内蒙古赤峰金厂沟梁地区花岗岩类年代学、地球化学与Hf同位素特征

内蒙古赤峰金厂沟梁地区出露的中生代花岗岩类对确定华北克拉通北缘中段中生代构造格局和演化具有重要意义.对西台子岩体、金厂沟梁岩体、小西沟岩体及西对面沟岩体进行了锆石U-Pb（LA-ICP-MS）年龄测定、地球化学分析及Hf同位素测定.西台子岩体及金厂沟梁岩体锆石U-Pb测年结果分别为220.5±2.1 Ma和225.5±1.7 Ma,为晚三叠世,两个岩体具有右倾的球粒陨石标准化配分曲线,均为弱的正Eu异常,锆石ε_Hf（t）的变化范围分别为-8.0~-3.0和-5.7~-2.3;小西沟岩体的锆石U-Pb测年结果为162.5±1.6 Ma,为晚侏罗世,（La/Yb）_N比值为0.14~0.51,其稀土元素球粒陨石标准化图谱显示稍向左倾的"V"字型,弱的负Eu异常,锆石ε_Hf（t）为-7.3~-4.4;西对面沟岩体锆石U-Pb测年结果为128.2±1.1 Ma,为晚白垩世,具有右倾的球粒陨石标准化配分曲线,弱的正Eu异常,锆石ε_Hf（t）为-11.4~-10.4.西台子及金厂沟梁岩体为I型花岗岩,小西沟岩体为A₁型花岗岩,西对面沟岩体为C型埃达克质岩石,其源区均为华北克拉通下地壳物质的部分熔融;西台子岩体、金厂沟梁岩体可能形成于古亚洲洋闭合后地壳伸展的动力学背景之下,小西沟岩体形成于蒙古-鄂霍茨克海闭合后的伸展构造背景,西对面沟岩体形成于地壳减薄过程中局部加厚的构造背景之下.      

Rock fall simulation at Timpanogos Cave National Monument, American Fork Canyon, Utah, USA

Rock fall from limestone cliffs at Timpanogos Cave National Monument in American Fork Canyon east of Provo, Utah, is a common occurrence. The cave is located in limestone cliffs high on the southern side of the canyon. One fatality in 1933 led to the construction of rock fall shelters at the cave entrance and exit in 1976. Numerous rock fall incidents, including a near miss in 2000 in the vicinity of the trail below the cave exit, have led to a decision to extend the shelter at the cave exit to protect visitors from these ongoing rock fall events initiating from cliffs immediately above the cave exit. Three-dimensional rock fall simulations from sources at the top of these cliffs have provided data from which to assess the spatial frequencies and velocities of rock falls from the cliffs and to constrain the design of protective measures to reduce the rock fall hazard. Results from the rock fall simulations are consistent with the spatial patterns of rock fall impacts that have been observed at the cave exit site.     

石漠化的成因机理与防治对策

从石漠化的研究现状出发，依据我国西南岩溶石山地区石漠化特征，着重分析其主要控制介质为岩性、构造、地貌、气候、岩溶、地下水、植被等自然介质因子与森林砍伐、高坡开垦等人为介质因子．石漠化是以岩溶山区脆弱的岩溶生态环境为基础，以内、外地质作用和人类恶性生态地质作用为驱动力，以资源退化和恶化为本质，基岩不断裸露，生态环境不断恶化，周而复始的恶性循环过程．提出对石漠化的研究重点是成固机理研究，对石漠化的防治应着重于对石漠化的驱动力及其主异因子的防治，阐述了治山必须先治水等防治对策与建议．     

玲珑花岗质杂岩的时代、空间形态、源岩及其数学模拟

玲珑花岗质杂岩体是一个具有长期演化历史，多次改造重熔的复式岩体，与金矿化有关的郭家店型，郭家岭型岩体分别定位于燕山早期及燕山晚期。通过１６条重磁剖面反演获知，玲珑花岗质杂岩体是一个以郭家店为重熔中心，向北呈低角度超覆、向南与围岩呈高角度接触的箕状岩体，８６％以上的金矿赋存在岩体厚度小于４ｋｍ的区域中。     

Three Alkali-Rich Intrusive Rock Belts Newly Discovered in the Mt. Kunlun-Mt. Altun Region, Xinjiang, China

The newly discovered three alkali-rich intrusive rock belts in the Mt. Kunlun Mt.Altun region of southern Xinjiang are the Lapeiquan-Yitunbulak alkali-rich intrusive rock belt,the Gez-Taxkorgan alkali-rich intrusive rock belt and the Beilisai-Abulash alkali-rich intrusive rock belt. The former two belts were formed during the Yanshanian period, and the third one was formed during the Himalayan period, which is the youngest alkali-rich intrusive rock belt in China. The discovery of the alkali-rich intrusive rock belts is of great significance in shedding light on the history of tectono-magmatic activities in this region.     

