过程, 在广泛分析区域工程地质资料的基础上, 从第四系地貌学与工程地质学相结合的角度, 研究了兰州市黄河河谷演化发育的阶段性特征和黄河阶地演化对滑坡的控制效应及其诱发模式.研究表明: (1)黄河河谷的演化对兰州地区滑坡发育的控制作用具有时间上的阶段性和空间上的分带性, 在河谷演化不同阶段滑坡有着不同的发育模式和形成机理; (2)阶地型滑坡主要诱发因素为新构造运动的强烈抬升、黄河强烈下切以及阶地形成期相对湿润的古气候.第三系泥岩地层间形成的软弱夹层可诱发大型黄土泥岩滑坡, 而黄土层内多发中小型崩滑.河谷演化期间, 滑坡的发生可能导致部分阶地的缺失.      

哀牢山中段滑坡灾害类型及其变形失稳模式

以哀牢山地区中段为理论研究基地,在地质灾害详细调查试点工作的基础上,对西南山区地质灾害进行详细调查工作方法、对哀牢山地区中段滑坡灾害发育分布特征及变形失稳模式进行了描述性研究。调查研究表明:在西南山区地质灾害详细调查中,调查部署应兼顾流域环境、地质条件和社会经济等三要素,应充分发挥遥感调查的先导性作用,采用"点、线、面"相结合的专业调查方式,加强对区域灾害地质条件的调查,结合国土资源开发利用规划,增强对地质灾害趋势的预测能力;哀牢山中段滑坡点多面广,规模小,包括特殊土体型、崩滑堆积体型、残坡积层型、人工堆填土型和风化层型5种类型;滑坡分布受地质构造的控制作用显著,现代滑坡集中分布于地理地质-人类活动的频变区(或带),古滑坡主要沿主干构造或深切河谷岸坡分布;滑坡变形失稳具有散裂-摩阻-溜滑、蠕滑-拉裂-转动、滑移-拉裂-溃屈、蠕滑-拉裂-追踪和弯曲-拉裂-崩滑等5种模式;概括出了区内3种滑坡-泥石流转化模式。     

Geological and geomorphological characteristics of landslides triggered by the 2004 Mid Niigta prefecture earthquake in Japan

The 2004 Mid Niigta prefecture earthquake (M_JMA 6.8) triggered more than one thousand landslides in the Miocene to Quaternary sedimentary rocks in Japan. The most common landslides were shallow disrupted landslides on steep slopes, which has been common in many previous disastrous earthquakes in the world. The Mid Niigta prefecture earthquake also triggered more than one hundred deep landslides, providing valuable information on the conditions for their occurrence. A field investigation and the interpretation of aerial photographs taken before and after the earthquake suggest that reactivation of existing landslides and undercutting of slopes are the most important factors for deep landslides to be triggered by earthquakes. In addition, planar sliding surfaces seem to be essential for the generation of catastrophic landslides triggered by this earthquake. Planar bedding–parallel sliding surfaces were formed at the boundary between the overlying permeable sandstone and underlying siltstone or along the bedding planes of alternating beds of sandstone and siltstone. Sliding surfaces along the slope-parallel oxidation front were formed in the area of black mudstone. New landslides (rockslide-avalanches) occurred with the sliding surfaces in a several-cm thick tuff interbedded in siltstone. One rockslide-avalanche occurred on a slope where buckling deformation preceded the earthquake. Gentle valley bottom sediments were mobilized in many locations, probably because they were saturated and partial liquefaction had occurred due to the earthquake shaking.     

