宜兴太湖防护林对农业面源污染的减源增汇作用浅析

为探讨太湖沿岸防护林宜兴段对农业面源污染物的控制效果,通过在宜兴市太湖防护林采集土壤样品,测定其中营养元素含量,结合周边农业生产施肥概况,初步分析了该区域防护林对农业面源污染的减源—增汇效应.结果表明,2009年10月份防护林地上部分固定的C、N、P和K分别为2439.48、18.34、2.48和13.42 g/m2;2011年5月份固定量分别为3114.12、23.42、3.16和17.13 g/m2;而2013年8月份固定量分别为4722.46、35.53、4.81和25.99 g/m2.可见C、N、P和K的固定量是逐年增加的,相比2009年,分别增加了93.6%、93.7%、94.0%和93.7%.结果说明宜兴段太湖沿岸防护林对农业面源污染的控制效果较显著,有助于太湖水污染的治理.     

太湖地区农业源污染核算研究进展

太湖地区水体污染严重,控制太湖污染、改善太湖水质,对发挥太湖的综合服务功能,促进全流域经济可持续发展和社会稳定具有重要的战略意义.充分把握和核算太湖地区农业源污染排放量、入河量及其时空分布是落实太湖地区污染物科学减排从而进一步改善太湖水质的基础.本研究总结和概述了太湖地区农业源污染现有的核算方法、产排污参数、控制途径等,结合太湖地区农业源污染构成、排放与布局的复杂情况,提出综合运用各种核算研究方法,充分考虑各污染来源,确定农业源污染的产污量、排污量和入河量,并通过建立分期、分区、细分类型的农业源污染排放、入河参数,为科学确定农业源污染减排指标以及制定减排措施提供依据.     

复合型前置库系统去除面源主要污染物的研究

以江苏省溧阳市塘马水库水源地水质安全保障工程为背景,针对水库型水源地面源污染存在的主要问题,构建以沉淀区、浅水区、深水区、潜流人工湿地及生物填料组成强化净化区的复合型前置库分区净化系统,研究面源主要污染物去除规律,为工程示范提供技术参数.结果表明,系统滞水时间为1 d时,去除氮、磷、COD_Cr均有良好效果,分别达到了67.2%、68.2%及89.3%,滞水时间为2~3 d时各污染物去除率增加较少并趋于稳定.引入潜流湿地及强化净化区明显提高了SS、氮、磷、有机物的去除效果,特别是提升了对小颗粒(粒径小于15μm)的去除效果,基于上述研究结果,建议工程示范中滞水时间为2~3 d,并适当优化系统分区结构,提高复合型前置库的净化效率及面积利用率.     

稻虾轮作模式面源污染排放特征及其能值评估

为探明稻虾轮作模式面源污染排放特征并合理评价该模式的环境可持续性,通过对江汉平原稻虾轮作模式小龙虾养殖排放尾水中总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)、COD和氨氮(NH₃-N)浓度进行监测,对稻虾轮作模式稻田养殖小龙虾的排污系数进行了估算,并采用等标污染负荷法进行了主要污染物解析。运用能值分析方法对稻虾轮作模式进行了包含面源污染的能值评估,对比单季稻模式,对其可持续发展能力进行了定量评价。结果表明：江汉平原稻虾轮作模式小龙虾养殖排放尾水中TN、TP、COD和NH₃-N的浓度范围分别为0.53～5.36、0.12～0.70、6.60～78.39和0.34～1.75 mg/L,TN、TP和COD平均排放浓度高于《地表水环境质量标准》(GB 3838-2002)Ⅲ类水质标准。等标污染负荷法分析结果表明TN的等标负荷比最高,是稻虾轮作模式面源污染控制的关键污染物。稻虾轮作模式小龙虾养殖排放尾水中TN、TP、COD和NH₃-N的排污系数分别为2.994、0.458、35.132和1.405 kg/t,表明稻虾轮作模式面源污染排放系数较低,对...     