Dynamics of the Niumiangou Creek rock avalanche triggered by 2008 Ms 8.0 Wenchuan earthquake, Sichuan, China

The Niumiangou Creek rock avalanche was triggered by an M_s 8.0 earthquake that happened on 12 May 2008 in the Sichuan Province, China. The rock avalanche traveled a horizontal distance of 3.0 km over a vertical elevation difference of 0.89 km, equivalent to a coefficient of friction of only 0.29. The travel path of the rock avalanche can be divided into three segments: (1) failing and disintegrating, (2) flying, (3) flowing. In the failing and disintegrating segment, the rock slope failed because of the coupled action of horizontal and vertical force of the earthquake, then smashed into the opposite mountain and disintegrated. In the flying segment, the disintegrating rock mass changed direction and flew into the Lianhuaxin Creek, which was different from the previous research results that concluded rock debris flowed in Lianhuaxin Creek. A great amount of air trapped and compressed under the rock debris acted as air cushion and supported the rock debris to fly a further distance. In the flowing segment, the rock debris flowed on the ground surface in Niumiangou Creek. The flowing velocity has been estimated from the maximum elevation and runup according to the damaged trimlines of the debris. The saturated fine material in Niumiangou Creek entrained by the failed debris mass is thought to have contributed to the long runout of the debris. The Niumiangou Creek rock avalanche is one of the three longest rock avalanches triggered by Wenchuan earthquake. The conclusions of the paper have implications for hazard assessment of potential rock avalanches in the earthquake area and the other similar mountainous area in west China.     

The Acheron rock avalanche, Canterbury, New Zealand—morphology and dynamics

The 1100-year-old Acheron rock avalanche deposit lies in an active tectonic setting in Canterbury, New Zealand, and has a volume of ten million cubic metres and a runout distance 3.5 km. The deposit comprises intensely fragmented greywacke rock, and the processes of intense rock fragmentation during runout are postulated to have generated an isotropic dispersive stress. Dynamic simulation shows that the runout can be explained as a flow of dry granular material with a normal coefficient of friction, if the presence of an isotropic dispersive stress within the moving rock debris throughout the runout is assumed. The dispersive stress distribution required to model the rock avalanche runout and match velocities calculated from run-up traces is closely similar to that used to simulate the runout of the much larger Falling Mountain rock avalanche in a similar lithologic and tectonic setting. Both events thus behaved in a fundamentally similar fashion.     

滇西北石鼓片岩变质变形特征及其划分

滇西北金沙江结合带东侧的石鼓变质岩系，可划分为石鼓岩群和巨甸岩群。石鼓岩群受区域动力热流变质作用改造，主期变形环境为中、深部构造相；巨甸岩群受区域低温动力变质作用改造，与之相伴的构造形迹属中、浅部构造相。石鼓岩群包含羊坡岩组和露西岩组，巨甸岩群可进一步划分为陇巴岩组和塔城岩组。同一岩群的岩组，变质作用、构造变形特征相同，但变质岩石组合及原岩特征却有明显差别。     

Stability analysis of rock slopes along Gangadarshan,Pauri, Garhwal,Uttarakhand

The rock mass rating (RMR) and slope mass rating (SMR) has been carried out to classify the slope in terms of slope instability. To understand the RMR and SMR various geostructural, geomorphologic and hydrological parameters of the slopes were measured and analyzed. 32 rock slopes/rock cum debris slopes were identified in the study area. The present RMR and SMR study is an outcome of extensive field study along a stretch of about 10 km on road leading from Srinagar to Pauriarea along Alaknanda valley. The technique followed incorporates the relation between discontinuities and slope along with rock mass rating (RMR) and slope mass rating (SMR). The analysis of the 32 studied slopes shows that in the Gangadarshan area out of six rock slope facets, two falls in class II (stable) and four in class IV (unstable). It is significant to note that the slope facets coming under class IV are comprised of active landslide portions. While the slopes under class II show minor failure or old landslide debris.     