滇西北程海断裂带主要古地震滑坡及其分布特征的构造解释

位于红河断裂带西北端,滇西北断陷带东侧的程海断裂带第四纪活动显著,沿断裂盆山地貌与高山峡谷地貌发育,地质灾害频发。综合利用目视解译与野外调查,对程海断裂带沿线滑坡调查发现,沿程海断裂带共发育各类滑坡940余个,含巨型滑坡61个、大型滑坡125个、中型滑坡316个、小型滑坡438个。这其中有32个巨型滑坡、61个大型滑坡分布在程海断裂带下盘,距断裂约5 km范围内的断层崖和断层三角面上。它们往往具有规模大、滑动距离远、有高速远程碎屑流为主要特征的动力学特性,属于程海断裂带上地震活动触发的古地震滑坡。对区内主要古地震滑坡的调查发现,大型特别是巨型古地震滑坡,主要集中分布在金官和程海盆地东侧,期纳盆地南部金沙江与程海断裂带交汇处,以及弥渡盆地西部。并且在垂向活动速率最大的程海断裂带北端最为发育,明显受程海断裂带不同段落活动的控制。结合程海断裂带晚新生代活动及青藏高原东南缘地壳变形特征的分析显示,程海断裂带端部更为强烈的活动性、更为频发的地震以及更多的古地震滑坡,是在川滇内弧带顺时针旋转及南汀河断裂、畹町断裂与理塘断裂的走滑拉分共同作用下,滇西北地区发生顺时针旋转变形作用的结果。     

甘肃永靖黑方台地区灌溉诱发作用与黄土滑坡响应

黑方台地区自灌溉以来,诱发了大量的滑坡,但缺乏系统地对研究区的滑坡历史分析研究 在黑方台滑坡历史分析的基础上,研究灌溉引起的地下水位上升过程与滑坡的历史关系,对比分析不同时期的地下水位对滑坡稳定性、滑坡体积及后壁垮塌速度的影响.历史数据分析表明,灌溉引起的水位上升与滑坡发生的频率、体积存在明显的相关性,选取的典型滑坡稳定性计算结果显示滑坡具有多期逐级后退式特征,随着灌溉时间的增长,滑坡体积逐渐减小,但发生频率逐渐增大,基于DEM数据计算的滑坡变形也验证了计算结果.研究成果基本反演了灌溉引起的黄土滑坡历史过程,对黑方台滑坡的综合治理提供了数据支撑.     

武都汉林沟流域古滑坡年龄的14C厘定

古滑坡一般是指全新世以前地质历史时期发生的滑坡。武都汉林沟流域发育有第四纪晚更新世以来不同时期的滑坡,具有规模大、数量多的特点,为武都白龙江中游滑坡发育历史研究提供了典型实例。通过滑坡体的形貌、结构特征、与其他地层的接触关系分析,确定古滑坡的存在。同时也发现古滑坡曾堵塞汉林沟形成堰塞湖,并压埋了许多古树木,古滑体中残留...     

Some catastrophic landslides since the twentieth century in the southwest of China

Landslides occur frequently in China. Especially, in the western part of China, large-scale landslides are notable for their scale, complex formation mechanism, and serious destruction. This paper presents some typical large-scale landslides that occurred in the southwest of China since the beginning of the twentieth century but were rarely reported worldwide. These cases represent different geological conditions and different triggering factors and mechanisms. The analysis shows that about 80% of large-scale landslides occurred in the first slope-descending zone along the eastern margin of Tibet Plateau, which is tectonically very active. The intensive interactions between the endogenic and epigenetic geological process cause serious dynamic change on the high steep slope and then result in the development of large-scale landslides. Strong earthquakes are also common in this area, and repetitive seismic activities make the slopes unstable and more vulnerable to failures. Besides earthquake, the area also experiences high rainfall, which is also responsible for triggering some of the large landslides.     

西藏樟木口岸震后滑坡灾害变形InSAR监测分析

位于中国和尼泊尔边境的西藏樟木口岸是国家一类陆路通商口岸,也是西藏最大的边贸中心口岸。2015年尼泊尔大地震之后,西藏樟木口岸因多次发生滑坡灾害,而导致口岸关闭。为了调查樟木口岸区域滑坡灾害的分布和变形情况及更好的服务于区域减灾防灾,利用InSAR技术对覆盖该区域的Sentinel-1A和ALOS-2两种卫星影像数据进行了处理,并通过分析视线向年均形变速率图,圈定了17处疑似滑坡,并对其中的5处典型滑坡进行时间序列形变特征分析,监测识别出的滑坡基本沿318国道所在一侧的波曲河左岸分布。InSAR调查结果表明受地震影响樟木地区的滑坡多分布在沿波曲河左岸的陡峭山体上,中尼公路迪斯岗至友谊桥段的古滑坡出现了局部复活的现象,同时樟木镇居民所在的城区也发育有扎美拉山危岩体崩塌滑坡灾害。      