水-气界面CO_2通量监测的静态箱法与薄边界层模型估算法比较

模型估算法与静态箱法是水-气界面气体通量监测的主要方法,因原理不同监测结果通常存在一定差异.目前对引起上述差异的主要环境因素仍不清晰.本研究使用自行设计的静态箱对三峡支流澎溪河水-气界面CO2通量进行监测,并与同步开展的CO2通量薄边界层模型估算法结果相比较,探讨该水域引起这两种监测方法结果产生差异的主要环境因素.结果表明,瞬时风速、水汽温差及水深均会对静态箱法及模型估算法的监测结果产生影响.风速越强、水汽温差越大、水深越大,这两种方法监测结果的差异就越小;而水域面积对两种方法的差异没有影响.比较发现,两种方法所获通量数据呈显著正相关,但静态箱法所获通量数据离散性显著高于薄边界层模型估算法.从方法的稳定性角度,在峡谷河道型水库水体温室气体监测中薄边界层模型估算法可能更为适宜.     

发展新型无废弃物农业 减少面源污染源——访中国科学院院士陈文新

过去的30年,中国利用占世界9％的耕地,解决了占世界总人口20％的13亿国人的吃饭问题,而且到2012年已经保持了粮食连续9年增产,为中国经济增长和社会稳定提供了保障。但这30年问,化肥、农药的使用量不断提升,牲畜粪尿、秸秆等废弃物也大量增加,已造成农村和农田的广泛面源污染和土壤肥力下降等严重问题,恶化了生态和城乡人民的生活环境。     

发展新型无废弃物农业 减少面源污染源——访中国科学院院士陈文新

正过去的30年,中国利用占世界9%的耕地,解决了占世界总人口20%的13亿国人的吃饭问题,而且到2012年已经保持了粮食连续9年增产,为中国经济增长和社会稳定提供了保障。但这30年间,化肥、农药的使用量不断提升,牲畜粪尿、秸秆等废弃物也大量增加,已造成农村和农田的广泛面源污染和土壤肥力下降等严重问题,恶化了生态和城乡人民的生活环境。根据2007年中国污染普查的结果,全国农业排放的化学需氧量(COD)占全国排放总量的43.7%(1320万吨);农田排放的氮、磷分别占总量的57.2%和67.4%(270万吨和28     

结合混合源面波与三分量频率谐振的浅震勘探在城市地质结构精细划分中的应用

结合了混合源面波与三分量频率谐振的浅震勘探技术,综合了主动源面波探测精度高和被动源面波探测深度大的优点,同时增加了三分量频率谐振拟波阻抗比值这一参数进行综合推断解释,大大提高了探测的分辨率和准确性.采用该浅震勘探技术在成都天府国际生物城开展了浅层地质结构的精细化探测工作,快速获取了工作区60 m以浅地层结构的三维S波速度及三分量频率谐振拟波阻抗比值分布特征,利用波速与波阻抗的差异性,结合大量的工程钻孔资料标定,实现了对地层结构的精细划分,同时也证明了该浅震勘探技术在城市浅层地质结构精细化探测中的有效性.     

基于SWAT模型的南四湖流域非点源氮磷污染模拟

本文利用SWAT模型结合实测数据,对南四湖流域2001-2010年年均非点源氮磷污染进行模拟,分析了南四湖流域非点源氮磷负荷空间分布特征,计算各河流流域对南四湖湖区污染的贡献率,并对非点源氮磷污染严重的关键区进行识别.研究表明:(1)先模拟湖东和湖西的两个典型小流域的非点源氮磷污染,并将模型推及整个南四湖流域,该方法不仅提高了计算效率,且得到了较好的模拟结果.通过对比发现,湖东的模拟效果要好于湖西,一定程度上说明SWAT模型在起伏较大的地区能取得更高的精度.(2)南四湖流域非点源氮磷污染严重,几乎所有区域的氮负荷超标,40%以上的区域磷负荷超标严重.湖东非点源氮磷污染较湖西严重,其中洸府河流域是南四湖湖区非点源氮磷污染的主要贡献者.(3)通过对径流量、泥沙负荷、氮负荷、磷负荷的相关分析可以得出,南四湖流域非点源氮负荷以溶解态为主,随径流进入水体;非点源磷负荷以吸附态为主,随泥沙进入水体.     