The application of rock mass classification systems to underground excavation in weak limestone, Atatürk dam, Turkey

The Atatürk dam was built across the Firat River on clayey limestone. A grout curtain, providing impermeability in the left and right abutments, was done in grouting galleries. The well known rock mass classification systems for tunneling purposes [rock structure rating (RSR), rock mass rating (RMR) and rock mass quality index (Q)] were used to classify the rock mass along these galleries. Based on RSR, RMR and Q values, the rock masses in the galleries have been classified into three different classes. Correlation between the three classification systems is discussed and suggestions are made for using rockbolt, shotcrete with wiremesh and steel ribs for supporting the rock mass.     

新疆觉罗塔格地区却勒塔格一带小热泉子组火山岩地球化学特征及构造意义

却勒塔格一带下石炭统小热泉子组为一套滨浅海相火山岩夹少量正常沉积碎屑岩建造,上被上石炭统底格尔组不整合覆盖,火山岩组合以玄武岩-安山岩-英安岩-流纹岩最为发育.火山岩岩石化学、地球化学特征表明,小热泉子组火山岩主要属钙碱性系列,一般以富钠为特征,稀土元素和微量元素分布型式与火山岛弧钙碱性火山岩分布型式基本吻合.     

新疆巴里坤县三塘湖北卡拉岗组火山岩特征

新疆东准噶尔巴里坤县三塘湖盆地以北老爷庙额仁山一带，广泛分布一套红色、红褐、黄色酸性火山岩，前人（1：20万）将其归为下石炭统黑山头组（C1h）和中一上石炭统哈尔加乌组（C2～P1h），1999-2001年在这一带开展1：5万区调时发现，这一套火山岩不整合于下伏地层之上，从而将火山岩从老爷庙组（D3l），黑山头组和哈尔加乌组中解体出来，划归为卡拉岗组（P1k），为一套陆相酸性火山岩．以喷溢相流纹岩、霏细岩为主，是造山后弛张期大陆板内火山岩，时代为早二叠世．     

蓟县地区雾迷山组硅质岩成因研究

中晚元古代华北地台处于燕辽拗拉谷的张裂期,有利于形成风暴流。蓟县雾迷山组广泛发育风暴沉积,在硅质条带白云岩中发育硅质砾屑具奇特的菊花状构造,这种构造形成于成岩作用后期,在尚未完全固结成坚硬的岩石时期,遭遇风暴破坏,将原有水平层理打碎,继而被风暴流搅起,风暴流的涡动使得岩石碎片直立,或者呈发散状,后经成岩作用保留了这种构造形态,与上下岩层形成典型的风暴沉积序列。通过野外与镜下观察并结有机地球化学分析得出,蓟县地区雾迷山组硅质条带白云岩发育典型的风暴沉积序列和挤压滑塌序列,风暴硅质岩具丘状形态,内部菊花状构造为近源风暴产物,其中硅质岩来源于海底热水活动。沉积环境推测为碳酸盐台地前缘斜坡。     

Rock, till, and stream-sediment geochemistry in the search for porphyry-type Mo---Cu---Au deposits in the proterozoic rautio batholith, Western Finland

About 170 bedrock, 550 till, and 180 organic-rich stream-sediment samples were collected at a regional scale over the Rautio batholith, and 490 rock and 1050 till samples at a local scale from around the Susineva Mo---Cu---Au occurrence which is located in the middle of the batholith. The rock samples from the regional study and selected rock samples from the Susineva area were analyzed for 32 elements. The rest of the rock samples from Susineva and all other sample types were analyzed for Mo and Cu only.     

Three Alkali—Rich Intrusive Rock Belts Bewly Discovered in the Mt.Kunlkun—Mt.Altun Region,Xinjiang,China

The newly discovered three alkali-rich intrusive rock belts in the Mt.Kunlun Mt.Altun region of southern Xinjiang are the Lapeiquan-Yitunbulak alkali-rich intrusive fock belt, the Gez-Taxkorgan alkali-rich intrusive rock belt and the Beeilisai-Abulash alkali-rich intrusive rock belt.The former two belts were formed during the Yanshanian period,and the third one was formed during the Himalayan period,which is the youngest alkali-rich intrusive rock belt in China.The discovery of the alkali-rich intrusive rock belts is of great significance in shedding light on the history of tectono-magmatic activities in this region.     