青藏高原高位远程滑坡动力学研究的新问题

高位远程滑坡动力学机理的研究一直是国际地质灾害领域的难点问题。在青藏高原, 由于地质条件复杂, 高位远程滑坡表现出更为复杂且强烈的动力作用, 出现超高位超远程的链式成灾模式。文章针对青藏高原高位远程滑坡所表现出的三种突出动力学效应——动力破碎效应、动力侵蚀效应以及流态化效应, 从地质特征调查、物理模型试验、数值分析三个层面进行了系统性的综述。针对青藏高原高位远程滑坡目前的研究现状提出了下一步要解决的三个关键科学问题: 极端地质环境下高位远程滑坡机理研究、基于尺寸效应的模型试验新方法研究和高位远程滑坡流域性灾害链研究。这些问题将为高位远程滑坡动力学机理的研究和服务工程建设中高位远程滑坡灾害的防灾减灾提供科学依据。      

青藏高原东缘深切河谷区古滑坡:判识、特征、时代与演化

青藏高原东缘是全球古滑坡最发育的地区之一。基于大量地面调查、遥感解译和年龄测试资料,总结了青藏高原东缘深切河谷区古滑坡的判识方法、主要发育特征、形成时代和分布规律。结果表明,古滑坡具有规模巨大、高位起动、物质组成和结构复杂等特征,其空间分布与地形地貌、岩性组合和活动构造等因素关系密切。古滑坡在区域上受气候变化影响较明显,一般形成于河流强烈下切阶段,与河流阶地具有较好的对应关系,多数已发现的古滑坡与T₂阶地时代相当,时间跨度为40~10 ka,集中分布于30~20 ka。构造活动和地震造成古滑坡在不同区段的分布具有差异性,一般在活动断裂带附近密集发育,现今发现的古滑坡多为这种成因。这些认识对于科学认知古滑坡的形成演化过程和未来巨灾风险预测具有重要的指导作用。     

Landslides in the Rumphi District of Northern Malawi: characteristics and mechanisms of generation

Landslides are a common phenomenon in all the regions of Malawi. A number of historical landslides have been documented and are summarized here. This paper examines the occurrence of landslides in the Rumphi District of Northern Malawi. The study is based on a detailed study of 98 landslides that occurred in 2003 at Ntchenachena and Chiweta areas in the Rumphi District. This paper examines factors that contributed to and caused these landslides. The paper suggests that landslides were triggered by 206 mm of rain received in 2 days. The high percentage of medium to fine sand and abrupt rise in pore pressure accelerated the process of liquefaction at Ntchenachena. Cleft water pressure at the point between regolith and soil mass caused a number of slides in the Chiweta areas. High slope angles, deep weathering of the basement and high annual total rainfall contributed to the slope instability. Human activities through cultivation on steep slope, slope remodeling, and deforestation significantly altered the conditions of the slopes, thereby increasing the degree of landslide hazard present in these areas.     

Causes of large-scale landslides in the Lesser Himalaya of central Nepal

Geologically and tectonically active Himalayan Range is characterized by highly elevated mountains and deep river valleys. Because of steep mountain slopes, and dynamic geological conditions, large-scale landslides are very common in Lesser and Higher Himalayan zones of Nepal Himalaya. Slopes along the major highways of central Nepal namely Prithvi Highway, Narayangadh-Mugling Road and Tribhuvan Highway are considered in this study of large-scale landslides. Geologically, the highways in consideration pass through crushed and jointed Kathmandu Nappe affected by numerous faults and folds. The relict large-scale landslides have been contributing to debris flows and slides along the highways. Most of the slope failures are mainly bechanced in geological formations consisting phyllite, schist and gneiss. Laboratory test on the soil samples collected from the failure zones and field investigation suggested significant hydrothermal alteration in the area. The substantial hydrothermal alteration in the Lesser Himalaya during advancement of the Main Central Thrust (MCT) and thereby clay mineralization in sliding zones of large-scale landslide are the main causes of large-scale landslides in the highways of central Nepal. This research also suggests that large-scale landslides are the major cause of slope failure during monsoon in the Lesser Himalaya of Nepal. Similarly, hydrothermal alteration is also significant in failure zone of the large-scale landslides. For the sustainable road maintenance in Nepal, it is of utmost importance to study the nature of sliding zones of large-scale landslides along the highways and their role to cause debris flows and slides during monsoon period.     