Groundwater monitoring at the watershed scale: An evaluation of recharge and nonpoint source pollutant loading in the Clear Creek Watershed,Iowa

Determining the groundwater contribution of nonpoint source pollution at a watershed scale is a challenging issue. In this study, we utilized a top‐down approach to characterize representative groundwater response units (GRUs) based on land use and landscape position (e.g., upland, sideslope, or floodplain) in the 275‐km² Clear Creek Watershed, Iowa. Groundwater monitoring wells were then established along downslope transects in representative GRUs. This unique combination of top‐down/bottom‐up approaches allowed us to estimate groundwater pollutant loads at the watershed scale with minimal monitoring. For the 2015 study period, results indicated that more groundwater recharge occurred in the floodplain (404 mm) compared to the uplands or sideslopes (281 and 165 mm, respectively), irrespective of land use. Recharge in the floodplains consisted of 37% of the annual precipitation, whereas upland wells averaged 26% and sideslopes averaged 15% of the annual precipitation. Less recharge was found to occur beneath perennial grass compared to row crop and urbanized areas. Baseflow discharge accounted for 69% of the total NO₃‐N exported from the Clear Creek Watershed, with row crop areas contributing approximately 95% of the annual load. Orthophosphorus (OP) yields were approximately 0.72 kg/ha beneath urban and suburban areas, three times higher than those in row crop or perennial areas. Urban and suburban areas accounted for 21.4% of groundwater orthophosphorus and chloride loads in the watershed compared to only 8.5% of the land area. Overall, the groundwater load allocation model for baseflow nutrient discharge to Clear Creek can be used to target future nonpoint source load reduction strategies at the watershed scale. The use of GRUs can pinpoint better areas of concern for controlling nutrient loads.     

Non-point source pollution estimation in the Pingqiao River Basin,China, using a spatial hydrograph-separation approach

For efficient and targeted management, this study demonstrates a recently developed non-point source (NPS) pollution model for a year-long estimation in the Pingqiao River Basin (22.3 km²) in China. This simple but physically reasonable model estimates NPS export in terms of land use by reflecting spatial hydrological features and source runoff measurements under different land-use types. The NPS export was separately analysed by a distributed hydrological model, a spatial hydrograph-separation technique, and an empirical water quality sub-model. Simulation results suggest that 57 890 kg of total nitrogen (TN) and 1148 kg of total phosphorus (TP) were delivered. The results, validated with observed stream concentrations, show relative errors of 23.3% for TN and 47.4% for TP. Countermeasures for urban areas (5.3% of total area) were prioritized because of the high contribution rate to TN (14.1%) and TP (26.2%) which is caused by the high degree of runoff (8.5%) and pollution source.     

基于改进SWAT模型的灌溉—施肥—耕作对乌梁素海流域营养物负荷及作物产量的影响

不合理的灌溉、施肥和耕作是导致乌梁素海流域农业面源污染的主要根源,乌梁素海作为我国北方地区重要的生态安全屏障,多年来面临着湖泊水环境污染、水生态退化等问题,科学开展湖泊水环境综合治理首先要解决流域内农业面源污染问题.研究通过修改土壤水平衡、溶质平衡、地下水平衡和作物生长等模块对SWAT 2012原始版本进行改进,并采用改进的SWAT模型构建了乌梁素海流域分布式水文模型,利用实测径流、硝态氮与总磷排放量、地下水埋深以及作物产量校正和验证模型.基于现状情景,以玉米、葵花和小麦3种主要作物为研究对象,设置了削减灌水量、施肥量及调整耕作方式3种农田管理情景.基于改进SWAT模型不同情景的模拟结果,计算分析各管理情景下的硝态氮与总磷负荷及对各作物产量的影响.结果表明,改进SWAT模型具有良好的模拟效果.不同作物削减5%夏灌水量增产最多达8.41%～10.32%,削减10%秋浇水量均明显减少硝态氮和总磷负荷.不同作物营养物负荷均随着氮磷施肥削减比例的增大呈现逐渐降低的趋势,但下降曲线逐渐趋于平缓;各作物产量随氮磷施肥削减比例的增加呈先增加后减少的趋势,其中玉米、小麦氮磷施肥削减比例达20%时产量开...     

Hydrological impact of roadside ditches in an agricultural watershed in Central New York: implications for non‐point source pollutant transport