广西田林县高龙金矿成矿模式探讨

高龙金矿是滇黔桂金三角典型的微细浸染型金矿床之一,矿体产于中三叠统百逢组硅化砂泥岩中,顶板为中、上三叠统碎屑岩,底板为高龙隆起核部二叠系碳酸盐岩地层。高龙隆起和周缘的断裂系统是金矿产出和形成的关键控矿因素,硅化与金矿化关系十分密切。本文通过对高龙金矿矿床地质特征、元素地球化学、同位素地球化学、流体包裹体等方面的分析研究,认为高龙金矿具有热液石英脉活动强烈、流体形成温度高温可达330~400℃、Au,As,Hg,Sb等元素富集明显、隆起边缘环形断裂导矿明显等特点,初步认为金元素应源自围岩碎屑岩地层,但成矿热液活动则可能与岩浆热液活动有关,成矿流体运移的通道则为隆起边缘的张性断裂系统。最后在本次研究成果基础上,初步建立了高龙金矿成矿模式。     

西天山吐拉苏-也里莫墩金成矿带简述

吐拉苏一也里莫墩矿带是西天山地区重要金矿成矿区.矿带内金矿赋存于晚古生代中期拉张(裂谷)环境下形成的早石炭世火山岩带内,金矿围岩为下石炭统大哈拉军山组陆相火山岩,成矿时代为早石炭世杜内-韦宪早期.矿带内金矿化可分为浅成低温热液系统(冰长石-绢云母型、硅化岩型)、斑岩型和沉积砾岩型.矿带内东、西两段控矿构造有差异:西部吐拉苏地区的阿希、京希开布拉克、伊尔曼得等金矿产于京希一阿希近南北向火山构造拗陷带内的火山机构构造系统(冰长石-绢云母型)和层间裂隙带(硅化岩型)中;东部也里莫墩地区的加特曼、铁列克特、小于赞等金矿床(点)产于吾拉斯台-郎布拉近东西向火山构造隆起带内的次火山穹丘构造系统中.     

青藏高原拉萨地块发现古元古代地体

拉萨地块东部呈断块状分布的松多岩群包括岔萨岗岩组、马布库岩组和雷龙库岩组, 对其形成时代存在较大分歧.通过高精度的LA-ICP-MS(激光剥蚀等离子体质谱仪)锆石微区原位U-Pb同位素测年, 西藏工布江达县一带岔萨岗岩组变基性火山岩中获得2 450.3±9.9 Ma的不一致线上交点年龄, 为原岩形成时代, 属于古元古代早期, 是目前拉萨地块获得的最老基底同位素年龄值.依据野外调研和新获得的同位素年代学数据, 结合新近完成的区域地质调查资料, 建议将原"松多岩群"解体, 新建工布江达岩群(Pt₁Gb), 松多岩群仅保留马布库岩组(AnOm)和雷龙库岩组(AnOl).拉萨地块古元古代地体的发现, 对重新厘定该区前寒武纪基底格架、区域对比、构造归属划分以及寻找与前寒武纪相关的矿产具有重要意义.      

湘南骑田岭锡铅锌多金属矿区岩矿石电性研究

通过对湘南骑田岭锡铅锌多金属矿区的岩矿石电性测定,得到712个电阻率、极化率数据,并根据矿田地质特征对电性数据进行了统计分析,结果认为,原岩与蚀变矿化的岩石电性差异明显,不同矿石类型电性也具有不同的差异,含炭质岩石与矿石具有一定的电性相似性。充分了解这些电性特征,对提高本区电法勘探的找矿效果具有重要意义。     

某工程试验洞的有限元流变计算分析

把岩体作为粘弹塑介质，用组合模型描述岩体流变特性，对某工程试验洞的粘土岩进行有限元流变计算，计算结果与实测结果相当一致。计算表明，岩体流变特性对岩体、特别对软弱岩体的围岩稳定的影响是不容忽视的。在围岩稳定分析中，粘弹塑性方法能更好地预测洞室塑性区的发展和洞周位移的变化情况，并为寻求合理的支护时间、支护形式提供依据。