Landslides at Qingjiang River in the Downstream Area of Shuibuya Dam Site, China

INTRODUCTIONLandslides annually cause a great amount of cas-ualties withinthe Chinese population and great lossesin the Chinese economy . The number of casualtiesreached 232 killed and 2 missing people in 2003 and283 killed and 69 missing people in 2004 . The eco-nomic losses amount to a total of 730 billion US $in2003 and 475 billion US $in 2004 (Zanetti ,2005 ,2004) .The DAAD (German Academic Exchange Serv-ice) is financing a project to investigate landslides .The project is a coo…     

金沙江新桥滑坡群工程地质特征及治理措施

金沙江溪洛渡水电站对外交通专用二级公路所经新桥古崩塌体(岩堆)规模巨大，形成历史久远，当地人民称其为“垮山地势”。新桥滑坡群是在新桥古崩塌体基础上形成的。由3块小滑体(E、F、G)构成的一个大型的岩堆滑坡群。每个滑坡规模不等，发育阶段不同，成因各异。新建二级公路推荐方案路线垂直于E、F、G3个滑坡主轴线，从滑坡体中上部通过。文章通过分析滑坡所处的工程地质环境，详细描述了各滑坡的工程地质特征，在定性及定量两个层次上综合评价了该滑坡群的稳定性，分析预测了工程对其可能产生的不利影响。根据该滑坡群的工程地质特征，针对性地提出了对直接威胁路线安全的E、F、G3块滑体的综合治理措施。从工程角度出发，总结了滑坡区的公路选线及治理原则。     

四川泸定MS6.8级地震诱发崩滑灾害快速评估

强震诱发崩滑灾害可严重加剧地震灾害损失,快速评估地震诱发崩滑分布对于应急救灾工作部署具有重要意义。利用2022年9月5日泸定M_S6.8级地震震前30 m分辨率地形数据结合1∶50万比例尺地质图,采用Newmark累积位移方法开展了泸定地震诱发崩滑灾害快速评估。结果显示：(1)地震诱发崩滑灾害较为严重,崩滑高危险区面积约为45 km²,主要分布在鲜水河断裂以西大渡河西岸近东西向支沟两岸,其中以燕子沟、磨子沟、海螺沟、飞水沟、湾东河、什月河、田湾河等崩滑危险性较高,对沟内居民及游客生命安全威胁较大,沟内公路受崩滑阻断风险较高,局部河道有被崩滑堵塞风险;(2)泸定县冷碛镇、兴隆镇、磨西镇、得妥乡等4个乡镇及石棉县田湾乡、草科乡、新民乡、先锋乡、蟹螺乡、挖角乡等6个乡镇崩滑危险性较高;(3)震中附近地区大渡河沿线省道S434和S211受崩滑阻断可能性较大;(4)贡嘎雪山一带预测地震崩滑危险性为中等,但需关注冰崩型、岩崩型高位远程灾害(链)风险。通过与震后应急排查、遥感解译等获取的地震Ⅷ度、Ⅸ度区内发生的崩滑分布对比,表明在大渡河西岸各支沟滑坡位移分析...     

长江三峡库区滑坡发育与河道演变的地质过程分析

据区域地质灾害调查,三峡库区发育有数以千计的滑坡.年代学研究表明,三峡地区的滑坡均发生于第四纪中更新世中后期,并具有明显的阶段性特征,滑坡的高发期大致为:(41~37)×104 aBP、(31~27)×104 aBP和(17~5)×104 aBP.滑坡发育与区域新构造抬升和河流地貌形成的地质过程相一致,且主要发生在第四纪的间冰期,表明滑坡与构造抬升、气候变暖、长江河道快速下切贯通发展具有一定的耦合关系.三峡地区尚未发现年龄超过54×104 aBP的滑坡,据此推测长江贯通三峡的时间可能在早更新世.