Nonpoint source pollution and hydromodification are the leading causes of impairment to our nation's rivers and streams. Roadside ditch networks, ubiquitous in both rural and urban landscapes, intercept and shunt substantial quantities of overland runoff and shallow groundwater to stream systems. By altering natural flowpaths, road ditches contribute not only to hydromodification but also potentially to nonpoint‐source (NPS) pollution by acting as hydrological links between agricultural fields and natural streams. Unfortunately, the impacts of these alterations on watershed hydrology and water quality are not well understood. Through a series of field measurements, including field surveys and discharge monitoring, this study examined the effect of road ditch networks on basin morphometry, field‐ and watershed‐scale hydrology, and pollutant transport in a 38 km² agricultural watershed in south‐central NY. Salient findings include the following: (i) 94% of road ditches discharged to natural streams, effectively doubling the drainage density; (ii) on average, road ditches increased peak and total event flows in their receiving streams by 78% and 57%, respectively, but displayed significant variation across ditches; and (iii) ditches intercepted large quantities of surface and subsurface runoff from agricultural fields and therefore represent efficient conduits for the transport of agricultural NPS pollutants to sensitive receiving waterbodies. Our results provide useful information for hydrologists who wish to further understand how artificial drainage may be affecting watershed hydrology and for managers and engineers tasked with designing appropriate flood and NPS pollution control measures. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于WASP模型的太湖流域上游茅山地区典型乡村流域水质模拟

池塘、河渠、水库是乡村流域水环境的重要组成.基于WASP模型,综合运用现场调查、GIS空间分析、污染负荷估算等方法,构建茅山地区李塔陈庄乡村流域的水质模拟模型.结果表明,主要水质指标的污染程度从高至低依次为总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)和高锰酸盐指数、氨氮.TN全年在不同水体中达到劣Ⅴ类的比例在52%~100%,而池塘、河渠的污染程度较为接近.夏、冬季,超过TP劣Ⅴ类限值的河渠占2%~6%,池塘占8%~14%,而流域中部乡村周边的池塘明显更为严重.负荷输入是模型主要不确定性因素,细化种植模式能够提高总体模拟效果,而禽畜散养与农村生活造成的污染则分别对池塘、河渠的水质影响更为明显.本研究建立了乡村流域多种水体在面源污染影响下的水质联系,能够为乡村水环境治理提供决策参考.     

Assessment of non-point sources of fecal pollution in coastal waters of Puerto Rico and Trinidad

Traditional and molecular methods (PCR) were used to detect, quantify and identify the source of fecal pollution in coastal sites of Puerto Rico and Trinidad. Enterococci and Escherichia coli standard plate counts were used as a general indicator of fecal contamination while the PCR detection of Bifidobacteria adolescentis and human or bovine specific Bacteroidales were used to examine potential sources. Seven of 14 sites in Trinidad including Maracas Bay which is a major public beach contained significant fecal contamination based on enterococci numbers counts exceeding established thresholds for areas of direct contact. Forty six percent of the 27 stations in Puerto Rico were over the established thresholds for enterococci and 49% according to E. coli counts. About 31% of the stations examined in Puerto Rico had evidence of human derived fecal contamination. Human fecal pollution was detected in only one station from Trinidad. Bovine derived contamination was detected only once.     

Effect of land‐use changes on nonpoint source pollution in the Xizhi River watershed,Guangdong, China

The Annualized Agricultural Non‐point Source (AnnAGNPS) pollution model has been widely used to assess and predict runoff, soil erosion, sediment and nutrient loading with a geographic information system. This article presents a case study of the effect of land‐use changes on nonpoint source (NPS) pollution using the AnnAGNPS model in the Xizhi River watershed, eastern Pearl River Delta of Guangdong province, China. The land‐use changes in the Xizhi River watershed between 1998 and 2003 were examined using the multitemporal remote sensing data. The runoff, soil erosion, sediment transport and nutrient loading 1998 and 2003 were assessed using AnnAGNPS. The effects of land‐use changes on NPS were studied by comparing the simulation results of each year. Our results showed that (i) the NPS loadings increased when forest and grass land converted into paddy, orchard and farmland land, and population size and gross domestic product size as well as the usage amounts of fertilizer and pesticide in the entire watershed were firmly correlated with the NPS loadings; (ii) the land‐use change during fast urbanization in particular when other land types were converted into the development land and buildup land led to increasing of NPS pollution; and (iii) urban land expansion showed more important effects on total organic carbon (TOC) loading compared with nitrogen and phosphorus loadings. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于SWAT模型的典型农业小流域氮污染时空分布特征及关键源解析

水资源恶化、水体富营养化严重威胁生态环境健康,农业活动所产生的氮是造成水污染的主要原因之一.本研究以句容水库农业流域为研究对象,基于实地监测数据验证了SWAT模型模拟当地氮污染的适用性,并分析了氮素负荷的时空分布特征及其关键源.结果 表明:硝态氮(NO3-N)和总氮(TN)的年均入库量分别为9.98和27.22 t.时...